Otsatira a Catherine Wamkulu. Grigory Orlov - amakonda wa Catherine Wamkulu

Mu ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri chinadetsedwa monga kulemera kwa mavuto amene anayambika mu Russian Ufumu, ndi sikelo ndigwira kochuruka kwa okondera. Young suitors amene azungulira Mfumukazi, ndi wokondwa kwambiri zoipa mfundo zoweta ndi achilendo ya boma. The oimira strata zapamwamba otchuka anayamba kufunafuna zodzipindulitsa mwa chinyengo cha okondedwa latsopano Catherine Wamkulu, potero kukumba malamulo onse abwino ndi misonkhano chikhalidwe cha nthawi. Inde, palibe njira simungathe angasokoneze n'zofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa Russia, umene uli nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi. Komabe, ife sitikhala kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zochita boma ndiponso zochita za Catherine II, ndipo yesani kumuuza za moyo wa mkazi amene anasiya chizindikiro moona kukoma m'mbiri ya dziko lathu.

Mfumukazi Fike

Tsogolo "chisomo cha Mulungu Mfumukazi ndi autocrat Onse-Russian" Catherine, alandira kale kuchokera m'nthawi yake mutu "Wamkulu" anabadwa pa April 21, 1729 m'tauni Prussian wa Stettin. Major General, msilikali wa Prussian asilikali Mkhristu August wa Anhalt-Zerbst ndi mkazi wake Johanna Elizabeth anapatsidwa woyamba wake - wamkazi - wokongola German dzina - Sophia Augusta Frederica. Ngakhale kuti makolo ake anali pachibale ndi nyumba zachifumu zambiri ku Ulaya (bambo anali mutu wa Prince ndipo ngakhale anadzakhala mwini wake wa German Duchy wa Zerbst ndi amake anabadwa kalonga wa Holstein-Gottorp), ali mwana anali pang'ono ngati munthu wamoyo "achifumu magazi" . Kukhala mu German nyumba wamba, Fike, anamsemera dzina makolo mwana wake wamkazi, angathe kukonzekera kwa mtsikana wa banja bourgeois wa maphunziro nthawi kunyumba, zomwe kwenikweni kumaphatikizapo kutha kuphika ndi woyera.

Yambani "mfumu" njira

Mu 1744, pansi pa zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Prussian mfumu Fridriha Velikogo, Sophia Augusta ndi mayi ake chifukwa cha Mfumukazi Elizabeth, anali kufunafuna mkazi wa mwana wake St. Petersburg. Mu Russia, kalonga German zapita ubatizo wa ndi mwambo Orthodox dzina lake Catherine A .. Mu 1745 iye anakwatira Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich, tsogolo Mfumu Peter III. moyo Banja nezaladilas wamng'ono kuyambira pachiyambi. Wolowa ufumu, kaya chifukwa chosakhwima awo kapena maganizo, kapena kungoti ku "kusakonda" kunali kuzizira kwambiri ndi mkazi wake. Ngakhale pa ukwati usiku awo, iye sanali kulabadira chilichonse kwa Mkwatibwi wamng'ono. Iye anasiyana wofunitsitsa makhalidwe kugonana, monga akufunika thandizo wamwamuna ndiponso malinga ndi zosiyana, nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa ukwati anayamba poyera kudziyalutsa ndi Cavaliers.

Chikondi choyamba aakulu

Pa moyo wa mwamuna wake Mfumukazi tsogolo anaonekera chinsinsi wokonda. Iwo anakhala SERGEY Vasilevich Saltykov (1726-1765), njonda wolemekezeka wa banja kalonga, amene anali Mulingo wa Chamberlain wa Grand Duke. Saltykov pa nthawi ya womdziwa awo anatembenuka zaka 26. Iye anakhala ndiwotani woyamba wa Catherine II ndi yekhayo wa onse amene anali wamkulu kuposa iye. Kulankhulana pakati pa achinyamata unakhala kuchokera 1752 ndi 1754, asanabadwe mwana Catherine - wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu - Paul Petrovich. m'nthawi Ambiri ananena Saltykov woona bambo wa Paulo. Ngati kapena ayi, Sizikudziwika Mfumukazi, izi mphekesera konse anakana. Koma Sergei Vasilyevich - Iye mu chaka chomwecho anatumizidwa nthumwi ku Ulaya kwa nthawi yaitali anapitiriza lokwanira ndi wokondedwa wake. Ndi ndi Saltykov kuyamba kuwerengetsa ankakonda awo a Catherine Wamkulu, yemwe zithunzi bwino anasunga lero.

Chikondi awiri: anyamata Pole

Catherine, monga achinyamata, yogwira, ndi addicting kwambiri mkazi sitingakhale kukhala yekha. Mu 1756, iye anali wokonda latsopano. Iwo anakhala Stanisław August Poniatowski (1732-1798), ndi wophunzira nthumwi, amayembekezeka kukhala kazembe Polish ku St. Petersburg. Malinga ndi mbiri, ndi kwa lembali, mfumukazi tsogolo anabereka mwana wamkazi mu 1757. Anna anamwalira ali ndi zaka ziwiri. Amadziwika kuti Peter Fedorovich ankadziwa za ubwenzi wa mkazi wake ndi Pole wamng'ono, ndipo kodi zimenezi, akuwathandiza. Yekha mdani yofunika kwambiri "Zopatsa" wa Catherine anakhala mfumukazi kulamulira - Elizaveta Petrovna. Mu 1758, iye anamva za mwankhanza nkhani mlongo wake, anakwiya kwambiri ndipo analamula kuti yomweyo kutumiza nthumwi ku Poland. Catherine wateteza kukumbukira wokondedwa, ndipo pambuyo kulekana yaukapolo. Mu 1764, popeza kale Mfumukazi anathandiza Stanisław August pa mpando wachifumu wa Commonwealth.

Gregory Orlov (1734-1783)

Kodi udindo anachita Grigoriy Grigorevich Orlov ku tsogolo la mkazi uyu? Kodi mbiri imatiuza? Tsogolo ankakonda Catherine Wamkulu anabadwa pa October 17, 1734 mu banja la anapuma lalikulu wamkulu - Grigory Ivanovich Orlov. Childhood Gregory ndi abale ake anayi zinachitika mu chikhalidwe cha chikondi, mgwirizano ndi chikondi. Mutu wa banja, amene anali ndi ulamuliro unquestioned, anali asanawerengepo analowa mtundu uliwonse wa mikangano palibe zoipa. Orlov analandira zachilendo kwa anthu a bwalo lake la maphunziro kunyumba, mwapadera anapatsidwa usilikali ndipo thupi maphunziro. Abale wosiyana ambiri anzawo wamtali kwambiri msinkhu, nkhani zozizwitsa ndi mphamvu kwambiri. Mu 1749, Gregory analowa St. Petersburg dziko Cadet Corps, kenako yomweyo analembedwa osankhika alonda Semenov Regiment. Mnyamatayo anali wokongola kwambiri, anakonda akazi ndipo anali kumulakalaka Zopatsa chikondi. Komabe, kusiyana kwa kulimba mtima komanso kulimba mtima kuti zinamupatsa mwamsanga kuuka ku Mulingo wa udindo msilikali ndi kupita ku gawo la asilikali zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri nkhondo lake.

anamanganso mmikono

Pa nkhondo tsogolo ankakonda Catherine 2, Orlov anasonyeza wolimba kwambiri wankhondo. Ulemerero Gregory anabweretsa nkhondo wamagazi pafupi German m'mudzi Zorndorf, pamene asilikali Russian anakumana ndi asilikali a Prussian Mfumu Frederick II. Pa nkhondo wosimidwa Guardsman anasonyeza kulimba mtima wanzeru, wodekha chidwi ndi kupirira kwambiri. Kukhala anavulazidwa katatu, iye anatsalira mu mizere ya anadziponya pakatikati pa nkhondo ndi mwakhama Raziel mdani. Uthenga inamveka zochita za chiwerengero cha ngwazi msilikali usinthe asilikali onse Russian, ndi asilikali Prussian anagonjetsedwa ndi kuika kuthawa. Nkhondo awo kulimbamtima ndi mtima Grigory Orlov anakwezedwa udindo wa mkulu, ndi nkhondo iye kumapeto. mfundo ndi yakuti pankhondo ya zorndorf analandidwa msilikali wothandiza mfumu uja Friedrich Graf Von Schwerin. Udindo ntchito mopereka wandende wopalamula Mfumukazi Elizabeth, ndipo anapatsidwa kwa guardsman wamng'ono.

Ankadziwa Mfumukazi tsogolo

M'chaka cha 1759 Gregory anafika ku likulu la kumpoto, kumene nthawi yomweyo anali moni abale ake, Alexei ndi Fyodor, amene ankatumikira mu udindo wa lieutenants ndi Semenovski Preobrazhensky alonda regiments motero. Utatu zosangalatsa ndi lakeyo mchezo kumasangalala, chikondi ulendo ndi masewera khadi. Komabe, mu 1760 Gregory anasamuka Alonda zida zankhondo ndipo anasankha msilikali wothandiza mfumu uja otchuka kwambiri olemekezeka - Werengani Petra Ivanovicha Shuvalova. Kamodzi pakati pa mfumu, wokongola Orlov anakumana ndi zaka makumi atatu Catherine, wokongola ndipo anakumana zokhudza chikondi, koma pa yomweyo wosasangalala mzimayi wodwala kusungulumwa ndi kutsitsidwa kwa mwamuna wake. Grigory chidwi ndi Mfumukazi tsogolo la ubwana wake, chilakolako ndi TSONGAZACHE. Kwa nthawi yaitali wokonda anatha kubisa ubale wawo kwa akunja.

Ciwembu Mfumu

Orlov, anali ndi mbiri ya anthu olimba ndi woonamtima, yapamwamba waukulu kwambiri alonda regiments, chinkaimira mphamvu zazikulu ndiponso thandizo la ufumu. Abale nkhani ndi abwenzi, anayamba kulenga chithunzi cha wofera Grand Duchess, pang'onopang'ono kuyandikira kumbali yake ambiri olemekezeka ndi asilikali. Wonyada khalidwe la wolowa ufumu wa Peter, zachititsa kuti kutchuka kwake. N'kutheka chiwembu okonza, amene anaphatikiza zikusinthira (Orlov) ndi tsogolo (G. Potemkin) Otsatira Catherine 2, naperekanso December 25, 1761, tsiku la imfa ya Mfumukazi Elizabeth. Komabe, Grand Duchess nayenso patsikulo, ndi mantha oopsa, ndi nthawi anataika. Komabe, chisokonezo Catherine chifukwa posachedwapa anadziwika. Iye anali pakati pa miyezi isanu ndi ogwira onse ankadziwa chakuti zinali Gregory atate wa mwana. mnyamata anabadwa mu April 1762, dzina lake Alexei, analandira udindo wa Chiwerengero ndipo anakhala woyambitsa wa Bobrinskys m'banja lapamwamba.

zokhumba yachifumu

Woyamba "mapazi" Mfumu Peter III (mapeto a mtendere ndi Prussia ndi disbanding la Alonda, amene anali chamankhwala chodalirika asilikali Russian) chifukwa kusakhutira kwambiri mmadera. Orlov abale ogwirizana akukwiya usilikali, anaganiza usiku wa 27 pa June 28 kulanda boma, cholinga chimene anali kulanda mfumu. Aleksey Orlov Catherine anabweretsa kuchokera Peterhof ku likulu la dziko, kumene iwo anali anakumana ndi Gregory ndi anzake. Alonda regiments analumbira kuti adzakhala okhulupirika kwa autocrat m'tsogolo, ndipo kuchokera 9 ndiri mu Kazan Cathedral anayamba coronation ake mwambo. Peter III, pamene Oranienbaum, ankadziwa chiyembekezo udindo wake, ndipo mongotsatira malamulo anasaina abdication wake. Mfumukazi anadziwa zonse za ntchito yaikulu kwambiri abale m'nthawi yake kukhala pampando wachifumu ndipo ambiri mobwerezabwereza kenako kuti alitcha kwambiri Orlov.

Grigory Orlov - amakonda wa Catherine Wamkulu

Pambuyo coronation wa Catherine, kutsanulira maudindo, maudindo ndi mphoto ya kudzathandiza zake zonse, anasamukira ku Zima Palace. Eagles, ngakhale mfumukazi anapereka munda, anakonda kukhala pafupi ndi wokondedwa wake. Kwa iye anabwera nthawi yosangalatsa zedi. Anamangidwa mu mutu wa chizengerezo; analandira udindo wa Major General, Grigory anayamba adzalandira mphamvu zochuluka ndipo wakhala bwino analandira ndi Mfumukazi, ndipo iye naye nkhani ya zochitika zonse za boma. Catherine Wachiwiri anali kutifotokozera amakonda ankakonda wake ndi yaikulu kupita Orlov m'banja. Autocrat kusintha kuchita zimenezi, Movutikira, koma anakwanitsa Werengerani Nikita Panin. Azambiriyakale kumudziwa akuti, "Amayi, tonse kumvera lamulo la Mfumukazi, koma amene udzamvera wotchuka Orlov?" Gregory, malinga okha, iyenso ndiye kutikonda kwambiri Catherine ndipo amapereka ake ndi mphatso yamtengo wapatali, wotchuka kwambiri amene ali daimondi yaikulu.

Moyo kunyumba

Grigory wakhala anathandiza amayesetsa wa Mfumukazi ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zake anayesa kuti amuthandize pa kayendetsedwe ka boma. Iye analibe chilakolako cha mphamvu akukumana ambiri ankakonda Catherine Wamkulu ndi m'nthawi yake analankhula za iye monga wopeleka kumukhulupirira ndi zabwino-chikhalidwe munthu. Graf Orlov anali ndi chidwi sayansi ndi nzeru, ndakatulo ndi luso. Iye anapereka chithandizo ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Lomonosov kwambiri, ndipo pambuyo pa imfa yake, anali kugula ntchito zonse za sayansi ndi kuwapulumutsa kwa mibadwo. Iye anali mmodzi wa initiators za ntchito yochotsa Turkey kuti apeze mwayi kwa Black Sea. Ngakhale Mfumukazi ndipo sanalole wokonda ake kuti nkhondo, ntchito zopezeka msanga. Grigory Orlov, amakonda wa Catherine Wamkulu, anatumizidwa Moscow kulimbana ndi mliri wa makoswe. Iye anali wokhoza kusonyeza bwino ntchito ndi mwezi kuti achotseretu mzinda ku mliri zoopsa. Catherine anakumana wokonda ngwazi, ndipo analamula kuti amange Arc de Triomphe ndipo iye adaponyamo Mendulo ndi chithunzi cha tawerenga mu ulemu.

Sunset yowala nyenyezi

April 18, 1772 Gregory anatumizidwa ku Romania nkhani ndi Turkey. Paulendo uwu Orlov anamva kuti Catherine Wachiwiri anali amakonda latsopano. Kunapezeka kuti Alexey Semenovich Vasilchikov (1746-1813) - ndi mphalasa wa Moyo alonda Regiment, amene anali a banja wotchuka mfulu. Gregory August 28 anaswa msonkhano nathamangira St. Petersburg, wosafuna kukumana ndi Mfumukazi. Catherine panthawiyo anali kale lipoti Chiwerengero Panin ndi uthenga umene Eagles analephera zokambirana, ndipo pomaliza anaganiza kuti aswe naye. Mfumukazi anakana wokonda zake zakale omvera ndi kumutumiza wa pachaka "tchuthi", chopatsika ndi okhutira pachaka wolemera, komanso zikwi serfs. Mu 1777, Earl anakwatira msuweni wake, amene posachedwapa anadwala ndi TB anafa. Grigory sindikanakhoza kupirira imfa, kuonongeka malingaliro iye nafa April 24, 1783.

MOYO SULI chilili

Alex Vasilchikov wogwidwa deta yabwino kwambiri imene ndiwotani wakale Catherine Wamkulu. Ngakhale anali ndi zaka 17 wocheperapo Mfumukazi, koma ankasiyana kusaphunzira mwamsanga wotopetsa Mfumukazi. Ubwino wake tingaone wosadzikonda yekha, ndi kuti iye sanagwiritse ntchito udindo wake. Iye m'malo mwa 1774 anabwera Grigoriy Aleksandrovich Potemkin, amene anali mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri nthawi yake, ubale umene Catherine anabereka mwana wamkazi - Elizabeth Grigorievna. The Scion a m'banja lapamwamba opata, Potemkin anakhala States kwambiri, bwenzi ndi co-wolamulira leni Mfumukazi. Mu "positi" ankakonda Grigory m'malo ndi Petr Vasilevich Zavadovsky, amene anakhala wotchuka wapamwamba. Mu ulamuliro wa Alexander Ine, mdzukulu Catherine, iye anapatsidwa malo a nduna ya zamaphunziro.

A mawu ochepa pomaliza

Otsatira Catherine 2, zakale makamaka othandiza pamagaleta wopambana Prince Potemkin, zitsulo bwino wina ndi mzake. Ena mwa iwo, monga ngwazi tsogolo la nkhondo dziko lawo, Alekseya Petrovicha Ermolova, zinatchuka ndi chikondi anthu. Ambiri, analemba m'buku lake, "wapamtima wa Catherine Wamkulu" Sorotokina NM, chinkhoswe mu dyera zosaneneka, ziphuphu, anadzikhuthula chuma cha boma. A chodabwitsa cha kukondera anaika pansi banga mdima pa mbiri yonse ya boma Russian.

The odziwika bwino kwambiri ankakonda Catherine Wamkulu

Photos a ena a iwo mukuonera nkhaniyi. Si onse ziweto Mfumukazi. Kuwonjezera kwa okondedwa Catherine 2, analandira kutchuka kwambiri: Aleksey Petrovich Ermolov (ndi ngwazi tsogolo la nkhondo ndi Napoleon), Grigoriy Aleksandrovich Potemkin (a States lalikulu la chi) ndi Platon Zubov, ndiwotani lotsiriza la Mfumukazi.