Pantchito General wa zosayembekezereka ya boma, zizindikiro zake

Mapangidwe Njira akuimira boma kusintha kwa anthu ku sitepe dongosolo wosazindikira chitukuko. Kumasiyana ndithu nthawi yaitali. Tiganizire moposera, ndi chito wamba zosayembekezereka ndi chitukuko cha boma zomwe.

Akalandire chithandizo ndi kuti anabadwa

Pantchito wamba zosayembekezereka ya boma ndi ufulu anachokera ndi azambiriyakale, mu phunziro la magawo amene anatenga anthu malo kuyambira nthawi zakale. Mu M'badwo Stone waperekedwa kusonkhana, nsomba, kusaka nyama umwini olowa. Pafupifupi 40 chikwi. BC. e. anaonekera dongosolo banja. Anthu aphunzira kubala moto, zipangizo anatulukira, anayamba kupanga kulankhula kulankhula.

Pakuti 6-5 zikwi. BC. e. Society wasamuka kuchoka kusaka ndi kusonkhanitsa kwa ndizosowa mtundu zamanja ndi ulimi pulayimale. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, tinayamba kutuluka malamulo ambiri chiyambi chitukuko komanso kugwira ntchito ya boma.

The kudalira tonse anthu

Ndi zonse kukhala bwino gulu la ntchito pa nthawi. Monga maonekedwe osiyana ntchito chikhalidwe pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuoneka ng'ombe. Anapatulidwa malonda ulimi. Patapita nthawi, amalonda - anthu amene amagwira ntchito yekha kusinthitsa. Pa nthawi imeneyi chitukuko cha anthu chawonjezeka ndi kudalira anthu Chrixitu. Ndinayamba kukhala wosazindikira ammudzi. Iwo anachita monga ngati achibale losonkhanitsidwa amene anali kholo limodzi ndi kutsogolera banja olowa.

matriarchy

Pakati Fuko lalikulu udindo ankaimba ndi akazi. Iye anali pa chibwenzi mu kusonkhana, zotsimikizira ziwiya ndi zovala, maphunziro a ana. Akazi anali homemakers. Amuna makamaka chinkhoswe nyama. Chifukwa chimodzi kukhazikitsidwa kwa matriarchy kunali kosatheka kuti akaone bambo wa ana. Choncho cholowa anadutsa mzere akuchikazi.

Kuwonongeka kwa njira wosazindikira a moyo

Poganizira malamulo ambiri chiyambi, chitukuko cha boma, m'pofunika kulabadira kusintha zinthu zokhudza anthu akale. Mu njira zambiri, iwo sakadakhoza magawo wotsatira wa mapangidwe chitukuko. Mkubwela kwa ulimi ndi nyama husbandry chawonjezeka kwambiri udindo wa amuna. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba kukula kwa dera achikale. Iwo anali limodzi ndi:

1. Zikamera zochuluka mankhwala kudzikundikira komanso zosiyanasiyana za stratification katundu.
2. Zikamera wa kufunika ambiri ntchito ziweto ndi processing minda. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zolinga nkhondo. Nkhondo anayamba anachita sakutiteteza, koma kwa adani. Pogwira anawazunza dera la ena, anthu anatenga akaidi, ndiye kuwapatutsa kukhala akapolo.
3. Kutalikirana kwa mabanja ena.

ulamuliro kulunjika

Kale, mphamvu anali mu msonkhano onse a anthu akuluakulu. Iwo anathana ndi mavuto a chilango cha zolakwa zosiyanasiyana mitundu, kasamalidwe, kupanga, kugawa. Pamisonkhano ya atsogoleri a mafuko ndi akulu anapatsidwa udindo wa utsogoleri. Pankhaniyi, mphamvu ya anthu amene anaima pa mutu wa banja, warlords osankhidwa kunkhondo, zochokera ulamuliro wawo ndi kumulemekeza.

Bungwe la Akulu analamulira fuko. Pankhaniyi, phindu analibe atsogoleri. Iwo limodzi ndi muno ena ntchito, analandira gawo lomwelo la zake. Ufulu ndi udindo mamembala a mtundu nazonso osati osiyana. Pa nthawi imeneyi, mgwirizano, chithandizo mgwirizano, umodzi atsogoleri kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana popanda kukangana kwambiri.

Kugwa zimakhalira

The zifukwa ndi malamulo onse a zosayembekezereka wa mfundo boma kuti kuzindikira ndi pang'onopang'ono za kufunika kwa ulamuliro wabwino ndi utsogoleri. Pang'onopang'ono anayamba kupatula ntchito m'boma. Tinayamba kupanga m'madera monga ulamuliro, atsogoleri a asilikali, zinthu zachipembedzo. Panali bureaucracy mafuko. Iwo anali umalimbana wosangalala osati chidwi wamba, komanso wa mwini, gulu, kalasi.

zimayambitsa Common ndi dongosolo la zosayembekezereka wa boma mu nthawi imeneyi kuphunzira L. Morgan. Iye ananena kuti bureaucracy mafuko spawned ulamuliro wa demokalase asilikali. anthu anayamba kupanga atsogoleri olimba boma. Komabe, mphatso mgwirizano zinthu.

Kufunika kwa akuluakulu onse

Umunthu ndi pa nthawi ina kulimvetsa kufunika mapangidwe gulu qualitatively latsopano akhoza kusunga ndi kuonetsetsa moyo wonse wa anthu monga chamoyo umodzi. Choncho anayamba kupanga ulamuliro onse. Iye anali pa sitepe pamwamba, monga gulu lapadera la anthu chinkhoswe basi opareshoni ndipo akanatha kugwiritsa ntchito m'bungwe kukakamiza. Mtundu uwu wa boma anatuluka mu Africa North ndi Asia South. Pakati pawo, makamaka, tingaone India, Babulo, China, Dr. Igupto, Asuri, Persia.

The zifukwa ndi malamulo onse a zosayembekezereka wa boma

Mogwirizana ntchito zimene pamwamba, mungapeze mfundo zingapo. The zifukwa ndi malamulo onse a zosayembekezereka ya boma zochokera pa mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Kufunika kusintha ulamuliro. Ichi chinali chifukwa zovuta kuchuluka kwa moyo mogwirizana ndi gulu la ntchito, kukula kwa zokhudza chuma, kusintha kufalitsidwa kwa mfundo ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, kulekanitsa mu magulu sakanikira.
• Kufunika bata mu fuko. Madziwa bata chikhalidwe, amene zimatheka ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo kuvomerezedwa kwa onse.

Pantchito General ndi predictors a boma komanso zogwirizana ndi kufunika kupondereza kusakhutira anthu wamba masuku pamutu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuteteza malire ace. Fundo ananyamuka mogwirizana ndi mtolo wa fuko m'magulu osiyana. Nkhondo Choncho m'bungwe osati chitetezo, komanso analanda magawo atsopano ndi akaidi.

Pantchito wamba zosayembekezereka ya boma Mwachidule, zimagwiritsidwa makamaka mkubwela kwa zolinga zatsopano anthu moyo. Zofunika kukula anali kukhala mapangidwe dongosolo wodalirika komanso kothandiza kulamulira.

Pantchito General wa zosayembekezereka ya boma, zizindikiro zake

Monga chimodzi mwa zinthu chifungulo cha maphunziro oyambirira akhala pamaso pa midzi chatsekedwa. Iwo zotsala za dongosolo lakale mafuko kuti angaletsedwe mapangidwe statehood lapansi. Mbali khalidwe ambiri losonkhanitsidwa umwini. Private umwini komanso kulibe, koma gawo lawo linali negligible.

Pamodzi ankaona boma, kachisi, malo wamba. Pa nthawi kakusintha kusintha ofunika. Makamaka, tsar ndi chuma kachisi kunditumiza ku boma. mphamvu Public anakhala kukakambirana ansembe, atumiki, olamulira chuma. Chuma pang'onopang'ono komanso stratification chikhalidwe ankalimbikitsa mainstreaming kuti magulu ena mmene oponderezedwa. Zitsulo kumbali ansembe, asilikali zazikuru olemekezeka. Iwo anasiya kalasi olamulira. Alimi ndi amisiri ankatengedwa mfulu kudzanso. Palinso anali akapolo ndi anthu ena yozungulira. Monga mawonekedwe a komiti anachita zambiri despotism. Limati oyambirira panali malire cholowa monarchical mphamvu.

chiphunzitso

Pantchito wamba zosayembekezereka a boma ndi malamulo kuphunzira ndi asayansi osiyana. Olemba kuika ziphunzitso patsogolo osiyana, ambiri mwa iwo ndi malingaliro zotsatirazi:

1. Banjalo.
2. Theological.
3. Contractual.
4. Organic.
5. Chiphunzitso cha chiwawa.
6. Zakuthupi.

Lingaliro wa umutu

Okhulupirira chiphunzitso chimenechi - Aristotle, St. Michael, St. Basil. Mu chimango anaika patsogolo mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. malamulo onse a zosayembekezereka wa boma kugwirizana ndi mapangidwe a m'banja umutu, kuphatikiza zawo ndi maonekedwe a m'midzi, amene ndiye pamodzi.

2. Munthu amaonedwa monga nyama ndale, kulowa ubale ndi anthu ena kupulumuka.

3. State Motero anapereka chifukwa cha m'banja. Mphamvu ya mmonke Choncho anawaona ndikuwatenga ngati bambo wa mphamvu (mbadwa).

chiphunzitso zamulungu

chimafuna - Foma Akvinsky, Augustine wa ku Hippo. Mwa chimango ichi, malamulo onse a Boma la yatsoka imakhudzana ndi chiyambi cha Mulungu wa dziko, cholinga cha mumakhala kukhazikitsa phindu olowa. Chiphunzitsochi cholakwika ulamuliro atsogoleri ulamuliro aboma. Munthu aliyense ayenera kudzichepetsa tokha pamaso pa Mulungu, kukhazikitsa boma, kumvera malamulo a chinavomerezedwa ndi mpingo.

Movomerezedwa ndi udindo waukulu wa atsogoleri zinachitikadi pansi maganizo "malupanga awiri". Malinga ndi iye, mpingo wopanda mphamvu zothetsera mavuto padziko lapansi, kugaŵirako ena mwa mphamvu yake wa olamulira amene nawonso, atumikire monga atumiki ake ndi ambuye a anthu ena. chiphunzitso Theological limalimbikitsa maganizo yamuyaya ndi wosasinthika akuluakulu onse. Kuyambira uyu akubwera mfundo za kufunika kusunga mu mawonekedwe unaltered onse malamulo mabungwe amene kulibe anthu.

negotiated lingaliro

Chiphunzitsochi analimbikitsa Spinoza, Grocka, Rousseau, Hobbes, Kant, Radishchev Kozelskiy. Lingaliro kulumikiza malamulo onse a yatsoka a boma ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi kusintha ubale contractual, umembala zimene zimaoneka monga mwa chifuniro zomveka. Association of anthu mu mgwirizano ndi umodzi ankamuona ngati ankafuna zachilengedwe chilungamo, bata, ufulu ndi kuteteza anthu.

lingaliro organic

Unalimbikitsa Aristotle ndi Plato. lingaliro limeneli limasonyeza dongosolo wamba zosayembekezereka kwa boma ndi njira zikuchitika mu thupi la munthu. M'zaka za m'ma 19 Spencer anafotokoza mfundo. Iye ananena kuti boma ndi chikhalidwe chamoyo. Amakhala ndi anthu. Munthu aliyense kuzindikiridwa ndi maselo mthupi.

mabungwe boma ukugwira, zinachititsa kuti ziwalo za thupi. Amazilamulira amadziŵika ndi ubongo, zachuma ndi kulankhulana - kuchokera m'thupi, malamulo ameme - ndi dongosolo chapakati mantha ndi zina zotero. Monga thupi, boma ndi mchikakamizo cha nthawi. Zikuoneka (anabadwa) chimalimba mibadwo ndi kufa.

Chiphunzitso cha chiwawa

Unalimbikitsa Kautsky Gumplowicz Dühring. Lingaliro kulumikiza malamulo onse a yatsoka la dziko la maudani, achiwawa subordination mwa anthu ena. Anthu kupeza magawo atsopano, akaidi analandidwa. Iwo kulamulira m'dera lomwe lakamba zambiri, amafuna kasamalidwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito anapanga chisawawa matupi, kuti akhazikitse bata.

chuma lingaliro

Pantchito wamba zosayembekezereka ya boma (a Neolithic utasintha) ndi kuchepetsedwa kuti zinthu zachuma zimene zinathandiza kuti kugawanika kwa anthu mu makalasi adani zofuna. Chiphunzitsochi anali atapereka ndi Marx. Kenako, anayamba kupanga ndi Chichewa, Lenin ndi Plekhanov. Monga maziko a kulekanitsa kwa anthu amakonda zikamera wa chuma payekha.

chiphunzitso Norman

Mwa lingaliro ili, anafotokoza njira ya zikamera wa boma wotchedwa Lazaro. Kuyenera anati kuti chiphunzitso ndi panopa nkhani mikangano. Malinga ndi zosiyana, boma Russian anaonekera pa siteji ya internecine nkhondo akalonga.

Normanists ndikukhulupirira kuti Russia wakale sanathe paokha kupanga amazilamulira. Iwo anachita akumenya mosalekeza gawo. Komanso, panali ngozi nthawi zonse ochokera ku mafuko wapafupi. Chifukwa cha mkati kusagwirizana rusichi sakanatha kuthana ndi zachiwawawo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, 862 munaitanidwa kuti ulamuliro wa Scandinavia, Rurik, sineus ndi truvor.

Mapangidwe malamulo

Pantchito General, zimayambitsa boma ndi malamulo ofanana kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa chikhalidwe chawo wamba ndi ubale mbiri. Choncho, kuganizira chiyambi cha kumanja, mukhoza kulankhula za mfundo zaumulungu, zachilengedwe, chuma, ndi ena. Pa nthawiyi, asayansi anapeza nambala mfundo zofunika. Pakati pawo:

1. Mbiri lingaliro. Mamembala ake kuganizira dongosolo la zamalamulo osati chifukwa cha ntchito kwa boma, ndipo mu mawonekedwe a malonda, "mzimu dziko." mfundo malamulo zinali chifukwa kukonza chikhalidwe ndi miyambo yomwe yapangidwa patapita zaka zambiri. Ntchito boma monga polojekiti ndi kupeza anthu kothandiza kwambiri mu mawonekedwe a kumanga malamulo.
2. Conciliation lingaliro. Chiphunzitsochi limanena kuti dongosolo malamulo amachita ngati njira streamlining mgwirizano pakati pa mayanjano odana wa anthu.

Pali mfundo ina - zolimbana. Iye ananena kuti ufulu zayamba ndi maonekedwe a kufunika kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yunifolomu kwa zimachitika mmadera. Dongosolo malamulo wakhala chida mosalekeza kwa kukhazikitsa malamulo.