Catherine A .: mbiri ndi chithunzi

Catherine A. - Mfumukazi, anakhala wa kanjedza ndi wodziwika bwino mbiri ya Russia XVIII atumwi. Iwo anayamba otchedwa zaka akazi pampando wachifumu Russian. Iwo sanali munthu chifuniro amphamvu ndale kapena anthu mindset, koma chifukwa khalidwe wasiya chizindikiro chake mu zochitika za Lathu. Ndipafupifupi Catherine I - mbuye choyamba, ndiye mkazi wa Peter Ine, ndipo kenako mkulu zonse za boma la Russia.

woyamba chinsinsi. ubwana

Ngati ife kulankhula za zaka zoyambilira za munthu uyu, ndiye mosadziwa anatsimikizira kuti zinsinsi ndiponso tsoka mu mbiri yake kuposa kudziwa chenicheni. Komabe sindikudziwa malo ake enieni chiyambi ndiponso unzika - patatha zaka zoposa 300 pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake, olemba mbiri sangakhoze kupereka yankho lenileni.

Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, Ekaterina A. anabadwa April 5, 1684 m'banja la Chilituyaniya (ndipo mwina Chilativiya) wamba pafupi ndi Ķegums, yomwe inali m'dera mbiri Widzew. Ndiye madera awa anali gawo la amphamvu ambiri a boma Swedish.

Baibulo lina zikusonyeza mizu yake Estonia. Limasimba nkhani amati iye anabadwa mu mzinda wamakono wa Tartu amatchedwa pa mapeto a XVII m'ma Dorpat. Koma ananenanso kuti iye analibe kubadwa mkulu, moti anatuluka pakati pa anthu wamba ndi.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, pali buku lina. bambo Catherine Samueli Skavronsky, anali Kazimierz Yanu Sapegi. Kamodzi iye anathawira ku Livonia, iye anakakhala ku chigawo cha Marienburg, kumene anayambitsa banja.

Pali wodziwanso kuposa nuance. Catherine A. - Russian kalonga - analibe dzina amenewa umene anapita mu mbiri. dzina lake lenileni - Skavronskaya, dzina lake Marita, ndi mwana wa Samueli. Koma zopanda pake mkazi dzina chomwecho zatenga wachifumu, kotero iye ali latsopano "deta pasipoti" ndipo anakhala Mihaylova Ekaterina Alekseevna.

Chinsinsi cha wachiwiri. mwana

Ku Ulaya, zaka zimenezo kunali mliri woopsa. Ndi banja lake vuto limeneli sanathe kupewedwa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, m'chaka cha kubadwa kwa Martha ku "Makoswe" anapha makolo ake. Panali okha amalume anga, amene sanathe kulanda udindo wa makolo, chotero ndinam'patsa msungwana wa ku banja la Ernst Glück, amene anali m'busa Lutheran. Mwa njira, iye ali otchuka kumasulira Baibulo mu m'Chilativiya. Mu 1700 anayamba kumpoto nkhondo, waukulu potsutsa mphamvu zimene anali Sweden ndi Russia. Mu 1702, asilikali Russian anadzasokoneza pa angaloŵe linga Marienburg. Pambuyo Ernst Glück Marta anatumizidwa ku Moscow monga mkaidi. Patapita nthawi, pansi polandirira msonkho m'busa Fagetsiya anakakhala nyumba yake, kotala German. Lokha March - Catherine A. tsogolo - sakuphunzitsidwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba, ndipo m'nyumba ya m'nyumba.

Baibulo ali Brockhaus ndi Efron amamuuza ena, amene mayi ake sanafe cha mliri, koma mwamuna wake anamwalira. Amasiye, iye anakakamizika mwana wake mu banja la Glück chomwecho. Ndipo Baibulo likunena kuti ankaphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba zamanja zosiyanasiyana.

A Baibulo wachitatu, banja Glück anadza akafike zaka 12 zakubadwa. Pamaso March Veselovskaya anakhala ndi Anne-Marie, azakhali ake. Pa 17 anakwatiwa ndi Swede Ioganna Kruze pamaso pa kuukira kwa asilikali Russian pa Marienburg m'linga. Patapita masiku 1 kapena 2 iye anali kutumikira mu nkhondo, kumene iye anali kusowa.

Izi zinsinsi za kubadwa ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zakutidwa umunthu wake Catherine A .. Wambiri zilibe kufika 100% Choonekera kuchokera pamenepa, komabe kuoneka zosiyanasiyana mawanga woyera.

Field polimbana Sheremetev mu moyo Catherine

asilikali Russian pa chiyambi cha Great kumpoto Nkhondo Livonia anatsogolera Sheremetev. Iye anatha analanda linga lalikulu Marienburg, kenako mphamvu yaikulu ya asilikali a Sweden n'kupita. Wopambana wa m'mphepete poyera kwa adani ankhanza. Iye ananena kuti ndi Russian Tsar mu njira zotsatirazi: "... anatumiza mbali zonse zowotchera ndi adani, lonse pali kanthu katsalira kwa amuna ndi akazi atengedwa ukaidi, yense wawonongedwa ndi kuotchedwa Amapita akavalo ntchito ndi nyama zina kuchuluka kwa 20 000, ena akanadulidwa ndi analaswa .. ".

Pa malo a, Field kulamulira anagwira anthu 400. ofunsira tsoka la anthu anabwera Sheremetev m'busa Ernst Glück, ndipo pano izo zinali (Sheremetev) anawona Catherine A., amene anali pamenepo dzina Marta Kruze. The kulamulira zaka anatumiza anthu onse ndi Glück mu Moscow, March mphamvu anatenga mbuye. Patapita miyezi ingapo iye anali ndi mdzakazi wake, ndiyeno kutentha kukangana, Menshikov anatenga Martha wake kuyambira moyo wake chikugwirizana ndi mtsogoleri watsopano zankhondo ndiponso zandale, kugwirizana naye pafupi ya Peter.

Version ndi Peter Genri Bryusa

Mu nsembe yabwino kwambiri chifukwa Catherine yekha amafotokozedwa Maulendo Ake zochitika Scot Bruce. Malinga ndi iye, pambuyo adani a Marienburg Martha anatenga Baur - msilikali Dragoons, ndipo ambiri m'tsogolo.

Kuwayika kunyumba, Baur anamuuza kuchita zapakhomo. Iye anali nawo ufulu woti antchito nazo. Kodi iye anachita ndithu MOKHOZA, chifukwa kum'patsa ulemu ndi atumiki ake. Kenako General anakumbukira kuti nyumba yake pamaso chinali chotero bwino ndi aukhondo, monga March. Kamodzi Prince Menshikov Baur yomweyo aakulu, anali mu ulendo wake, imene mtsikana anaona anali Catherine A .. Photos zaka zimenezo kulibe koma kugwila ake, koma Menshikov anauza mayiyu mbali zachilendo nkhope ndi khalidwe. Iye anakhala chidwi March ndipo anafunsa za izo pa Baur. Makamaka ngati iye amadziwa kuphika ndi kusunga nyumba. Iye analandira yankho inde. Ndiye Prince Menshikov anati kwawo kwenikweni wabwino popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi amafunika mu mkazi ngati heroine wathu.

Baur anali mwamphamvu womangidwa kwa kalonga, ndipo pambuyo mawu awa, wotchedwa Martha, nati kwa Menshikov ake - mwini wake watsopano. Anatsimikizira Prince kuti iye adzakhala wochirikiza wabwino naye banja ndi zina, mungathe kudalira. Komanso, wolemekezeka Martha Baur, kuteteza ake mphamvu yoti 'azitha kupeza cholowa cha ulemu ndi mafuno abwino. " Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Catherine Ine Alekseevna kukakhala ku nyumba ya Prince Menshikov. Zinali 1703.

Msonkhano woyamba ndi Catherine Peter

Mu umodzi wa maulendo kawirikawiri mfumu Menshikov , Peter Ine ndinakomana, kenako kwa mbuye wake, Martha. Udabuluka umboni olembedwa a msonkhano wawo woyamba.

Menshikov ankakhala St. Petersburg (ndiye - Nienschanz). Petro anapita ku Livonia, koma ndimafuna kukhala ndi bwenzi lake Menshikov. Usiku womwewo choyamba ataona wokondedwa wake. Anakhala Catherine A. - mkazi (mtsogolo) Petra Velikogo. Usiku umenewo anadikirira pa tebulo. The mfumu inafunsa Menshikov, amene ali, mmene ndi kumene iye akanakhoza kugula icho. Pamenepo Petro anayang'ana nthawi yaitali pa Catherine mu n'zimene mwanthabwala ananena kuti iye anam'bweretsera kandulo musanapite kukagona. Komabe, iyi inali nthabwala ndi dongosolo, omwe sakanakhoza kukana. usiku kuti iwo anakhala pamodzi. Peter anasiya m'mawa amayamikira, anamusiya iye 1 Ducat, nkhondo nayika manja ake Martha pa asiyane.

Zinali msonkhano woyamba ndi mfumu, mtsikana wantchito amene amayembekezeka kukhala mfumukazi. msonkhano Zimenezi zinali zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa ngati anali chinachitika, Peter sibwenzi zokhudza kuli zoterezi mtsikana zachilendo.

Mu 1710, pa nthawi ya chigonjetso mu Nkhondo ya Poltava kupambana chionetsero anakonza mu Moscow. Ndi dera, akapolo Swedish asilikali. Magwero kuti mwa iwo anali mwamuna wa Catherine Iogann Kruze. Iye ananena kuti mtsikana amene akubala mwana wina pambuyo mfumu yina, ndi mkazi wake. Chifukwa cha mawu amenewa anakhala ukapolo ku Siberia, pamene iye anafa mu 1721.

Dona Petra Velikogo

Chaka chotsatira, pambuyo pa msonkhano woyamba ndi mfumu ya Catherine Ine Alekseevna mwana wake woyamba, wotchedwa Petro, patapita chaka iye anali mwana wachiwiri - Paul. iwo mwamsanga anamwalira. Mfumu anamuitana iye Marta Wasilewska, mwina ndi banja lake azakhali. Mu 1705 iye anaganiza iye ndipo anaika mu nyumba ya mlongo wake Natalie mu Chiwalitsiro. March kumeneko aphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba Russian, ndi abwenzi ndi banja Menshikov.

Mu 1707 kapena 1708 March Skavronskaya anatembenukira kwa Orthodoxy. Atabatizidwa, iye analandira dzina latsopano - Ekaterina Alekseevna Mihaylova. dzina Middle iye analandira ndi dzina la godfather ake amene anasonyeza kuti Tsarevich Aleksey, wonenedwanso chidapatsidwa mwa Petro, chifukwa kukhalabe incognito.

Mkazi wa Petra Velikogo

Catherine anali mkazi wokondedwa wa Petro, ndi chikondi cha moyo wake. Inde, iye anali ndi nambala yaikulu Kunena zokhota, koma iye ankakonda munthu m'modzi yekha - Martha ake. Ankaona. Peter Ine, monga mukudziwa ku Maulendo a m'nthawi, anavutika mutu kwambiri. Palibe wina aliyense akanakhoza kuchita nawo. Catherine A. anali "analgesic". Pamene mfumu anayamba kuukira wina, anakhala pafupi ndi iye, kumukumbatira iye ndi magazi anayima mutu wake kwa maminiti pang'ono, anagona momveka. Pa kudzutsidwa, iye anamverera atsopano, mokondwera, wokonzeka chifukwa cha kuphunzira latsopano.

M'chaka cha 1711, kuyambira mu kampeni Prut, Peter atasonkhana naye pafupi mu Chiwalitsiro, anawabweretsera wosankhidwa wake ndipo ananena kuti kuyambira tsopano kuti tonse tiyenera kuziganizira n'kololeka mkazi ndi mfumukazi. Komanso, iye anati, ngati iye anamwalira asanalembe kukwatiwa, ndiyeno izo zonse kuonedwa wolowa chomveka wachifumu Russian.

Ukwatiwo unachitika yekha mu 1712, February 19, mu mpingo Isaakiya Dalmatskogo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Catherine A. - mkazi wa Petro. banjali anali mwamphamvu Ufumuyo mzake, makamaka Peter. Iye akhafuna kuona kulikonse: ndi mbadwa ya sitima, ndemanga nkhondo, ndi maholide.

Ana a Peter ndi Catherine

Katerinushka monga mfumu anamuitana iye anabereka ana 10 Peter, ambiri a iwo anafa mu Chiyambi (onani. Table).

Only ana ake awiri aakazi kumayambitsa mbiri zina ndale za Romanov mafumu. mwana Catherine Elizabeth Alekseevna analamulira dziko kwa zaka zoposa 20, ndipo ana a Anna analamulira Russia kuchokera 1762 mpaka kugwa kwa ufumu mu 1917.

Chitunda ufumu

Monga mukudziwa, Petro adakumbukira monga mfumu-wokonzanso. Ndi za kwa ndondomeko motsatizana iye sanali kupewa funso. Mu 1722 mu dera limeneli ikuchitika kusintha limene wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu sanakhale woyamba mu mzere mbeu amphongo ndi amene amaikidwa akuchita kazembeyo. Chifukwa, kazembe angakhale nkhani iliyonse.

November 15, 1723 Peter anapereka Ndondomeko pa amaveka korona Catherine. The coronation kwambiri zinachitika May 7, 1724.

Masabata otsiriza a moyo wake, Peter anali kudwala kwambiri. Ndipo pamene Catherine anazindikira kuti Sukhala ndi matenda, anaitana Prince Menshikov ndi Werengerani Tolstoy chakuti iwo akhala akugwira pofuna kukopa anthu olamulira pa mbali yake, mmene Petulo sanasiyidwa chifuniro.

January 28, 1725 ndi thandizo la Alonda ndipo ambiri olemekezeka Catherine analengeza Mfumukazi, wolowa Petra Velikogo.

Velikaya Ekaterina Alekseevna mpando wachifumu Russian

Russian lachifumu mphamvu mu ulamuliro wa Catherine sanali autocratic. Pafupifupi mphamvu anali mu manja a Bungwe la atamva, koma ankanena kuti uthunthu wake ali Senate, limene linali pansi Catherine Wamkulu anadzatchedwa ya Senate. MALIRE mphamvu wopatsidwa Prince Menshikov, amene ndinatenga Martha Skavronskaya n'kulemba Sheremetev.

Catherine A. - Mfumukazi popanda amchigulu. Iye sanali ndi chidwi mu chikhalidwe, kuwayika nkhawa zonse mu Menshikov, Tolstoy, ndipo analengedwa 1726 Bungwe atamva. chidwi iye anali yekha kuti mfundo yachilendo, makamaka zombo, amene anali kuwapereka kwa kwa mwamuna wake. Senate zaka wataya kukopa kwake mwachangu. zikalata zonse mwakuchita Council atamva, ndi Mfumukazi anali ndi ntchito yosavuta ya zigawo zawo.

Long zaka za ulamuliro wa Peter Ine ndakhala mu nkhondo zonse, ndi katundu amene ali woperekedwa anaika pa mapewa a anthu wamba. Ndi pamenepa wotopa. Pa nthawi yomweyo anali kukolola zoipa ulimi, mtengo wa mkate adzauka. Dziko walenga vuto mantha. Kuti mwanjira zimachepetsa izo, Catherine adatchithisira kafukufuku msonkho kwa masenti 74 70. Anabadwa March Skavronskaya, mwatsoka, kodi si osiyanasiyana makhalidwe awo zisinthe, yopatsidwa Dzina ake - 2 Catherine A., ndi ntchito zake anthu anali ochepa milandu wosalabadira. Ngakhale dziko anaikidwa mu kuba ndi mwankhanza pansi.

maphunziro osauka ndipo sanali nawo amchigulu koma si mosatsata chikondi anthu ake - iye anaikidwa mu izo. Catherine mofunitsitsa anathandiza chisoni ndipo anthu kupempha thandizo, ena ankafuna kuti awone godmother ake. Monga ulamuliro, iye konse anakana ndi godson lotsatira anapereka ducats ochepa.

1 Ekaterina Alekseevna anali mu mphamvu zaka ziwiri zokha - kuchokera 1725 mpaka TH 1727. Panthawi imeneyi, iwo anatsegula Academy of Sciences, bungwe ndi opangidwa ndi maulendo a Bering, komanso dongosolo la St. Aleksandra Nevskogo anayambitsa.

Imfa ya

Atamwalira Petro, moyo Catherine anayamba sapota: adziwonetsera, mipira, zikondwerero kwambiri kuchichepetsa bwino. Mu April 1727, 10, Mfumukazi anadwala, chifuwa kuchuluka, anasonyeza zizindikiro za kuwonongeka m'mapapo. Catherine Ine imfa inali nkhani ya nthawi. Moyo zinali pasanathe mwezi.

May 6, 1727, madzulo, pa 9 koloko, anafa Catherine. Iye anali ndi zaka 43.. Asanafe padalembedwa pangano limenelo Mfumukazi sankakhoza kulemba, kotero panali siginecha mwana wake Elizabeti. Malinga ndi chifuniro cha mpando wachifumu anali Petro A., mdzukulu wa Mfumu Peter I.

Catherine A. ndi Peter ndinali awiri wabwino. Iwo amapereka miyoyo wina ndi mzake. Catherine zinthu zamatsenga, olimbikitsawa pa iye, Peter, nayenso chikundikakamiza mphamvu yake mkati. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, Catherine nthawi otsala anakhala pa chikondwerero ndi kumamwa mowa. mboni zambiri kudzitcha kuti iye ndimangofuna kuiwala, ena kulankhula za Babeloni chikhalidwe chake. Mulimonsemo, anthu akhanfuna, amuna iye anadziwa bwanji kukonza okha ndi mfumukazi anakhalabe wopanda mphamvu yeniyeni mu manja awo. 1 Ekaterina Alekseevna kuyambira nthawi ya ulamuliro wa akazi mu Russian Ufumu, amene anatsalira ku helm mpaka cha m'ma XVIII, ndi intervals akwanitse zaka zingapo.