Paulo Yablochkov: mwachidule mbiri, photos, Kutulukira. Inayambira Yablochkov Pavel Nikolayevich

Today n'zokayikitsa kuti mawu akuti "magetsi" sankadziwa zonse pafupifupi zaka 100 zapitazo. Mu sayansi experimental si choncho zovuta kupeza mpainiya, onse mu ongolankhula. Mu mabuku ndi zolembedwa, Archimedes, Pythagoras Lingaliro Lovomerezeka, binomial Lingaliro Lovomerezeka, dongosolo Copernican, chiphunzitso Einstein, ndipo nthawi tebulo ... Koma dzina la munthu amene anatulukira magetsi, osati aliyense amadziwa.

Amene analenga botolo galasi ndi tsitsi zitsulo mkati - babu kuwala? Si zophweka kuti funso limeneli. Ndipotu, anthu anapanga zikugwirizanirana ndi asayansi khumi. Pakati pawo - Pavel Yablochkov, yonena mwachidule ali m'nkhani ino. Izi zatsopano Russian chionekera osati kukula (198 cm), komanso ntchito. ntchito yake maziko kuunikira ndi magetsi. Osati kanthu mu asayansi komabe ali ndi ulamuliro chithunzi cha kafukufuku monga Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Kuti anatulukira kuti? Yankho la funso limeneli, komanso zina zambiri zosangalatsa za Paulo Nikolaevich, mudzapeza m'nkhani ino.

Origin, zaka za maphunziro

Pamene Paulo Yablochkov (chithunzi pamwambapa Amamuonetsa) anabadwa, m'chigawo Volga anali kolera. Makolo ake mantha Nyanja Yaikulu, kotero iwo ..silinaona mwanayo mpingo ubatizo. Mu mbiri yakale chabe anayesa kupeza Yablochkov dzina m'mabuku mpingo. makolo ake anali nzika kakang'ono, ndipo Paulo ubwana Yablochkov zapita mwakachetechete, mu Manor nyumba yaikulu ndi theka kanthu zipinda, mezzanine ndi minda ya zipatso.

Pamene Paulo anali ndi zaka 11, anapita kukaphunzira ku Saratov zolimbitsa thupi. Tikumbukenso kuti kwa zaka 4 pamaso Nikolai Chernyshevsky, mphunzitsi freethinker, anasiya bungwe ili mu St. Petersburg Cadet Corps. Paulo Yablochkov anaphunzira ku sukulu kwa nthawi yaitali. Patapita nthawi, banja lake kwadzaoneni kwambiri. Vuto limeneli linali limodzi - ntchito ya usilikali, omwe anali kale kupereka mwambo wa banja lanu. Ndipo Paulo anapita Yablochkov Pavlovsky achifumu nyumba ya St. Petersburg, amene ankatchedwa Mikhailovsky Castle m'malo mwa anthu ake.

Yablochkov - injiniya asilikali

Sevastopol ndawala pa nthawi ino yakhala m'mbuyomu posachedwapa (osakwana ngakhale khumi). Timakusonyeza yapamadzi luso, komanso luso mkulu wa mpanda zoweta. Asilikali Engineering mu zaka anali pa yambiri. General EI Totleben, amene anakhala wotchuka pa Crimea nkhondo pandekha anakulitsa Engineering School, omwe tsopano kuphunzira Pavel Yablochkov.

yonena wake ikusonyezedwa zaka tikukhala mu alendo nyumba César Cui, injiniya wamkulu, amene anaphunzitsa pa sukulu imeneyi. Zinali ngati talenti, ndipo makamaka mphatso wolemba nyimbo ndi nyimbo wotsutsa. nyimbo zake ndi sewero la moyo lero. Mwina izi ndi wa zaka likulu, anali osangalala kwambiri chifukwa Pavel Nikolayevich. Sizinapezekebe makonda, izo silinakwaniritsidwe ogula ndi angongole. Great kuzindikira siinafike kwa iye Komabe, ndi zokhumudwitsa, amene kenako wodzazidwa moyo wake, koma sanali.

The m'mbuyo pang'ono poyamba Yablochkov pamene pambuyo maphunziro iye analimbikitsa kuti msilikali chachiwiri potumiza utumiki m'mwezi wachisanu Sapper Regiment amatanthauza Kiev linga asilikali. Zenizeni battalion, amene anakumana Pavel, anali pang'ono ofanana kulenga, chidwi moyo injiniya amene akulakalaka iye St. Petersburg. Lankhondo la Yablochkov sizinayende: patapita chaka anatula pansi "chifukwa matenda".

Kudziwana woyamba ndi magetsi

Pambuyo nthawi imeneyi ambiri kusangalala inayamba mu Pavel Nikolayevich moyo. Komabe, iye akufotokoza chinthu chimene kunapezeka kuti zofunika kwambiri tsoka lake. chaka A pambuyo yosiya mwadzidzidzi limapezeka mwa Army Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov. Wambiri izo ndiye tinapita njira chosiyana ...

The zatsopano tsogolo ophunzitsidwa ku zaumisiri bungwe galvanic. Apa nzeru zake m'munda wa "galvanism ndi nyese" (mau oti "magetsi" monga tanena kale, analibe kulibe) kuwonjezera ndi kukulitsa. Akatswiri ambiri otchuka ndi asayansi achinyamata achichepere, ngati ngwazi wathu kukuzungulira kudzera primerivayas moyo, akusuzumira, akufunafuna chinachake, mpaka zonse mwadzidzidzi sanapeze zimene anali kuyang'ana. Ndiye palibe mayesero sanathe kuwatsogolera osokera. Mofananamo, 22 wazaka Pavel anapeza maitanidwe - magetsi. Iye anapereka moyo wake kwa Yablochkov lake Pavel Nikolaevich. Zoyambitsidwa ndi Iye, ndi zonse zokhudza magetsi.

Jobs mu Moscow, kukumana ndi anthu atsopano

Pavel potsiriza masamba asilikali. Iye anapita ku Moscow ndipo posakhalitsa walunjika kasamalidwe wanthambo utumiki Railway (Moscow-Kursk). Apa nazo ake choyezera, mukhoza kale onani ena, ngakhale malingaliro akadali amantha. Pavel ndi amphamvu ndi sayansi anthu kulumikizanitsa asayansi. Mu Moscow, wamva za chionetsero Polytechnique chinatseguka. Imafotokoza zomwe atsopano zipangizo za m'banja. Mu Yablochkov kuoneka mabwenzi, mabwenzi, amene, monga yekha, mokhudza nsakali magetsi - ting'onoting'ono opangidwa mphezi! Ndi mmodzi wa iwo, Glukhov Didenko, Pavel wasankha kutsegula wake "ntchito". Tikuyankhula zokhudza msonkhano chilengedwe magetsi.

Kusamukira ku Paris, setifiketi pa kandulo

Komabe, "chifukwa" wa mkangano awo. Ichi ndi chifukwa oyambitsa a ogontha ndi Yablochkov sanali amalonda. Pofuna kupewa ndende ngongole, Pavel Nikolayevich mwamsanga kupita kudziko lina. M'chaka cha 1876 ku Paris, anapatsidwa setifiketi yosonyeza kuti "magetsi kandulo" Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Kutulukira izi sakanakhala ngati osati zomwe yoyamba sayansi. Choncho, amatiuza mwachidule za iwo.

nyali History kuti Yablochkov

Ifenso yaing'ono mbiri MPATUKO odzipereka mindandanda yamasewera kufotokoza zofunika kwambiri chidali chifuniro Yablochkov, popanda nthawi yomweyo mu nkhalango luso. Nyali yoyamba ndi muuni. Zakhala kudziwika kwa anthu kuyambira nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe. Ndiye (kuti Yablochkov) anali anatulukira muuni choyamba, ndiye nyali, etc. - kandulo patapita kanthawi - ndi palafini nyali, ndipo potsiriza, ndi nyali mpweya. nyali onsewa, yosiyanasiyana awo onse, ogwirizana ndi mfundo chimodzi: mwa iwo chinachake moto pamene pamodzi ndi mpweya.

Kutulukira arcing

vv Petrov, ndi luso Russian wasayansi amene 1802 anafotokoza zinachitikira kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu galvanic. inventor Izi anapatsidwa Arc magetsi, analenga yoyamba ya magetsi yokumba. Mphezi ndi kuwala. About kuyambira kalekale anthu akhala kudziwika kwa anthu, chinthu china n'chakuti anthu samamvetsa chikhalidwe chake.

Odzichepetsa Petrov sadzakhala anatumiza ntchito lolembedwa mu Russian. Pa sizinkadziwika ku Ulaya, motalika ulemu otseguka Arc amati ndi sayansi Davy, wotchuka English sayansi. Ndithudi, iye ankadziwa kanthu za kufika Petrova. Anabwereza zinamuchitikira patapita zaka 12 ndipo dzina lake polemekeza Volta Arc, wotchuka wa sayansi ku Italy. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti A. kwambiri Volta lili kupewelatu zikondwelelo zimenezi.

nyali Arc ndi kuipa nawo

Kutsegula kwa Russian ndi English wasayansi linapereka kwa zikamera wa thunthu latsopano Arc nyali, magetsi. Akuyandikira maelekitirodi awiri, Arc inadutsa kenako anaonekera kuwala. Komabe, sangathe ndiye kuti mpweya maelekitirodi unatenthedwa patapita kanthawi, kuwonjezera mtunda therebetween. Pomaliza, Arc kufa. Kunali kofunika kwa mosalekeza kubweretsa pamodzi maelekitirodi lapansi. Choncho panali masiyanidwe zosiyanasiyana, nthawi, manja ndi zina kusintha njira, amene nawonso, amafuna kuyang'aniridwa pafupi. Ndi bwino kuti aliyense nyali ya mtundu uwu unali chodabwitsa zapadera.

Woyamba incandescent nyali ndi kuipa kwake

French wasayansi Zhobar akufuna ntchito kuunikira incandescent nthambo za magetsi, osati Arc. Shanzhi, compatriot wake, anayesa kuti akonze nyali. AN Lodygin, Russian zatsopano adalitenga "kwa lingaliro." Iye analenga woyamba incandescent getsi, zoyenera ntchito. Koma coke pakati mkati zinali zosachedwa kwambiri ndi wosakhwima. Komanso, mu botolo galasi panali osakwanira zingalowe Koma mwamsanga kuwotcha ndodo. Chifukwa cha ichi, m'ma 1870s pa nyali nakalyvaniya anayamba kuika mtanda. The woyamba kuti kachiwiri anabwerera ku Arc lapansi. Zinali ndiye kuti Paulo anaonekera bullseye.

kandulo magetsi

Mwatsoka, ife sitikudziwa momwe iye anatulukira kandulo. N'kutheka kuti a kudali pamene Pavel anavutika ndi owongolera kuziika Arc nyale. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya sitima wakhala anaika pa sitima (sitima ya hayala, amene anatsatira mu Crimea ndi Tsar Alexander II). Mwina Arc okwaniritsa mwadzidzidzi kunabuka situdiyo ake, kumizidwa mu moyo. Pali nthano kuti mu Paris cafe Yablochkov mwangozi kuika mapensulo awiri limodzi patebulo. Ndiyeno Ndinazindikiranso: Ndilibe kanthu kukokera pamodzi! Tiyeni maelekitirodi ndi lotsatira, pambuyo insulator lama fuyusi, zilonda zamoto ku Arc udzakhazikitsidwe pakati pawo. Choncho, maelekitirodi ndi udzayaka ndi kufupikitsa nthawi yomweyo! Pamene iwo amati, lonseli - basi.

Ngati kandulo Yablochkov anagonjetsa dziko

Yablochkov kandulo pa chipangizo anali kwenikweni yosavuta. Ndipo uyu anali mwayi chachikulu. Bongo sindikumvetsa luso analipo tanthauzo. N'chifukwa chake kandulo Yablochkov ndi liwiro sikunachitekepo anagonjetsa dziko. chionetsero wake woyamba unachitika m'chaka cha 1876 mu London. Pavel, amene posachedwapa anathawa angongole, anabwerera ku Paris kale kudziwika kwa woyamba wa. Kampeni Opaleshoni eni luso mwawomwawo kumeneko nthawi yomweyo.

fakitale wapadera linakhazikitsidwa, amene amapangidwa makandulo 8 zikwi. tsiku ndi tsiku. Iwo anakhala yapadera Paris a masitolo wotchuka Map, ndi kumakhala liwiro m'nyumba ndi zikuluzikulu, doko ku Le Havre. Korona magetsi anaonekera pa Opera msewu - chidwi zachitika weniweni nthano. Milomo aliyense anali "Russian dziko". Anali kusirira chimodzi mwa zilembo P. I. Chaykovsky. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev analembanso ku Paris m'bale wake kuti Paulo Yablochkov anatulukira chinachake kwathunthu latsopano kuyatsa lapansi. Pavel monyadira ananenapo kenako kuti magetsi kufalitsa padziko lonse chifukwa likulu French ndi kufika panyumba ya Mfumu ya Cambodia ndi a Shah ya Perisiya, osati mosemphanitsa - kuchokera America kuti Paris, monga momwe kwanenedwera.

"Adzatha" makandulo

zinthu Amazing amalembedwa mbiri ya sayansi! The lonse magetsi kuyatsa kwa dziko, lotsogoledwa ndi P. N. Yablochkovym pafupi zaka zisanu apambana ndipo anasamukira zoona, pa n'kopanda pake, ndi njira yolakwika. yayitali mpaka kalekale makandulo chikondwerero, komanso ndalama zawozawo Yablochkov. Kandulo osati "chinazilala", koma iye sakanakhoza kupirira mpikisano ndi nyali incandescent. Chinathandiza anachitazi ili yaikulu imene iye anali. Izi kuchepetsa mfundo wowala mu ndondomeko kuyaka, ndipo fragility.

Kumene, ntchito ya Swann, Lodygina, limakhulupirira, Edison ndi oyambitsa zina Nernst nyale incandescent Nayenso sizinayende kutsimikizira anthu phindu lake. Auer mu 1891, anapereka kapu yake pa burner mpweya. kapu iyi kumawonjezera kuwala kwa otsiriza. Ngakhale ndiye, pakhala nthawi imene akuluakulu a boma anaganiza m'malo mpweya anaika magetsi. Komabe, pa moyo wa Pavel Nikolayevich zinaonekeratu kuti kandulo anatulukira iwo opanda chiyembekezo. Chifukwa chake ndi chiyani kuti dzina la Mlengi wa "dziko Russian" masiku ano nalonso alembedwa mbiri ya sayansi, ndipo koposa zaka atazunguliridwa ndi ulemu?

Kutanthauza Kutulukira Yablochkov

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich woyamba wobvomerezedwayo mwa maganizo a magetsi. Nyali, amene yekha dzulo zinali zachilendo kwambiri, lero anapita kwa munthu anasiya kukhala ngati chozizwitsa kunja, kutsimikizira anthu a tsogolo lawo osangalala. Mafunde ndi yochepa chabe mbiri anatulukira izi zinathandiza kuti njira yofuna mavuto ambiri amene anapita kukakumana ndi luso nthawi.

The mbiri winanso wa Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov

Pavel moyo waufupi, amene sanali okondwa kwambiri. Paulo Yablochkov anatulukira kandulo wake, iye anayesetsa kwambiri mu dziko lathu, ndi kunja. Komabe, palibe cha maphunziro ake wotsatira si anakhudzidwa kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo luso, kandulo wake. Ntchito zambiri za Pavel kuika pa chilengedwe cha chipika woyamba magetsi m'dziko lathu lotchedwa "Magetsi". Iye anayamba ndi 1880. Kuwonjezera, 21 March 1879 Pavel lipoti pa magetsi mu Russian zaumisiri Society. Iye anali kupereka n'kulandira mendulo ya Society kwa zimene anachita. Komabe, zizindikiro izi zinali zosakwanira Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov anapatsidwa zinthu bwinobwino. The zatsopano anazindikira kuti m'mbuyo Russia 1880 kuchuluka pang'ono kuchita maganizo ake luso. Mmodzi wa iwo anali kupanga magalimoto magetsi, amene anamanga Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Mwachidule yonena za iye anaona kusuntha kwa Paris. Pamene iye anabwereranso mu 1880, iye anagulitsa setifiketi kuti dynamo, ndipo anayamba kukonzekera unachitika kwa nthawi yoyamba nawo World electrotechnical chionetsero. Kutsegula wake inakonzedwa 1881. Kale chaka chino, anadzipereka kwathunthu kwa kapangidwe Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich.

Mwachidule yonena za sayansi amapita kuti Yablochkov Kutulukira pa chionetsero mu 1881, analandira mphoto apamwamba. Ayenera kupatsidwa kuzindikira ndi mwa mpikisano. ulamuliro wake anali mkulu, ndi Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich membala wa loweruza lonse, amene ntchito anali kuti anene zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho ndi chitsimikizo choti mphoto ya mphatso. Izo ziyenera kuti chionetserochi kwambiri wakhala kupambana kwa nyali incandescent. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ndi mphamvu ya magetsi pang'ono ndi pang'ono ayamba kugwa.

Mu zaka wotsatira Yablochkov anayamba kugwira ntchito pa maselo electrochemical ndi dynamo - magetsi jenereta. njira imene Pavel anali mu ntchito, ndi chosintha mu nthawi yathu. Zimachitika kuti mwina mapeto nyengo yatsopano okonza magetsi. Yablochkov sanabwerere kwa kuwala gwero. Mu zaka wotsatira, iye anatulukira magalimoto angapo magetsi ndipo analandira eni luso pa iwo.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wa zatsopano ndi

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1881 mpaka 1893 Yablochkov ikuchitika zatsopano wake mu mavuto chuma, ntchito mosalekeza. Iye ankakhala mu Paris, kwathunthu kupereka mavuto a sayansi. Scientist experimenting mwaluso, ntchito kwambiri maganizo choyambirira ntchito mwawo, akupita mosayembekezera ndi kulimba mtima kwambiri. Ndithudi, iye anali patsogolo pa boma la zojambulajambula, sayansi ndi makampani pa nthawi. Kuphulika, zomwe zinachitika mu zatsopano mu choyezera, pafupifupi ndalama moyo wa Pavel Nikolayevich. Permanent kuwonongeka kwa malo chuma, komanso matenda a mtima, imene onse patsogolo - zonsezi kuchichepetsa mphamvu za zatsopano ndi. Patapita khumi wazaka pakalibe, iye anaganiza zobwerera kwawo.

Pavel anapita ku Russia mu July 1893, koma anadwala kwambiri yomweyo atafika. Iye anapeza mu chikhalidwe chake munda akuthamanga kuti sakanatha mkhalidwe wawo ndalama. Pamodzi ndi mkazi wake ndi mwana Pavel anakakhala Saratov hotelo. Iye anapitiriza kuyesa wake ngakhale pamene odwala ndi wochotseka.

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich, kutsegula kwa amene mwamphamvu alembedwa mbiri ya sayansi, anamwalira ndi matenda a mtima ali ndi zaka 47 (mu 1894), mumzinda wa Saratov. maganizo ake ndi ntchito za Mama wathu onyada.