Polymerization wa propylene: chithunzi aone kuti pali chilinganizo

Kodi propylene polymerization? ndi maonekedwe a Inde izi mankhwala anachita chiyani? Tiyeni tiyese kupeza mayankho mwatsatanetsatane mafunso amenewa.

Mapangidwe mankhwala

Chiwembu polymerization zochita za ethylene ndi propylene kuonetsa katundu lililonse mankhwala wogwidwa ndi mamembala onse a kalasi ya olefins. Dzina osaka kalasi linali dzina lakale ntchito mu mafuta makampani mankhwala. Mu 18 m'ma ethylene mankhwala enaake izo chinapezeka, amene anali wochuluka madzi mankhwala.

Pakati pa mbali ya mamembala onse a gulu la chimasanduka unsaturated aliphatic onani pamaso pa iwo kwa ubwenzi wachiphamaso.

Kwakukulu polymerization wa propylene chafotokozedwa ndi kukhalapo mu dongosolo la thunthu awiri muzikondana.

Chilinganizo ambiri

nthumwi zonse za magazi mndandanda wa alkenes ambiri chilinganizo ali mawonekedwe C _N H _2n. Osakwanira kuchuluka a haidrojini mu mbali dongosolo anafotokoza katundu mankhwala chimasanduka izi.

The aone kuti pali anachita wa polymerization wa propylene ndi chitsimikizo mwachindunji kuti zimenezi zingathe wa discontinuity kulankhulana ntchito kutentha ndi chothandizira.

Unsaturated kwakukulu otchedwa Fungo kapena 2-propenyl. Chifukwa polymerization wa propylene ikuchitika? The mankhwala a mogwirizana izi applicable chifukwa kaphatikizidwe mphira kupanga, zimene pamapeto zikufunika mafakitale zamakono mankhwala.

thupi katundu

Propylene polymerization The aone kuti pali akutsimikiza osati mankhwala, koma thupi katundu wa thunthu. Propylene ndi gaseous chinthu ndi mfundo otsika kuwira ndi kusungunuka. Nthumwi za gulu la alkenes ali negligible solubility wa madzi.

katundu mankhwala

Maikwezhoni propylene polymerization zimene isobutylene ndi kusonyeza kuti ndondomeko ya mgwirizano awiri. monomers abwino ndi alkenes, ndipo mapeto mankhwala a mogwirizana ndi awa polypropylene ndi polyisobutylene. Kuti kaboni mpweya kukondana mogwirizana ngati kusokonekera ndipo pamapeto pake idzakhala nyumba yoyenera.

Pawiri chomangira mapangidwe kumangidwa yatsopano imodzi. Monga propylene polymerization zikuchitika? Limagwirira a ndondomeko zimenezi zikufanana ndi njira kunachitika anthu ena onse kalasi ya chimasanduka unsaturated.

The polymerization zimene propylene kumafuna embodiments angapo kutayikira. Mbali yoyamba ndondomeko ikuchitika mu gawo mpweya. Malinga ndi chimake chachiwiri, zimene atuluka mu gawo madzi.

Komanso, propylene ndi chimaposa polymerization ena ndondomeko lotha zokhudza ntchito ngati sing'anga anachita kwa zimalimbikitsa madzi hydrocarbon.

zamakono

Propylene polymerization mu chochuluka pa luso Spheripol ndi osakaniza a slurry riyakitala kwa kupanga homopolymers. Dongosololi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito gasi gawo riyakitala psevdozhidkostnym wosanjikiza kulenga chipika copolymers. Mu nkhani iyi, propylene polymerization anachita ikukhudza Kuwonjezera owonjezera zida catalysts n'zogwirizana ndi kuchititsa prepolymerization.

ndondomeko Features

njira amatenda kusakaniza zigawo zikuluzikulu mu chipangizo wapadera anaikira chisanadze kusintha. Kenako, kusakaniza izi anawonjezera polymerization kuzungulira riyakitala, pali zofunikira ndi wa hydrogen, ndi utsi propylene.

makina amene ntchito ikuchitika pa kutentha kuyambira 65 digiri 80 Celsius. Kuthamanga mu dongosolo si upambana 40 bar. Mathanki amene anakonza mu mndandanda, ntchito m'mafakitale cholinga popanga mabuku lalikulu la mankhwala polima.

Kuchokera riyakitala chachiwiri, polima njira kunachotsedwa. Polymerization wa propylene mu njira kumafuna kulanda pressurized degasser. Pali anagwira kuchotsa particulate homopolymer wa monomer madzi.

kupanga chipika copolymers

Propylene polymerization aone kuti pali CH2 = CH - CH3 imeneyi ali ndi muyezo percolation limagwirira, pali kusiyana kokha mu zikhalidwe za ndondomekoyi. Pamodzi ndi propylene ndi ethene ufa kuchokera degasser ndi mu mpweya gawo riyakitala zikugwira ntchito pa kutentha madigiri 70 Celsius ndi mavuto osapitirira 15 bar.

Block copolymers pambuyo kuchotsedwa kwa riyakitala ndi kudyetsedwa kwa wapadera utsi particulate polima kwa dongosolo monomer.

Polymerization wa propylene mvetsetsa butadiene mitundu kugonjetsedwa amalola ntchito yachiwiri mpweya gawo riyakitala. Timatha kuwonjezera mlingo wa propylene mu polima lapansi. Komanso nkutheka kuwonjezera zina kwa chotsirizidwa, ntchito granulation kumathandiza kuti khalidwe la mankhwala chifukwa.

Kulunjika wa polymerization wa alkenes

Pali kusiyana pakati pa kupanga polyethylene ndi polypropylene. Propylene polymerization The aone kuti pali zimathandiza kudziwa kuti ntchito ankayembekezera kutentha. Ndiponso, kusiyana maganizo pa chomaliza unyolo ndondomeko, komanso m'madera a ntchito mankhwala chomaliza.

The peroxide ntchito resins, amene katundu kwambiri rheological. Iwo kukwezeka kaperekedwe ka otaya Sungunulani, ofanana thupi katundu zipangizo zimene ndi otsika Sungunulani otaya index.

Resins ndi katundu kwambiri rheological, ntchito jekeseni ndondomeko akamaumba, ndipo mu nkhani ya ulusi kupanga.

Kuonjezera chilungamo ndi mphamvu ya zipangizo polymeric opanga kuyesa kuwonjezera kwa osakaniza anachita crystallizes zina zapadera. Part wa polypropylene zipangizo mandala pang'onopang'ono m'malo zipangizo zina m'munda wa akamaumba nkhonya ndi chilengedwe kuponyera.

polymerization Features

Polymerization wa propylene pamaso pa adamulowetsa mpweya atuluka msanga. Mu panopa ntchito mpweya chothandizira zovuta ndi zitsulo akafa zochokera adsorptive mphamvu mpweya. The mankhwala polymerization analandira ndi makhalidwe kwambiri ntchito.

Magawo yaikulu ya ndondomeko polymerization amachita mlingo anachita ndi kulemera maselo ndi zikuchokera stereoisomeric wa polima lapansi. Mtengo ndipo ali chikhalidwe thupi ndi mankhwala chothandizira ndi, polymerization sing'anga, mlingo wa chiyero cha zigawo zikuluzikulu dongosolo anachita.

Liniya polima analandira mu gawo homogeneous ndi sakanikira, ngati funso ethylene. chifukwa ndi pakalibe regioisomers mankhwala. Kuti mupeze isotactic polypropylene, yesani kugwiritsa ntchito olimba titaniyamu mankhwala enaake ndi zotayidwa mankhwala.

Posonyeza adsorbed zovuta pa crystalline titaniyamu mankhwala enaake (3), n'zotheka kupeza mankhwala ndi makhalidwe ankafuna. chonyamulira latisi mosalekeza si chinthu zokwanira kupeza stereospecificity mkulu wa chothandizira a. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani yosankha titaniyamu iodide (3) kuli mochuluka atactic polima.

Pamwamba chothandizira zigawo ndi khalidwe Lewis, kotero kugwirizana ndi masankhidwe a sing'anga. The malo abwino kwambiri ndi ntchito chimasanduka inert. Popeza titaniyamu mankhwala enaake (5) ndi adsorbent yogwira, anasankha makamaka aliphatic chimasanduka. Monga propylene polymerization zikuchitika? Mankhwala ndiyo njira (-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -) N. zofanana ndi zimene Zitatero mu mamembala ena a magazi mndandanda yokha anachita aligorivimu izi.

mogwirizana mankhwala

Pendani options zofunikira mogwirizana propylene. Poganizira kuti matabwa ake ali ndi chomangira awiri, ndi zochita zazikulu zimachitika ndendende ndi uwonongedwe.

halogenation The ikuchitika pa yozungulira kutentha. Pa malo ovuta kusamvetsetsana bwino akupezeka unimpeded inalowa halogen. Iwo anapanga digalogenproizvodnoe pawiri Chifukwa cha zimachitika izi. Chinthu chovuta zikuchitika iodization. Bromination ndi chlorination chimaposa popanda zinthu zoonjezera ndi ndalama mphamvu. Fluorination wa propylene atuluka chimoto chadzaoneni.

The hydrogenation anachita zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ndi accelerator zina. The chothandizira amachita monga pulatinamu, faifi tambala. Chifukwa cha mogwirizana mankhwala propylene ndi wa hydrogen, propane anali kwaiye - nthumwi ya gulu la chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa.

Hydration (kugwirizana madzi) ikuchitika ndi vv Markovnikov ulamuliro. Kwenikweni ake tichipeza mu kujowina mgwirizano zowirikiza kawiri atomu wa hydrogen mpweya wa propylene amene ali kuchuluka ake pazipita. M'menemo halogen amamangiriridwa C, amene ali mlingo wa wa hydrogen.

Pakuti propylene lililonse kuyaka mpweya oxygen. Chifukwa cha mogwirizana uyu adzakhala analandira katundu ziwiri zikuluzikulu: carbon dioxide, nthunzi.

Pamene ntchito ya oxidants mankhwala amphamvu monga permanganate potassium ndi ananena discoloration. Mwa mankhwala anachita ndi dihydric mowa (glycol).

Kukonzekera propylene

njira zonse zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri chachikulu: labotale mafakitale. Zasayansi tingawadziwe propylene ndi Kupha halide wa hydrogen kuchokera poyambira haloalkyl atadziŵa njira ndi mowa wa hydroxide ndi sodium.

Propylene amapangidwa ndi othandizira hydrogenation wa propyne. thunthu m'mikhalidwe zasayansi akhoza akamagwira madzi m'thupi la propanol-1. mankhwala anachita ichi ntchito monga chothandizira a phosphoric kapena asidi sulfuric, okusayidi zotayidwa.

Momwe propylene lalikulu zedi? Chifukwa chakuti chikhalidwe cha mankhwala ndi zina wakhala anayamba embodiments mafakitale zake ndipa. Ambiri ndi kusankha alkene kwa mankhwala mafuta.

Mwachitsanzo, mu mafuta akulimbana mu wapadera fluidized bedi. Propylene ali akamagwira pyrolysis mafuta nusu. Panopa alkene ndi kutali ndi mpweya kugwirizana, gaseous zinthu za coking malasha.

Pali zosiyanasiyana options wa propylene pyrolysis:

• mu ng'anjo chubu;
• mu riyakitala ntchito khwatsi coolant;
• Yakobson ndondomeko;
• autothermal pyrolysis wa Bartlomiej njira.

Mwa zinyalala mafakitale tisaiwale umisiri ndi othandizira dehydrogenation wa chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa.

ntchito

Propylene ali zosiyanasiyana ntchito, choncho opangidwa mwaunyinji makampani. maonekedwe ake hydrocarbon unsaturated amangidwa ntchito Natta. M'zaka za m'ma-makumi awiri pogwiritsa ntchito Ziegler, anayamba polymerization luso.

Natta isotactic amalowerera kupeza mankhwala otchedwa iwo isotactic, kuyambira dongosolo la magulu methyl imakonzedwa mbali imodzi ya unyolo. Ndi chimake izi, "CD" wa mamolekyulu ndi polima, chifukwa zinthu polymeric ali kwambiri makhalidwe makina. Polypropylene ntchito kupanga ulusi kupanga, monga eni misa pulasitiki.

Pafupifupi gawo khumi a mafuta chimadyedwa yopanga okusayidi propylene zace. Mpaka chapakati pa m'zaka otsiriza, zinthu izi organic chinapezeka mwa njira chlorohydrin. Zimene atuluka mwa mapangidwe propilenhlorgidrina wapakatikati. Mu njira imeneyi ali ndi zovuta zina zomwe imakhudzana ndi ntchito chlorine mtengo ndi hydrated laimu.

Masiku ano chalcone ndondomeko alowa m'malo mwa sayansi. Bukuli lili mogwirizana mankhwala propene ndi hydroperoxides. okusayidi Propylene ntchito mu kaphatikizidwe propilengligolya kupita popanga polyurethane foams. Amaonedwa mantha kwambiri kungolandira zipangizo, kotero pitani ku chilengedwe cha ma CD, makalipeti, mipando, kutentha chimateteza zipangizo, zakumwa komanso atolankhani sorbent fyuluta.

Komanso, mwa ntchito zikuluzikulu za propylene koyenera kutchula kaphatikizidwe acetone ndi isopropyl mowa. Isopropyl mowa, pokhala zosungunulira kwambiri, imatengedwa lofunika mankhwala. Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, mankhwala organic analandira mwa njira sulfuric acid.

Ndiponso, njira ya hydration mwachindunji propene kwa oyamba mu anachita osakaniza catalysts acidic. Pafupifupi theka la onse propanol opangidwa zipita acetone kaphatikizidwe. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo Kupha wa hydrogen ikuchitika pa 380 madigiri Celsius. Catalysts mu ndondomeko imeneyi ndi nthaka ndi mkuwa.

Mwa zigawo yofunika ya ntchito propylene hydroformylation lofunika kwambiri. Limbikitse amapita ku ulimi wa aldehydes. Oksisintez m'dziko lathu anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka za m'ma lomaliza. Pakali pano, linachepa amagwira ntchito yofunika makampani petrochemical. The mankhwala anachita wa propylene ndi mpweya kaphatikizidwe (a msanganizo wa carbon monoxide ndi wa hydrogen) pa kutentha kwa madigiri 180, ndi cobalt okusayidi chothandizira ndi mavuto 250 atmospheres zimawonedwa mapangidwe aldehydes awiri. Wina ali ndi dongosolo wabwinobwino, wachiwiri - yokhota kumapeto mpweya unyolo.

Chikadzangotha Kupezeka kwa ndondomeko izi, anachita umenewu wakhala cholinga cha cofufuzila asayansi ambiri. Iwo anayang'ana njira pochepetsa zikhalidwe za pakuwonekera kwake, anayesetsa kuchepetsa kuchuluka osakaniza chifukwa cha aldehyde dongosolo nthambi.

Chifukwa chaichi izo apanga njira ndalama zimene zimagwiritsa ntchito catalysts ena. Kotheka kuchepetsa kutentha, kuthamanga, kuonjezera zokolola za liniya dongosolo aldehyde.

Esters asidi akiliriki amenenso ali oyanjana ndi polymerization wa propylene ntchito monga copolymers lapansi. 15 peresenti ya propene petrochemical ntchito monga chuma poyambira kulenga akrionitrila. Mbali organic wofunikila kupanga wapatali mankhwala CHIKWANGWANI - nitrone, chilengedwe cha mapulasitiki, kupanga labala.

Pomaliza

Polypropylene imatengedwa tsopano yaikulu yopanga petrochemical. Kufunika kwa apamwamba ndi otsika mtengo polima ukuwonjezeka, kotero pang'onopang'ono kuchotsa polyethylene. Ndi chofunika kulenga okhwima ma CD, mbale, mafilimu, mbali magalimoto, pepala kupanga, chingwe, zidutswa pamphasa, komanso kulenga zosiyanasiyana za magetsi banja. Kumayambiriro twente woyamba kupanga atumwi polypropylene panambala makampani polima. Mogwirizana ndi zosoŵa za mafakitale osiyana, tinganene kuti posachedwapa chizolowezi kupanga zikuluzikulu za propylene ndi ethylene.