Parish - ndi chiyani ichi? Mawu "parishi"

Kale, m'zaka za m'ma XIII, ndi Russian dziko, monga boma m'dera, anagawa m'dziko, Township, dera, ndiyeno County, ndipo chigawo.

parishi

Lapansili bungwe kuyang'aniridwa ndi mizinda malonda a Russia. History amadziwa wa Kiev, Chernigov, Pereyaslavskaya ndi m'mayiko ena ambiri. Parish - ndi ukulu, amene nthawi zonse mu masiku akale ndi kugawana redividing. Mu nthawi ya Kievan Lazaro, anayesetsa kuphatikiza maukulu izi mu boma limodzi.

Kodi parishi? Ndi ang'onoang'ono boma komanso Kupititsa wagawo mu gawo limeneli, lomwe m'nthawi yakale. Iye anali kufunika mofanana derali. Town kapena dera zina chinachitikira ndi malire a dziko, ngati dzikolo wokwatibwa ndi mmodzi wa kalonga. Ndipo kawirikawiri parishi anali gawo la dziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, dziko Kiev anali parishi osiyana, wotchedwa Mzinda yaing'ono.

Mu Mpingo Chisilavo parishi iwo limatchedwa akuluakulu. Dzina "mphamvu" anali lingaliro ndale, kutanthauza lamanja la umwini. Lingaliro A anatanthauza gawo parishi. Derali lili ngati mawu "obvlast" kutanthauza dziko limene mphamvu ndi anagawira. mawu awa ali ndi makhalidwe awa: Mphamvu ya danga la umwini, ndi malo - lamanja la umwini. Kodi Mwachitsanzo, zatchulidwa mu Uthenga Wabwino wa Yohane - "adzawapatsa dera la mwana wa Mulungu kukhala ndekha." Parish kuyambira 1861 akhazikitsidwa mitundu yonse ya alimi, titero.

zambiri

Mu Ancient Lazaro m'mayiko onse anali ogaŵikana zigawo, mphero, ndi amene nawonso - panjira, Township, mazana, ndi zina zotero. Malo mChipangano dziko, amene iperekedwe ana. Madalitso - kuchokera mawu kuperekedwa kwa (gawo). Atate nawo zinthu zawo ndi mphamvu ana awo. Molingana ichi, chimene akupeza iliyonse aliyense wolowa.

Madalitso Zikatero, ogaŵikana zigawo. County otchedwa utsogoleri Judicial District. Zigawo sanali kokha m'mizinda komanso m'midzi, ngati utsogoleli milandu anali m'midzi izi. Mu ena ambiri zomveka, iye anati County otchedwa akuluakulu milandu ndi utsogoleri mu msasawu lapansi. Kenako anadziwika monga Chigawo County mu mzinda kapena m'mudzi. Mwachidule, chigawo - chigawo. Pa malowa katatu pachaka kusonkhanitsa mphatso zachifundo woyang'anira. Ichi chidachitika mu parishi nazonso (kutanthauza mndandanda wa msonkho).

mfumu

dziko lonse Russian unagawidwa Little Russia ndi Great Russia. Mayina a zinthu izi zinali zotsatira za coups amene anachitika XII-XIII zaka poyerekezera ndi anthu Russian. The lonse kumanja kwa Dnieper anadziwika monga Lazaro Little, ndi lamanzere ndi Volga - Big Russ. Mphamvu wamkulu anali mayina aulemu - Prince, Grand Duke, Grand Duke wa Russia, mfumu yaikulu mfumu. Prince limachokera ku mawu a German konung, kuning, mawu imatchedwa woimira mphamvu wapamwamba m'mayiko Asilavo. Kalonga wa Kiev wotchedwa Grand Duke. Ndipotu, iwo anali akalonga a m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana dera. Moscow mafumu anawatenga mu dzina la mutu wa mfumu. Izi mawu amachokera chidule mawonekedwe a mawu "Cesar." Iwo chasanduka makalata "Cesar" mu Chisilavo Chakale.

Motsogozedwa ndi mfumu anazindikira mphamvu ya mphamvu wapamwamba wa olamulira m'deralo. Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Lazaro Chitata gulu mafumu otchedwa Tartar olamulira, ndipo atagwa maufumu Byzantine ndi Roma, atsogoleri a Russia anawatenga wamba nauni - mfumu.

Mutu wa mfumu ndiye kuwamva monga mfumu ya Roma. Motsogozedwa ndi mfumu anamvetsa mwini wosadalira m'dziko limene palibe analipira msonkho, sanapereke lipoti chilichonse. Mu mawu ena - ndi autocrat, sadalira mphamvu yachilendo.

maudindo

Kulonga n'cigwagwa chiwembu cha mphamvu mu Russia, n'zotheka tione mayina aulemu mphamvu kwambiri. Prince otchedwa mtsogoleri wa gulu ankhondo, amene anali kulondera Lazaro ndipo analandira mphoto - chakudya. Ichi chinali malo zoona, aganyo. Koma Grand Duke wa Kiev, si munthu yaitali wolembedwa, nthumwi ya mtundu, amene ndi mwini wa dziko. Pamapeto pake, mfumu mfumu - mwiniwake wa dziko Russian, ndi nthumwi mkulu wa mafumu onse a Russia, ndi wolamulira wamkulu.

muyenera

Kale kotero izo zinachitika kuti kucheza m'boma la ntchitoyi osauka, ndi opereka lalikulu msonkho, zinachitika pa maziko a misonkho boma. Ichi ndicho lingaliro kuti parishi.

Anthu ali ogwirizana mphero ndi parishi. zinthu zimenezi kumutsogolera abwanamkubwa ndi volosteli amene anali pa nthaka maboma chapakati. Koma, kuwonjezera, aliyense parishi zinali matupi awo ulamuliro boma. utsogoleri yakale zinachitikadi mwa misonkhano ndi mabungwe. Konsolo parishi anali bwanankuba kapena kukanena kwa ntchito amalipidwa, amene kuwasunga iwo mu disbursements wabwino wa misonkho ntchito. Zimene ankachitazo boma bungwe chinkhoswe mu zochitika za dziko-kasamalidwe lililonse parishi kapena mphero. Ndi udindo wa Mtsogoleriyu m'dera m'gulu polojekiti thanzi kupereka misonkho ntchito, kuikidwa kwa dziko ufulu atsamunda latsopano, pempho kwa boma zofunika kwa parishi wake ndi wopindulitsa alimi ubwino kugawana pakati pa onse msonkho amene kuzibweza, kapena atasiya parishi ya. Ndipo ine ndinali kuti alipire kwa kumbuyo kwa kalembera watsopano anthu.

nthawi yovuta

Chinthu choterocho monga parishi ndi pang'onopang'ono, ndi chitukuko cha ulamuliro m'dziko, anayamba kufa. Anthu ena kalasi anayamba kumuchonderera mfumu zosiyanasiyana ubwino. Iwo akhoza musaweruzidwe kupatulapo nkhani yaikulu chigawenga, ndipo mukhoza kuweruza osawuka awo. Mwini mwininyumba, ndi midzi yake yonse kuti secede ku Township lapansi. zigawo izi ndi zigawo ankatengedwa monga chigawo wapadera milandu ndi utsogoleri. Komabe, mosasamala kanthu ndi kuthetsa ankatchedwa maparishi, kunali kofunika kucheza mu townships ndi mphero akadali zikuchitika pa maziko a kutolera misonkho yosiyanasiyana ndi misonkho. Chifukwa malo osankhidwa kapena woikidwa bwanankuba kapena akuluakulu ena, ndipo iwo ankachita, makamaka, kulembetsa msonkho wa weavers, ndipo poyamba yekha iwo anachita ndi bwalo, ndi zina m'gawo apatsidwa.

nthawi Peter I

Kale pa nthawi ya mayiko Peter Ine anagawidwa zigawo, zigawo - m'zigawo ndi zigawo kale - mu townships, kwambiri logwirizana utsogoleri dongosolo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu Russia pa nthawi imeneyo anapanga dongosolo yunifolomu ya County-County-chigawo. Ndipo pa nkhani ya osawuka amene anali nzika ya, townships malo anali kulamulidwa ndi anthu wotchuka a landlords. Parish unakhazikitsidwa ku madera pafupi akumidzi. M'litali zinali zosaposa 20 miles. m'midzi komanso boma lawo. Osankhidwa m'mudzi mutu, wokhometsa msonkho, amene anachitira ndi akhoti m'madera amenewa.

kudziwika tawuni

Mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri mafilimu "Ivan Vasilyevich Kusintha Occupation" anali Kemskaya parishi. Mu filimu, ananena kuti mfumu ya ku Sweden ankafuna kuti Ivan m'khutu mudzi. Iwo lili Kem Mtsinje beseni, pa gombe la White Sea. Parish pakati anali m'tauni ya Kem. Kamodzi Kemskaya tawuni chinali chotenga Marfy Boretskoy, amene ankaona mkazi wa meya Novgorod Wamkulu. Kenako anatenga parishi ya Solovetsky obisika. Pa nthawi yosiyana, Finns ndi asilikali a Sweden anapanga anawazunza oopsa kwa luwani. Koma agulupa Solovetsky, popeza analanda mzindawo, ndiye anakwanitsa kumanga m'ndende chachikulu pa nthawi ndi nthawi yomweyo kukhala linga, amene anabisala anthu pamaso pa matenda adani.

Kulonga n'cigwagwa zonse zimene takambiranazi m'nkhani ino - ndizo tanthauzo la mawu akuti "parishi", tikhoza kunena ndi chikumbumtima choyera kuti gulu la dziko m'madera utsogoleri amayambidwa mu malo oyamba, umwini wa dziko, ndipo kachiwiri, chakuti mayiko amenewa anali kusonkhanitsa misonkho mangawa. Choncho, pofuna kuti atsogolere ntchito imeneyi, ndipo anagawana m'dziko parishi osiyana. Mu iwo, monga unit laling'ono loyang'anira ndi inkachitikira alimi kumana msonkho. Parish - Ndipotu, anakakamizika kugwirizana kwa anthu ammudzi ndi kusiyana m'deralo.