Ogwira nyengo: tanthauzo. Wamba ogwira nyengo - izi ndi ...

Akanena kuti "antchito nyengo" anaonekera kale izi misa chodabwitsa wakhala wamba yaikulu Russian Ufumu. Zosakhalitsa, nthawi zambiri ntchito nyengo anapereka alimi ndi mwayi wapadera kwambiri mkhalidwe wawo zachuma ndi kukwaniritsa kwambiri kwa iwo ndi mabanja awo.

ogwira nyengo. tanthauzo

Poyerekeza ndi wamba wamba, amene anakhala ndi dziko lawo, ogwira ntchito amene anapita kukagwira anatchula anthu nawo ntchito luso ndi kugulitsa mphamvu zawo ntchito kumbali. Iyi ndi osiyana chikhalidwe stratum, amene anauka mu zaka za m'ma XVII, mofulumira kuchuluka chiwerengero cha anthu ake, ndipo zoyambirira za m'ma XIX, zodabwitsazi wakhala ambiri. Wamba ogwira nyengo - anthu amene anachoka m'midzi ndi m'midzi ing'onoing'ono, ndipo anatumizidwa ku mzinda, kumene okha chinayamba makampani ndi mwayi la zasungidwa kumabungwe osiyanasiyana chuma.

ndi amene ogwira nyengo?

Antchito woyamba nyengo - ndi anthu wamba amene anapita pa ntchito nyengo m'malo ena. amisiri Unknown m'mudzi ndi chida wodzichepetsa ndipo analenga mwa m'mizinda ya katswiri kwambiri pa mwala, zomangamanga nkhuni.

Kukulitsa boma Russian chofunika zonse kulimbitsa cordons ndi kumanga midzi atsopano ndi malo zokhalamo. Ntchito imeneyi chofunika inflow zonse ogwira ntchito, zimene zingathe wofu- nyengo antchito wamba. zodabwitsazi chimaonekera kumanga mizinda latsopano mu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dziko, kuphatikizapo latsopano lachifumu likulu - St. Petersburg.

ogwira nyengo m'nthawi XVII-XVIII

Malamulo chofunika kusamuka wamba ku malo okhala linkakhulupirira cha 1718, zomwe m'malo uchikumbe misonkho msonkho (kafukufuku msonkho). Akuti onse aamuna msonkho ndalama zambiri. levies Natural n'kuyamba kudzipereka chuma, ndi kuthandiza ena alionse zinali zovuta kwambiri kumudzi kwawo. Mwayi kupezerapo mwayi pa zomera m'dera ndi mafakitale pafupifupi kwina - makampani anali tangoyamba kukhala, ndi kutsogolera waukulu kwambiri kutukula anapatsidwa inflow likulu lina. Zipangizo mafakitale ndi Russian ambiri a kunja, misewu ikuluikulu kutumikira nyanja, mtsinje, malonda msewu anayesedwa, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono choncho lalikulu adanyamuka poyamba okha m'mizinda ikuluikulu.

ogwira nyengo ndi ntchito nyengo anali malamulo ndi zolembedwa mkati - mapasipoti. Childs, monga pasipoti anapatsidwa kwa mlimi kwa chaka, koma panali zikalata zina lake n'loonadi nthawi anali wamfupi. Kawirikawiri masika oyambirira ogwira nyengo anachoka mu mzindawu. Ndinafunika kuyenda zikwi makilomita, nthawi zambiri njira yonse ogwira ntchito amene anapita kukagwira zinachitika pa phazi. Pa njira kwa alimi amenewa nthawi zambiri kupempha. M'tawuni ya ogwira ntchito wamba amene anapita kukagwira ganyu wantchito mu nyumba payekha, kampani kapena kugwira ntchito osamvetseka kwa malipiro mpukutu pamodzi.

ANAKULIRA nyengo ntchito mu XIX atumwi

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX kuti adatengedwa wamba kusintha, imene alimi kulandira ufulu. Koma dziko limene ntchito, anali akadali mu malo a landlords. Kuchuluka chiwerengero cha anthu wamba opanda minda amene sanathe kupeza chakudya kapena mabanja awo. Komano, kukula ubale capitalist linapereka kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale, limene kale kale anaikira mu m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya Russia. Choncho n'zotheka yekha mumapezera mzinda anakhalabe.

Kuyesa kuchepetsa ntchito nyengo

Pofika cha m'ma XIX ogwira nyengo anaitana unyinji wa anthu wamba amene anasankha moyo m'tawuni. Mu ena zigawo, chiwerengero cha anthu ankaona ntchito nyengo, anafika kotala ya anthu waumuna. Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha alimi polima, anakakamizika boma kuvomereza sangathe kuchita. Pofuna wodziwitsidwa chikalata mkati akulamulira kayendedwe mu dziko, wamba anali kukhala m'dera lakumudzi ufulu achire m'dziko kulipira pa mwininyumba malipiro a mangawa. Koma miyeso ulamuliro kunathandiza zochepa chabe. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo zaluso malamulo mu 1901 Lyubimsky District Yaroslavl m'chigawo cha anthu 12715 ogwira nyengo alimi 849 okha anabwerera kumudzi.

Stratification wa anthu mu malo antchito anapita kukagwira

Ayambe chuma cha boma Russian mu theka lachiwiri la XIX m'ma anayamba ndondomeko ya stratification chuma cha strata zonse chikhalidwe. Antchito olemera nyengo - ichi ndi malo eni, mahotela ndi malo odyera, masitolo ndi malo. Izi oimira bourgeoisie chachikulu malonda zatenga za 5% ya chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito pa nyengo.

Ndipo 70% anali a latsopano kalasi m'tawuni pakati ntchito makampani, opangira, zomangamanga ndi kumabungwe ena a chuma. Pamapeto pake, pafupifupi kotala ya chiwerengero cha gulu la anthu amenewa anali antchito ndi magawo. wamba amenewa ophatikizana ntchito nyengo ndi processing wa m'dziko lawo.

moyo watsopano

News la zasungidwa ndi zotheka anabweretsa ku mudzi ogwira nyengo. chochitika imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa m'mudzi. Kubwerera kumudzi kwawo ku mizinda yakutali, antchito nyengo, osawuka ndi kusintha moyo wawo, ndipo miyoyo ya banja lake. njira kumidzi ya moyo anasintha, nyumba yake chipangizo ano. Mphamvu ya mzinda anathyola maziko kabwerebwere wa m'mudzi. Mosiyana alimi ena ogwira nyengo - ndi pafupifupi teetotal ndi mbuye mmisiri zokongola mwini luso lake. Mu nyumba yake ogwira nyengo anabweretsa kuchokera m'mizinda ikuluikulu chodabwitsa zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo ngakhale apamwamba - nyali, samovars, mipando, zovala yapamwamba, magalamafoni. Zonsezi amagwirizana ndi alimi a kumeneko ndi osasamala moyo mzinda. Kwa atsikana a m'midzi aiwala , zinali chipani enviable. Yolumikiza moyo wake ndi mwamuna wake, kugonana chilungamo chiyembekezo kwa anakonza moyo ndi wapamwamba.