Photosynthesis - ndichiyani? siteji ya photosynthesis. Terms of dzuwa

Kodi inu munayamba mwaganizapo mmene dziko zinthu zamoyo? Ndipo chifukwa onse ayenera kupuma mpweya kukhala mphamvu ndi kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide. Ndicho mpweya woipa - chinthu chachikulu chomwe zodabwitsazi, monga chipinda yatsekera. Kumachitika pamene pali anthu ambiri, ndi malo kwa nthawi yaitali si kuiulutsa. Komanso, poizoni lembani maofesi mpweya, galimoto payekha ndi mabasi ndi magalimoto.

Poona zimene takambiranazi, pali funso zomveka: kodi tinali koma mukuponderezedwa, ngati zamoyo zonse ndiye gwero la chakupha mpweya woipa? Mpulumutsi wa anthu onse okhala mu zinthu izi amachita ngati dzuwa. Kodi ndi ndondomeko ndi chiyani kufunikira kwake?

Zotsatira zake - Kusamala mpweya woipa ndi mpweya machulukitsidwe za mlengalenga. Zimenezi zodziwika kokha kwa akuluakulu a zomera za dziko, pali zomera, monga zimachitika zokha maselo awo.

Photosynthesis palokha - ndi njira zosavuta kwambiri, malingana ndi zinthu zina, ndipo chikuchitika mu magawo angapo.

tanthawuzo

Malinga ndi tanthauzo sayansi, zinthu organic mu njira ya dzuwa mtima mu organic pa mlingo ma, zamoyo autotrophic chifukwa kukhudzana ndi kuwala dzuwa.

Kunena chilankhulidwe zomveka, dzuwa ndi ndondomeko imene zotsatirazi akupezeka:

1. Zomera ladzala ndi chinyezi. Chitsime cha chinyezi kungakhale madzi kapena ku dothi lonyowa mpweya otentha.
2. Zimachitika wotchedwa chlorophyll anachita (mankhwala enieni amene ali mbewu) zotsatira za mphamvu ya dzuwa.
3. Maphunziro ofunika zomera chakudya kuti iwo amapanga okha sangathe njira heterotrophic, pamene iwo anapanga. M'mawu ena, zomera kudyetsedwa ndi chakuti iwo kubala. Izi ndi zotsatira za dzuwa.

chimodzi

Pafupifupi aliyense chomera lili zinthu zobiriwira, imene akhoza kuyamwa kuwala. mankhwala si kuposa wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi. malo - chloroplasts. Koma chloroplasts pa zili tsinde la zomera ndi zipatso zake. Koma makamaka wamba mu chikhalidwe tsamba photosynthesis. Popeza yamasika wosavuta mu dongosolo ake ndi pamwamba m'dera ndi lalikulu, kutanthauza kuti buku la mphamvu koyenera kuti zosayembekezereka wa mpulumutsi wa ndondomeko adzakhala zambiri.

Pamene kuunika chosakanikirana ndi wotchedwa chlorophyll, yotsirizira mu mkhalidwe chisangalalo, ndi malonjezo awo mphamvu anasamutsa kuti zamoyo zina organic wa mbewu. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha mphamvu amapita ophunzira dzuwa ndondomeko.

Gawo awiri

Photosynthesis Education pa siteji yachiwiri sikutanthauza nawo dziko. Amakhala mu mapangidwe kumangidwa mankhwala ntchito chakupha mpweya woipa yopangidwa kuchokera ku madzi ndi misa mpweya. Komanso kaphatikizidwe wa kuika zinthu zofunika luso moyo zomera. Awa ndi wowuma, shuga.

Zomera ngati zinthu organic akhale gwero mphamvu magawo munthu wa mbewu, pamene kupereka njira yachibadwa ya kwambiri m'thupi. zinthu izi amapangidwa ndi zomera, amene ntchito zomera chakudya. Thupi la munthu ladzala ndi zinthu zimenezi kudzera chakudya, zomwe zili m'gulu la zakudya tsiku.

Kodi? Kodi? Pamene?

Kwa thunthu organic mu organic anatembenuka, m'pofunika kupereka zinthu zoyenera dzuwa. Pakuti ndondomeko imeneyi n'kofunika mu malo oyamba kuwala. Tikuyankhula zokhudza yokumba, ndi dzuwa. Nature zambiri chomera ntchito amakhala ndi mphamvu ya masika ndi chilimwe, ndiye pamene pali kufunika kulandira wambirimbiri dzuwa mphamvu. Sitinganene za m'dzinja pore, pamene magetsi ali ochepa, wamfupi tsiku. Chifukwa, masamba kutembenukira chikasu, ndiyeno kwathunthu kuguluka. Koma mwamsanga pamene woyamba kasupe kudzawala kuwala kwa dzuwa, zobiriwira auka udzu yomweyo kuyambiranso ntchito yake chlorophylls, ndipo adzayamba yogwira kukula kwa mpweya ndi zina zakudya, zimene chikhalidwe kwambiri.

zinthu dzuwa sakuphatikizapo kukhalapo kwa kuwala yozungulira. Chinyezi komanso ayenera kukhala zokwanira. Ndipotu, mbewu zimatenga chinyezi poyamba, ndiyeno zimene zikuyamba ndi dzuwa mphamvu. The chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi ndipo chomera zakudya mankhwala.

Pokhapokha ngati pali wobiriwira mankhwala photosynthesis. wotchedwa chlorophyll chiri, ife tatchulazi. Iwo mtundu wa wochititsa pakati pa kuwala kapena dzuwa mphamvu ndi mbewu yokha, kuonetsetsa chaketu wa miyoyo yawo ndi zochita zawo. zinthu Green ndi mayamwidwe mphamvu kuchuluka kwa dzuwa.

Umagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi oxygen. Kwa dzuwa ndondomeko inayenda bwino, zomera zimafuna izo kwambiri, chifukwa kapangidwe kake lili 0,03 yekha% asidi carbonic. Choncho mwa 20 000 mamita ^{3 mpweya} mukhoza kupeza 6 mamita ³ acid. Ndi yotsirizira pophika - pulayimale feedstock kwa shuga, womwe, ndi chinthu koyenera moyo.

Pali magawo awiri a photosynthesis. The woyamba amatchedwa kuwala, ndipo chachiwiri - The mdima.

Kodi limagwirira siteji percolation kuwala

Mbali kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi dzina lina - photochemical. Ophunzira chachikulu imeneyi ndi:

• dzuwa mphamvu;
• inki zosiyanasiyana.

Ndi chigawo choyamba bwino, ndi dzuwa. Koma kodi inki sadziwa chilichonse. Iwo anabwera mu wobiriwira, wachikasu, wofiira kapena buluu. Kuti monga magulu wobiriwira chlorophylls "A" ndi "B" kwa yachikasu ndiponso yofiira / buluu - phycobilins motero. ntchito Photochemical yekha chlorophylls chionetsero mwa ophunzira mu gawo ili kwa ndondomekoyi "A". mpumulo wa udindo wowonjezera, akamanena za zomwe - mndandanda wa quanta kuwala ndi mayendedwe awo ku likulu la photochemical.

Popeza wotchedwa chlorophyll anapatsidwa mphamvu imayenera mayamwidwe mphamvu dzuwa ndi timaganiza makamaka kutsatira machitidwe photochemical akhala kuzindikiridwa:

- Photochemical pakati 1 (wobiriwira kanthu gulu "A") - m'gulu 700 pigment cheza kungolandira kuwala amene kutalika pafupifupi 700 nm. pigment ili udindo ofunika chilengedwe cha zinthu za siteji kuwala kwa dzuwa.

- Photochemical pakati 2 (wobiriwira mankhwala gulu "B") - gawo la pigment pa 680 zili m'gulu kuti zimatenga cheza kuwala kwa 680 nm m'litali. Iye amakhala wosewera, chomwe polemba ntchito za ma elekitironi anataya photochemical pakati 1. Izi zimatheka kupyolera hydrolysis madzi.

Pa 350- 400 mamolekyulu la inki kuti nsanganizo kuwala fluxes mu photosystem 1 ndi 2 kokha kam'bulu kamodzi ka pigment, ndilo photochemically yogwira - wotchedwa chlorophyll gulu "A".

Chikuchitika ndichiyani?

1. mphamvu ya kuwala chosakanikirana ndi zomera, ali zimakhudzanso pigment ali m'menemo 700 wakupambana ndi boma yachibadwa ku mkhalidwe malemeredwe. Inki wotaya ndi elekitironi, chifukwa mu otchedwa dzenje elekitironi. Komanso pigment molekyulu kuti wataya ndi elekitironi, atumikire monga acceptor wake, mwachitsanzo, chipani akulandira ma elekitironi, ndi kubwerera mawonekedwe.

2. Njira photochemical kuwonongeka kwa madzi pakati pa kuwala kungolandira pigment 680 photosystem 2. Pa kuwonongeka kwa madzi anapanga ma elekitironi womwe poyamba amavomerezedwa zinthu monga cytochrome C550, ndipo amadziŵika ndi kalata Q. Ndiye, ndi ma elekitironi cytochrome kulowa dera onyamula ndi kuwapititsa ku likulu 1 photochemical ndi lembani mabowo e, yomwe ndi chotsatira chake cha malowedwe a quanta kuwala ndi ndondomeko ayambe pigment 700.

Pali nthawi imene zinthu molekyulu afika kumbuyo elekitironi amakhalabe zofanana. Izi zidzapangitsa kuti kudzipatula mphamvu ya kuwala monga kutentha. Koma nthawi ndi elekitironi ndi mlandu zoipa, pamodzi ndi mapuloteni wapadera chitsulo sulfure ndi ikuchitika padziko wina unyolo kapena pigment 700 igwera mu dera lina vekitala ndi kugwirizananso ndi acceptor zonse.

Mu chimake choyamba, pali ozungulira elekitironi zoyendera chatsekedwa mtundu, lachiwiri - ozungulira.

njira onse kugwa mu sitepe yoyamba ya dzuwa pansi catalyzing unyolo womwewo wa elekitironi zonyamulira. Koma tisaiwale kuti kwa ozungulira mtundu photophosphorylation kuyamba ndi kutha nthawi imodzi magalimoto ndi Chl mfundo, kanthawi kusintha ozungulira kumafuna yonyamula mankhwala wobiriwira "B" gulu wotchedwa chlorophyll "A".

Features zoyendera ozungulira

Phosphorylation wa ozungulira amatchedwanso photosynthesis. Chifukwa cha ndondomeko iyi inatulutsa molekyulu ATP. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi kubwerera zoyendera patapita magawo angapo motsatizana mu elekitironi boma okondwa pa pigment 700, umene mphamvu adzamasulidwa, alandire gawo mu dongosolo phosphorylating enzyme ndi kudzikundikira patsogolo mu nsinga mankwala a ATP. Kuti, mphamvu si ankakhala moyo wotayirira.

Phosphorylation wa ozungulira ndi zimene chachikulu cha photosynthesis, potengera mapangidwe mankhwala luso mphamvu pa chloroplast tilaktoidov pamalo Kakhungu pogwiritsa ntchito dzuwa mphamvu.

Popanda photosynthesis phosphorylation zimene kuloŵerera mu gawo mdima wa dzuwa zosatheka.

Mokoma kunyamula noncyclic mtundu

ndondomeko tichipeza mu akuchira NADP + ndipo NADPH mapangidwe N *. limagwirira zachokera elekitironi kutengerapo ferredoxin kuchepetsa anachita ake ndi kusintha wotsatira ku NADP + ndi kuchepetsa china NADP * H.

Chifukwa, ma elekitironi amene ataya pigment 700, ma elekitironi ndi kudzadza mwa madzi amene linakwiriridwa ndi kunyezimira kuwala photosystem 2.

Acyclic njira ya ma elekitironi yomwe ikuyenda zimasonyezanso kuwala dzuwa ikuchitika mwa kuchita pamodzi photosystems awiri, zikugwirizana iwo unyolo zinthu zosiyanasiyana za zoyendera. Kuwala ma elekitironi mphamvu akutsogolera otaya kumbuyo. Pa mayendedwe a photochemical pakati 1 ndi pakati 2 ma elekitironi kutaya gawo la mphamvu zawo chifukwa kudzikundikira monga purotoni kuthekera pa tilaktoidov Kakhungu pamwamba.

Mu gawo mdima wa dzuwa ndondomeko ya kulenga angathe purotoni-mtundu mu unyolo elekitironi zoyendera ndi ntchito mapangidwe ATP mu chloroplasts ndi pafupifupi ofanana ndi ndondomeko yomweyo mu mitochondria. Koma mbali adakali pano. Tilaktoidami imeneyi ndi mitochondria kupindika pa mbali yolakwika. Ichi ndi chifukwa chachikulu kuti ma elekitironi ndi mapulotoni adutsa Kakhungu ndi zosiyana wachibale otaya kutengerapo mu nembanemba kwa mayitirokondiriyoni. ma elekitironi ali kusamutsidwa kwa kunja, ndi mapulotoni ndi atasunga mkati mwa masanjidwewo tilaktoidnogo. Lomalizira yekha mlandu zabwino, ndi akunja Kakhungu tilaktoida - negative. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti njira ya purotoni masinthidwe amtundu mtundu zosiyana njira yake mitochondria.

Chinthu china ndi pH mkulu kuthekera kwa mapulotoni.

Mbali yachitatu ndi pamaso pa maunyolo awiri okha tilaktoidnoy malo conjugation ndi monga Motero chiŵerengero cha mamolekyulu wa ATP kuti mapulotoni wofanana 1: 3.

Pomaliza

Mu sitepe yoyamba ya dzuwa ndi anzake za mphamvu ya kuwala (yokumba ndi neiskusstvennoy) ku mbewu. Anatani cheza cha nkhaniyi wobiriwira - wotchedwa chlorophyll, ambiri mwa ali masamba.

Mapangidwe ATP ndi NADP * H - chifukwa cha zimenezi zingachitike. mankhwala ndi zofunika kwa pakutchulidwa mosiyanasiyana mdima. Choncho, siteji kuwala - kumanga ndondomeko, popanda amene adzakhala Chinthu chachiwiri - The mdima.

Mbali mdima: chofunikira ndi peculiarities

Mdima dzuwa ndi anachita ake ndi mpweya woipa ndondomeko organic mankhwala kupeza chakudya. Kukhazikitsa motero chidzachitika stroma chloroplast ndi nawo yogwira mankhwala kutenga sitepe yoyamba ya dzuwa - kuwala.

Mu sitepe mdima zochokera photosynthesis limagwirira pa ndondomeko ya kuloŵerera mpweya woipa (wochedwanso photochemical carboxylation, Calvin mkombero), amene amakhala ndi cyclical. Amakhala mbali zitatu:

1. Carbonation - inalowa NKHA _2.
2. Zobwezeretsa gawo.
3. Gawo kusinthika ribulozodifosfat.

Ribulofosfat - dzuwa ndi maatomu mpweya zisanu - labwino ndondomeko ya phosphorylation likuvutika ATP, potero kubala ribulozodifosfat zomwe zina pansi carboxylation ndi kugwirizana kwa NKHA ₂ mankhwala ndi carbons sikisi, nthawi yomweyo decomposed mmene anachitira ndi molekyulu madzi, kupanga mitundu iwiri maselo asidi phosphoglyceric . Ndiye asidi likufa kubwezeretsedwa kotheratu kukhazikitsa zochita enzymatic amene chofunika pamaso pa ATP ndi NADP kupanga shuga kuti carbons atatu - atatu mpweya shuga, triose kapena aldehyde phosphoglyceraldehyde. Pamene awiriwa triose condensed hexose molekyulu analandira, amene angathe kukhala mbali ya wowuma molekyulu ndi debugged malo.

imeneyi itha chifukwa chakuti pa ndondomeko dzuwa, ndi chosakanikirana ndi molekyulu mmodzi wa NKHA ₂ ndi ntchito mamolekyulu atatu ATP ndi H maatomu anayi Geksozofosfat amenable kuti zochita za pentose mankwala adzizungulira, chifukwa n'kubadwanso ribulozofosfata sipangakhalenso kukakhalanso ndi molekyulu wina asidi carbonic.

Carboxylation anachita kumasuka, Kubadwanso sangatengedwe kukhala pongofuna maselo enieni kumene dzuwa chikuchitika. Kodi "yunifolomu" otaya njira, nayenso, sangathe kunena, chifukwa pali kusiyana - pamene ndondomeko kuchira amagwiritsa NADPH + H osati nad + H.

Inalowa NKHA ₂ ribulozodifosfat amaloŵamo catalysis, amene amathandiza ribulozodifosfatkarboksilaza. The mankhwala anachita ndi 3-phosphoglycerate, akuchira likuvutika NADPH * H2 ndi ATP kuti glyceraldehyde-3-mankwala. ndondomeko kuchepetsa ndi catalysed ndi glyceraldehyde 3-mankwala dehydrogenase. yotsirizira mosavuta n'kukhala dihydroxyacetone mankwala. Mapangidwe fruktozobisfosfata. Gawo la tinthu ake zochitika pa kusinthika ndondomeko ribulozodifosfat, kutseka adzizungulira, ndi gawo lachiwiri ndi opareshoni kulenga malo zimam'patsa maselo photosynthesis, i.e. ili dzuwa chakudya.

Kuwala mphamvu chofunika kwa phosphorylation ndi kaphatikizidwe zinthu organic, ndi mphamvu ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni zinthu organic chofunika kwa phosphorylation zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni. N'chifukwa chake zomera amapereka moyo kwa nyama ndi zinthu zina zimene heterotrophic.

Photosynthesis mu chomera maselo chikuchitika mu njira iyi. zopangidwa ndi chakudya koyenera kuti chilengedwe mpweya mafupa zosiyanasiyana zinthu za zomera za dziko limene akuchokera organic.

Organic asafe zinthu odzipereka mu mtundu photosynthesis zamoyo ndi kuchepetsa nitrate zochita kupanga, ndi sulfure - chifukwa kuchepetsa sulfates magulu sulfhydryl la amino zidulo. Amapereka mapangidwe mapuloteni, zidulo mkati lipids, chakudya, cofactors ndi dzuwa. Kodi ndi "mbale" zinthu zofunika mbewu kale anatsindika, koma pa sekondale mankhwala kaphatikizidwe zimene zili zofunika mankhwala zinthu (flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, polyphenols, steroids orgkisloty ndi ena), osanena zinanenedwa. Choncho, kukokomeza kunena kuti dzuwa - chinsinsi cha moyo wa zomera, nyama ndi anthu.