White gulu (dera limeneli limatchedwa Orda) - mmodzi wa magawo awiri a Golden gulu

Zapakati - nthawi ya mapangidwe m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mapangidwe statehood awo. ndondomeko ndi zina osati kwa maiko a ku Ulaya, koma kwa Asia. The Mongol Ufumu wa Genghis Khan, zidalengedwa mwa iye mu nthawi yochepa, kutsogozedwa Africa Eurasian pa zaka mazana awiri.

Pambuyo kugwa kwake anasiya mabungwe angapo boma, mmodzi amene - White gulu. Mu positi-Mongol nthawi m'gawo lake anali ndondomeko ya kugwirizana kwa mafuko woyendayendawu ndipo amangokhala, motero kuyala maziko a Chikazaki mtundu ano.

Voterani, fuko, maphunziro boma

Mawu "horde" ndi bwino kuti onse kusukulu. Iwo amagwirizana ndi zambiri zinachitika pa a Russian mbiri zaka XIII-XV. Kwa nthawi yaitali akalonga Russian anakakamizika kupereka msonkho kwa khans wa Golden gulu - pa Mongol-Chitata State, ali m'gawo lalikulu.

Chidutswa chimenechi cha ufumu Genghis Khan a linayambira ku Nyanja Aral ku Nyanja Black ndi Iran kwa mapiri a Ural. ife ndikungotanthauza maphunziro pagulu anthu Turkic ndi zambiri mawu akuti "horde". Komabe, pali ena kufunika kwake.

Mwachitsanzo, gulu - kunkakumana zokhudzana woyendayendawu ndi woyendayendawu mafuko okha, asilikali kapena Khan zothetsera. Komanso, Chirasha Turkic mawu kenako anapeza fanizo ndi kum'chitira negative. Choncho, osati wa bungwe khamu kapena khamu mosalongosoka ife kawirikawiri horde.

Chifukwa Gold?

Mu 1206, akuluakulu a mafuko Mongolian osankhidwa mitu yawo Temujin. Kuyambira pamenepo wasankha nthawi kumwamba, anali kudziŵika kuti Genghis Khan. Kwa zaka makumi awiri, dzina lake mantha pa anthu a Asia ndi ku Ulaya.

Malinga Mongolian mwambo, pa moyo wa Genghis Khan analekanitsa m'mayiko anagonjetsa pakati pa ana ake. The wamkulu wa iwo, Jochi, anali mu malo a waukulu pakati ulus m'dera wotsika Volga.

Kenako, m'dera linadzatchedwa Golden gulu. malire ake anatchulidwa kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino, tinaganiza pambuyo pa ndawala Western wa Batu, mwana wa Jochi, kugwiridwa ndi iwo mu 1236-1242 gg.

Pali malingaliro angapo za chiyambi cha dzina la Zolotaya Orda. Izi makamaka zakale chakuti ana a Genghis Khan ankatchedwa "golide mbadwa".

Komano, Ibn Battuta akale Chiarabu wapaulendo ananena kuti mahema khans TACHIMATA mbale ya golide-yokutidwa siliva. Choncho, maphunziro pagulu kwambiri akanakhoza kutenga dzina lake.

Komabe, pali kungoganizira chachitatu kuti Zolotaya Orda pambuyo kugwa kwa Mongol ufumu wa Genghis Khan inali yaikulu, kuti, "golide," kapena malo pakati.

White, ndi Blue

Mu mbiri akale East, chibwenzi ku ulamuliro wa ana a Jochi, dzina latsopano: dera limeneli limatchedwa Orda ndi Kok Orda. M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi, olemba mbiri kukangana pa terminology ndi malo Hrs wa mayunitsi dera lawo, kamodzi anapanga Golden gulu.

Pakali pano, ndi Mwina wamkulu kapena wamng'ono akhoza kutsutsa kuti umwini anali nawo ndi ana ake Jochi gulu-Edzhen ndi Sheibani. Woyamba anali Irtysh, Mitsinje Zisanu ndi malo steppe pamodzi ranges pa phiri Ulutau Kentau. ulus Izi dera limeneli limatchedwa (White) gulu.

Sheibani tinatengera steppes Aral, pakati pa mitsinje Yaik, malire m'munsi mwa Syr Darya. Chuma chake amatchedwa Kok (Blue) gulu. Komabe, tiona kuti agulire ndiponso zotsutsana zambiri mbiri kawirikawiri anamasulira asayansi mu njira zosiyana.

Choncho, ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti chiguluchi ulus Edzhena otchedwa Sinyaya Orda, pamene White Sheibani akulamulira. mwanjira ina, koma umwini wa yotsirizira mu XIV atumwi anali Ufumuyo m'dziko la mkulu wake. Kuyambira nthawi kuti boma latsopano lotchedwa dera limeneli limatchedwa Orda, wotanganidwa pafupifupi dera lonse la Kazakhstan ano.

Umboni wa olemba Russian

Monga amadziwika, ndi akale Lazaro chinaperekedwa ku mobwerezabwereza nkhondo ndi Golden gulu. M'mbiri ya nthawi anakhalabe amatchula monga kuukira okha, ndi pa limati oyandikana. Makamaka, iwo mobwerezabwereza anapeza dzina la Sinyaya Orda.

gwero kwa amene adatunga chidwi cha olemba panali nkhani akazembe Russian amene anapita Sarai - likulu la Golden gulu. Umboni mudziwe awo, kuphatikizapo olakwika deta Hrs, mosamalitsa wofuka mu Mbiri.

Kumbukirani kuti liwu White gulu, monga kuyenera buluu, sapezeka m'masiku akale. Mwina chifukwa m'gawo lake pa nthawi mphepete pa maukulu Russian.

boma Education

Mbiri ya White gulu anayambitsa m'zaka za m'ma XIII., Pamene Jochi Ulus kugawidwa pakati pa ana ake. Masiku kwa ufulu mwa akulu Edzhena ndi ana ake anatuluka pafupifupi pomwepo.

Apa dongosolo msonkho omwe analengedwa, boma clerks, akhazikitsidwa utumiki makalata kulandira akazembe yachilendo, zinapangidwa ndalama. Komabe, ufulu wonse kwa boma ulus Edzhena Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Golden gulu.

Mu zaka za m'ma XIV White gulu litatenga dera lalikulu ku Irtysh kwa Syr Darya ndi ku Tyumen kuti Karatau. Iwo anali anthu mafuko Turkic olankhula ndi ana anaphatikizana ndi asilikaliwa. The chinenero anakhala Kypchak-Chikazaki. Mu likulu, anali Sygnak, anali mlingo Khan ndi asilikali m'Baibulo.

Magawo a Development Political

Ambiri, pali nthawi zitatu mu mbiri ya White gulu. Woyamba chimakwirira zaka kuchokera 1224 mpaka 1250, ndiko kuti, kuyambira penipeni, ndipo mpaka nthawi monga olamulira m'dera anakhalabe wamng'ono kwa khans wa Golden gulu.

The nthawi yachiwiri ndi yaitali - 1250 ndi 1370 zaka. Panthawi imeneyi, White gulu wakhala akuyesetsa kuti apeze ufulu, n'kusokoneza mu internecine mkangano wa boma. Kenako anakwanitsa pa Urus Khan, kwathunthu kupatukana umwini awo a Golden gulu.

Chomaliza, wachitatu nthawi (1370-1410 gg.) Idanenedwa boma likamalowa. Kumapeto kwa XIV m'ma Timur, Wamkulu Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu, ndi Golden anagwirizana nawo Khan Tokhtamysh anatengedwa nambala ya ntchito aukali motsutsa White gulu.

Kusakaza ndi ndewu mkati wofooka ndi mafumu kulamulira, zikubweretsa kugwa mosalephera ya boma. Mu zaka 20 wa XV m'ma pa dera la White gulu unakhazikitsidwa Abulhairskoe Khanate ndi Nogai gulu.

Public-utsogoleri Kapangidwe ka White gulu

mphamvu Supreme m'chigawo ukufanizidwa ndi Khan - mbadwa ya gulu Edzhena, mdzukulu wa Genghis Khan. Iye ankadalira lalikulu woyendayendawu osankhika - atsogoleri a mafuko ndi mabanja. Siteji yotsatira emirs chikhalidwe wotanganidwa, beys, Bai, Bahadur ndi ena. Wamba wongosamukasamuka n'kukakhala anthu otchedwa "Karash".

Dera la White gulu unagawidwa fiefdoms, anatsogolera oglanami. M'mizinda monga Sauran, Sygnak, Zharkent, Iasy, anayamba ntchito zamanja ndi malonda. Ngakhale woyendayendawu odyetserako m'madera yokhala anapitiriza kuonedwa monga chuma limodzi, koma kwenikweni a otchuka, amene anali ng'ombe yaikulu.

Mugone dziko pang'onopang'ono anayamba kukhala ndi mzimu chuma mphatso satifiketi mawonekedwe. Feudals analandira monga mphatso kwa khans kumtunda monga kuzindikira phindu lapadera, makamaka nkhondo. Oglala abwanamkubwa analamulira mizinda Zosayenera m'maboma utsogoleri chosinthana ndi ntchito ya boma asilikali. Mu zaka XIV-XV, anapatsidwa mphatso ya dziko linayamba tinatengera.

Mark m'mbiri ya Kazakhstan

Mongol anagonjetsa anthu steppe anali ndi zotsatira zabwino. Popeza kuti khalidweli mapangidwe boma centralized ndi kusintha, lolingana zinthu zatsopano mbiri.

Pambuyo kugwa kwa ufumu wa Genghis Khan Zolotaya Orda (White gulu, monga mmodzi wa ziwalo) zatenganso mbali yofunika kwambiri pa kuphatikiza a magulu a mitundu okhala m'dera la Kazakhstan ano. Ndipotu, anali sitepe yotsatira cha kupangidwa kwa mtundu Chikazaki.

Umboni wa zimenezi ndi chilengedwe cha boma lokha. Posachedwa mwayekha Chikazaki Khanate (XV m'ma) unakhazikitsidwa pambuyo kugwa kwa dera limeneli limatchedwa Orda pa madera ake.