OHP - ndi chiyani ndipo ndi zotani?

Nthawi zina, pamene mwana ali ndi mavuto ndi kulankhula, madokotala kuika matenda: OHP. Kodi izo ndi momwe izo kumaonekera, chifukwa ana amadwala matenda, ndipo ife tione pa nkhaniyi. Komanso, muphunzira zimene muyenera m'kalasi pamaso pa matenda monga zikhoza kusintha ana.

EPD: icho chiri

chidule Izi zikutanthauza okwana kulankhula underdevelopment. matenda, amene amakhala ndi zizindikiro monga ntchito unformed zikumveka panamveka ndi mwana, ndi tanthawuzo kuti iye akufuna kulankhula nawo. Komanso, pamene chizindikiro kudwala lexical ndi njira kalembedwe ndi phonemic, mwana sitingakhoze kugwirizana pa mawu, kutchula makalata ena, etc.

Komabe, makhalidwe a ana ndi EPD - si mawu chilema, mu njira imodzi kapena khalidwe lina la ambiri mu m'badwo sukulu, komanso pathologies kwambiri, zomwe, ngati iwo analankhula, kungachititse kuti matenda aakulu kwambiri - matendawa ndi dysgraphia, imene mwana sangathe adziwe njira ya kulemba.

Komanso, matenda ayenera siyanitsa ndi chodabwitsa yodziwika monga phonetic-phonemic hypoplasia. OHP pakokha anawona pa maziko a syndromes monga:

• alalia (wathunthu kapena zayamba sanali kulankhula);
• rhinolalia (mavuto ndi articulation ndi mawonekedwe mawu);
• dysarthria (kulemala katchulidwe);
• aphasia (anataya pamene kale anapanga kulankhula ntchito).

Zimayambitsa OHP

Kulankhula dokotala, monga ulamuliro, pa kuyenderako angasonyeze chifukwa chikwiyire chinthu chotero mwana. Ambiri a iwo ikukhudzana bwanji ndi nthawi ya mimba ya amayi ake, makamaka:

• amphamvu toxicosis;
• fodya ndi kumwa mowa pamene kusunga;
• ntchito mankhwala zoipa;
• zosagwirizana a magulu magazi a mayi ndi mwana;
• asataye nthawi yobereka kapena kudwala;
• chapakati matenda mantha dongosolo mwana ali wamng'ono.

Mwa zifukwa zina zimene zimayambitsa chisokonezo wa kulankhula, kusiyanitsa zinthu zoipa kulera ana, komanso matenda pafupipafupi kuphatikizapo stomatitis.

The aakulu mawonekedwe, chimene chimafuna mwapadera ndi mankhwala - ndi OHP, anagula mu nthawi uterine kapena mu chaka choyamba cha moyo. Apa ndi ulamuliro zofunika kwambiri. Musaiwale kuti chitukuko wabwinobwino wa kulankhula ana EPD N'zosatheka makalasi zonse mu ndiyambe kulankhula ndi kafukufuku.

Kodi kudziwa matenda?

A zambiri makolo amene ana awo mu msinkhu winawake musayambe kuyankhula anzawo chilango otchedwa zinthu, ali akuchenjeza. Nthawi zina zoona kwathunthu, chifukwa ngati palibe kudwala, mwana kulankhula posachedwa kapena mtsogolo. Koma kodi kudziwa alipo NRO? Ndichiyani ndipo izo zikuwoneka ngati kuchita, tiyeni tifufuze:

• ngati ife sitimvetsetsa mwana akuluakulu ndi n'kovuta kupanga, ndipo zimenezi si chodabwitsa cha m'badwo;
• pamene inu mukuona kuti akumvetsa inu, koma sangakhoze kunena kalikonse poyankha;
• zoyamba za kulankhula anayamba kupanga kwa zaka 4-5;
• ngati akucheza naye ndi mwana sitingakhoze kugwirizana pa mawonekedwe zikuluzikulu milandu wina ndi mzake (Mwachitsanzo, mtsikana wabwino, asanu Domei, wokongola dzuwa).

Ngati aliyense wa mawonetseredwe pamwamba yomweyo atsogolere mwanayo ndikuphunzitsidwa kulankhula, ndipo ngati kuli kofunika - kuti pathologists kulankhula ndi neuropsychiatrist. dokotala ayenera azimuona ndi kuona ngati EPD, pali zizindikiro zina akuchedwa chitukuko kulankhula.

gulu la matenda

Choncho, malingana ndi maonekedwe matenda a mwana, iye anali gulu linalake awerenge OHP. Okwana pali atatu:

• wopepuka (dysfunctions osachepera taonera, pali lamulo ka minofu kamvekedwe anati chosakhwima kutengeka ndi zosankha, etc ...);
• ndizovuta (pamaso pa matenda a ubongo ndi psychotic, anasonyeza Mwachitsanzo, khunyu, oziziritsa ziwalo ndi ena syndromes);
• kwadalako wakuswa (mitundu organic a chotupa cha ubongo udindo kulankhula, makamaka pamene alalia).

Komanso kusiyanitsa pamene OHP milingo matenda, malingana ndi mphamvu mwanayo kuti:

• choyamba (pamene ana salankhula konse);
• lachiwiri (ndi, koma ndi osauka kwambiri, pali agrammatism - kuphwanya a mitundu case, Dictionary kutsamira osati pa zaka);
• chachitatu (mawu akhoza akupangidwa koma pali mavuto wailesi ndi semantically);
• wachinayi (angapo mipata mu phonetics, mawu ndi galamala polankhula).

Pa mulingo uliwose wa matenda ife kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane.

Against maziko a zimene zingakhale underdevelopment ambiri wa kulankhula mwanayo?

Kaperekedwe EPD ndi zambiri zodabwitsazi uonekere pa maziko a matenda otsatirawa:

• Rhesus-nkhondo;
• asphyxia;
• intrauterine hypoxia;
• zoopsa ubongo choipa.

ana awa ndi ONR ndi wosiyana alipidwa, ena mwa iwo kuyamba kunena mawu awo koyamba mpaka zaka zitatu, pamene ponseponse ndi zaka imodzi kapena ziwiri. Iwo amati ali aang'ono kwambiri kuposa anzawo, pang'onopang'ono molondola.

Nthawi zambiri, matenda amenewa akhoza kwambiri bwanji kukula kwa ena chidziwitso njira: kukumbukira, ndondomeko podziwa atsopano ndi zina ikusonyezedwa ndi galimoto kukanika kapena matenda kuyenda kugwirizana ... The mwana nkomwe ayankhula, amapita otsika, si chidwi kodi mu m'badwo wanu: zidole, mabuku, safunsa mafunso makolo si kukopedwa kulankhula ndi anzawo, luso galimoto, kuvutika kwambiri.

OHP mvetsetsa yake osati chifukwa cha pathologies zosiyanasiyana amayi pa mimba kapena pobereka. Nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha matenda chinthu chikhalidwe, kumene makolo kulabadira pang'ono kuti mwanayo ndi simuyankhula kwa iye. The zochepa kukhudzana ndi mwanayo, kenako iwo adzayamba kunena mfundo imeneyi amadziwika kuti ambiri.

mbali yapadera ya mitundu aakulu wa NRO

misinkhu matenda osiyana Chrixitu malingana mlingo chiwonongeko cha funso. Pali anayi woyamba ndi wachiwiri - ovuta kwambiri.

Mlingo woyamba amakhala ndi kupanda wathunthu wa kulankhula coherent, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wa mwanayo. Iye amagwiritsa ntchito kulankhula chinachake monga Babeloni, ndipo zidutswa za phokoso, lingaliro la akusowa. Mawu kawirikawiri lili ndi mawu osachepera ochepa lokonzedwa kwambiri ndi onomatopoeia ndi maofesi.

Kunena mawu mmodzi kapena kuposerapo mwanayo ndi matenda ndi zovuta kwambiri, popeza ndondomeko phonemic kokha pa siteji koyamba (ofanana ndi makanda mpaka zaka ziwiri).

Koma pa mlingo wachiwiri wa kulankhula ana EPD zambiri kuposa comprehended, ngakhale kutali abwino. Pa wamng'ono kwambiri, iwo kungayambitse osati kokha Babeloni, komanso ena phokoso kapangidwe losavuta mawu atatu.

Monga ulamuliro, ana sindikudziwa chomwe mmodzi ndi mochulukitsa, iwo akupitirizabe kusokonezeka maganizo, sindingathe kupemphera izi kapena kuti nkhani, mulibe kukambirana gawo la chinenero ndi Usapatuke mawu, pamene kuli kofunikira mu mawonekedwe a NRO. Monga ulamuliro, ambiri a ana ndi zaka zofanana sachita vuto.

Zolemba kupotoza zikumveka kuti zatha, kotero kuti ngakhale munthu wamkulu sangathe kumvetsa zomwe ananena, mwanayo si okhoza yosanthula ndondomeko yanu chitachitika.

Kugwira ntchito ndi ana ndi aakulu kugonjetsedwa kulankhula

Chitukuko amapatsidwa makalasi wapadera kwa ana ndi milingo EPD awiri oyamba.

Iwo apangidwa kugwira ntchito monga:

• mapangidwe a miyala ya khutu ku mawu;
• chitukuko cha syllables katchulidwe;
• luso kusiyanitsa ndi kubereka phokoso;
• kulimbikitsa phonemic kuzindikira;
• kubereka pulayimale mitundu kulankhula mawu;
• mawu a mwanayo;
• lophunzira losavuta mayunitsi kalembedwe.

Komanso makalasi mogwirizana ndi msinkhu ndi mmene matenda amakhala ndi munthu kapena njira zina. OHP amaliona ndi kuchita Zochita monga:

• evocation mawu ndi zochita zokha awo;
• othandiza chitukuko cha syllabic kapangidwe ka mawu;
• kutha kumvetsa kapangidwe ka mawu pa mlingo wa mawu ndi galamala, ndi zina zambiri.

Kugonjetsedwa kulankhula mlingo 3

Pa mlingo, pali kale ndi mawu zikugwirizana ana ONR, ndi ena osachepera kumvetsa tanthauzo.

Pakuti mawonekedwe matenda yodziwika ndi ntchito ziganizo yosavuta kumva liwu, koma zovuta kwambiri kumanga zomangamanga kalembedwe mwalandira Movutikira. Makamaka, mwana ndi zovuta kusamalira kuphunzira katchulidwe nawo ndi kunyozedwa participle mawu, kuphunzira ubale zomveka causal zinthu kulankhulana ndi anthu ena.

Pa mlingo, ndi EPD akhoza ntchito polankhula pafupifupi mbali ya kulankhula ndi ambiri molondola akulengeza maina a zinthu ndi zochitika owazungulira. Kiyi mu malo ndi manauni ndi kasewenzetsedwe ka mau, ndi adjectives kuti adverbs pano angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri kawirikawiri. Pali zolakwika prepositions ndi zolumikizira, kuyenda, limatsindika moyenera mawu.

matenda ambiri wofatsa

Mlingo yachinayi Chophweka, koma sukulu ana ndi ONR, mpaka akadali ankawonjezereka ana ena kuphunzira maphunziro kuphunzira. Iwo utsalira anzawo nkhani za chitukuko cha mawu.

Padziko lonse, kuswa mu mawonekedwe palibe, kodi zambiri, mawu mwana wanu ndi lalikulu. Koma iye sakudziwa ndipo sakuzindikira kuti ndi ofanana matanthauzo, otsutsana, sangathe kukumbukira palibe aphorism ndipo sangathe kumvetsa ngakhale ndi nthano yaitali. A zinthu zofanana ndi lophweka amaonera zinsinsi, chifukwa zomveka kuganiza ali kudwala.

Mbali khalidwe ndi adzatumpha mfundo zazing'ono pouza za chinachake ndi kudutsa mphindi chifungulo cha zochita, kubwerezabwereza kawirikawiri zimene kale tanenera kale. Ndicho chifukwa chake ntchito ndi ana ndi EPD wa mtundu uwu ayenera kuonedwa zonse ndi monga njira monga malemba ndi mabuku ofotokozera njira zina maganizo ndi mapangidwe mwayi Nkhani mawu mapulani.

Matenda a matendawa ndiyambe kulankhula

Nthawi zambiri, mau dokotala ndiponso madokotala ena mankhwala mosamala EPD, womwenso matenda wamba kulankhula mwana ndipo aliyense wa njira thupi nawo mapangidwe ake.

Gawo kuyambirira cha maphunziro ano angalankhule ndi makolo za mbali ya mimba ndi kubereka, komanso mmene zinthu zinalili pa maphunziro a mwanayo: kangati kuyankhula kwa iye, mtundu wa ntchito chinenero mu kulankhulana ndi zina zambiri.

Kenako, kuona matenda a mawu ndi n'chakuti mmene zigawo zikuluzikulu dongosolo kulankhula anapanga mu nkhani iyi. Kuti tichite zimenezi, choyamba tiyenera kuphunzira digiri ya relatedness zolankhula ndi pempho kulongosola chithunzi mawu awo kapena zinthu dzina.

Chotsatira ndi mosamala amapilira dongosolo zida ndi correlates ndi motility ndi yofuna matenda kukumbukira mawu, komanso ena ndondomeko maganizo a mwanayo.

Ndipotu, izo anamaliza ndi ndikuphunzitsidwa kulankhula, dokotala, zomwe zikusonyeza mlingo wa OHP ndi zimene zingapangitse, ngati iwo alipo. Kasamalidwe adzalola kukhadzikika makolo amene matenda anatenga akuchedwa chitukuko kulankhula, amene amakhala ndi mayendedwe wozengereza kupanga luso chitachitika mwana, choncho palibe kuphwanya.

zochita kukonza

Zolinga achire, ikuchitika chochitika chotero, monga malangizo a NRO. Chiyani komanso mmene ikuchitika, ife azipereka pansipa.

Pa mlingo woyamba, amatsimikiza osauka kumvetsa mankhwala mwanayo ndi kutsegula wodzilamulira katchulidwe. Ife sindikuyankhula za kulondola kwa mfundo phonetic maganizo, koma malamulo wapatsidwa mtengo ena kuti molondola kuloweza mawu a dongosolo la.

Ngati OHP mlingo 2 ana, kukonza chikuphatikizapo mapangidwe luso kumanga ziganizo ndi kusiyanitsa dongosolo lexical woyengeka phokoso katchulidwe, ndi kupanda kudzipereka kwa ntchito ya zilembo lowonjezera mawu enaake.

Nkhani yachitatu kusiyana zamalumikizidwe ndi bwino phonemic maganizo pa kukambiranako. Ana pokonzekera kuloŵerera moyenera galamala.

Koma pa mawonekedwe ambiri ofatsa a NRO - mlingo wachinayi - kukonza apangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi mphamvu yachibadwa chitachitika ndi zaka maluso kuphunzira kuchita kulemba makalata ndi mawu, komanso ndizosowa kuwerenga.

Pa milingo iwiri yoyambirira ya matenda, ana a zaka sukulu sangathe ophunzitsidwa pa ndime ndi anzawo, ndipo amafunika chisamaliro chapadera. Kuti tichite zimenezi, pali sukulu chifukwa siyana wapadera wa ana asukulu, kumene aphunzitsi tcheru kuwonetsetsa kuti mavuto alipo akhala kuthana ndi nthawi. Pamene OHP mlingo lachitatu mungaphunzire kusukulu, koma wapadera makalasi choipa, ndi wachinayi mwana momasuka kupita mu kalasi yoyamba pa ndime ndi anzawo, koma amapita makalasi mu ndiyambe kulankhula.

Zooneka mawerengeredwe monga njira chithandizo kwa EPD pa ana akuluakulu sukulu: zikuonetsa ntchito

Madokotala Kulankhula Madokotala pambuyo miyeso matenda ana ndi EPD lachitatu ndi mitundu chachinayi cha zindikirani zambiri mawonetseredwe zotsatirazi:

• ziganizo coherent mwachidule;
• kusatsatira mawu;
• lemba sangakhale pakati pa zomveka causal ubwenzi;
• ang'onoang'ono nkhani maziko.

Komanso, ana nthawi zambiri amasangalala kulankhula za mitundu momwe anachezera yotentha kapena pitani pa bwalo lachisangalalo, koma kuti alembe nkhani pa nkhaniyi sindingakhoze. Ndipo chifukwa iwo ali bwino kuuzidwa za chinachake, koma chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mipata mu kamangidwe ka kukumbukira zokhudzana grammatically molondola Onani m'magazini dongosolo.

N'chifukwa chake mawu madokotala zambiri ntchito zithunzi mawerengeredwe monga njira kukulitsa luso chinenero pa ONR. Uyamiko kwa Iye, ana amaphunzira kuona anthu kapena mfundo zina umboni monga zithunzi zithunzi, chifukwa, malinga ndi zimene akatswiri ambiri makampani ali wamng'ono nkhani zithunzi ali m'mimba mofulumira kwambiri kuposa mawu.

Lingaliro la kayeseleledwe zithunzi

A zabwino kayeseleledwe nkhani wotchedwa kubalana chuma cha chinthu chikukhudza magawo zotsatirazi:

• kusanthula mfundo umboni;
• kumasulira m'chinenero chamanja;
• chifukwa kayeseleledwe.

Mu ndiyambe kulankhula njira imeneyi ntchito ngati njira kuphunzira mawu atsopano, komanso chidziwitso cha zochitika latsopano zachilengedwe ana. Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa ana ndi ONR amene amakumana kulankhulana ndi makolo, ndi iwo kuwaŵerenga mawu a maganizo a dziko.

Kwa zaka sukulu kubwezeretsanso mawu ndi muzilankhula-chinathandiza mbali ntchito monga lofotokozera a lemba, kujambula nkhani yake filimuyo, malongosoledwe a zochita zinazake.

Experience akatswiri anasonyeza kuti kalasi NRO ntchito zithunzi kayeseleledwe akhoza nthawi zambiri luso kwambiri zolondola mawu ndi kulankhulana kubweretsa kwa zachilendo kwa m'badwo wawo.

Palibe chifukwa kuomba Alamu?

Ndithu mwachibadwa, si nthawi zonse makolo mantha ndi nthaka wololera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati muli ndi mwana wa zaka ziwiri anganene chabe mawu angapo, ndipo mwana yoyandikana kale anazunzidwa ndi mafunso ena pa makonzedwe a dziko, zikuoneka kuti pambuyo miyezi yochepa chabe zinthu zidzasintha kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa kudandaula simudzaupeputsa adzatero.

Komabe, chikhulupiriro ndi bwino kukaonana ndi adokotala ndi kukhala miyezo yoyenera matenda kuona ngati akuchedwa yachibadwa vuto lanu kapena ayi.

Mofananamo, sungathe kuchitenga chifukwa cholephela OHP mwana kutchula kalata ena, nthawi zambiri kuti "tsa". Chotero chilema, ndithudi, sitingathe kuiwala, tiyenera kutichitira ndikuphunzitsidwa kulankhula. Apo ayi, tingakhale moyo wonse. Komabe nevygovarivanie kalata sikuti munthu zikuphatikizapo lokhudza kulankhula padziko lonse.

Monga mukuonera, ndi NRO, nthawi zambiri anachiritsa ndi kuwongolera, ngati makolo a mwanayo nthawi kulabadira matenda ndi lalikulu yosayenera kwa vutolo. Komanso chinsinsi chitukuko amachita mwachibadwa mimba imene mayi woyembekezera ayenera kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi osati pansi osiyanasiyana mavuto.