Postulates Bohr a

Niels Bohr - wotchuka Chidanishi wasayansi amene poyamba zinali zosagwirizana ya malamulo chakale a sayansi ndi maatomu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iye anayambitsa maganizo awiri, masiku ano umadziwika kwadzidzidzi Bohr postulates. Iwo amadalira chitsanzo cha maatomu, kamodzi akufuna E. Rutherford, malinga ndi amene (atomu) ali ndi dongosolo lofanana ndi loukitsa Akufa: ma elekitironi maatomu ndi zoyenda mosalekeza za particles ndi yoikidwiratu - phata. Nthawi yoyamba, chitsanzo ichi ankaona abwino ndi zovuta kufotokoza ndi kufotokoza zatsopano zonse zokhudza maatomu. Komabe, kenako zinadziwika kuti yankho la funso za mfundo kuli maatomu ndi kukhazikika kwake, chitsanzo ichi sangathe.

Malinga chitsanzo mapulaneti, chisonyezo cha ma elekitironi padziko pachimake n'kupuma ayenera kukhala limodzi ndi umuna mafunde mu atomu amene pafupipafupi ndi wofanana pafupipafupi rotational cha zinthu zoipa mlandu mozungulira pakati. Chifukwa cha - ndi elekitironi mphamvu ayenera kupitiriza ndichepe, womwe kumabweretsa kukopa wake waukulu phata la. Komabe, monga ikusonyezera, izi sizikuchitika. Atomu zambiri dongosolo khola umene umapulumuka nthawi yaitali popanda kukhudzana zinthu kunja. Cheza atomu akhoza kutchulidwa apawokha, i.e. likukulira, amene, kumene akufotokoza mfundo za periodicity kuphunzira, osati kukhalirira ake. Mu mawu ena ofufuza anapeza kuti ntchito ya malamulo chakale a sayansi pofuna kufotokoza kuli ma elekitironi n'zosatheka.

Only mu 1913, anayambitsa ndi Bohr kopanda analola kufotokoza chitsanzo cha atomu wa hydrogen mfundo za ma elekitironi cheza mphamvu.

Zimene anapanga ndi Bohr, anali empirically anatsimikizira asayansi ambiri a nthawi. Pamaziko a maganizo ake iwo unalengedwa chiphunzitso lonse chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa nkhani yapadera ya kwadzidzidzi zimango. postulates Bohr ali motere:

1. dongosolo nyukiliya chimachokera mphamvu, conventionally otchedwa En, pamene okha limati kwadzidzidzi. Apo ayi (pamene mu khazikika atomu), mphamvu si anamasulidwa.

Apa, khazikika amatanthauza kayendedwe ka ma elekitironi pa zili m'njira yeniyeni. Ngakhale kupezeka lenileni la chisonyezo inapita patsogolo, mafunde mu atomu si panamveka okha atomu ali kwadzidzidzi mtengo mphamvu.

2. zopanda chachiwiri, nthawi zambiri amadziwika monga ulamuliro wa mafurikwense limasonyeza kuti kusintha atomu boma wina ndi mzake (zambiri mu kwadzidzidzi n'kupuma) limodzi ndi kutuluka kapena mayamwidwe mphamvu. Zimenezi ikuchitika chakudya chochepa - quanta. phindu limafanana ndi kusiyana mphamvu pakati limati pakati zomwe kusintha kwenikweni zimachitika. The zopanda chachiwiri zimathandiza kudziwa mfundo komanso wa mphamvu odziwika limati n'kupuma ndi cheza pafupipafupi wa hydrogen.

postulates Bohr ndi zothandiza kufotokoza mayamwidwe wa kuunika ndi umuna Nyerere wa hydrogen. Kwenikweni, iwo motero anatsimikizira kamodzi anapeza Bohr yekha. postulates Bohr asiya asayansi amakono kumanga chiphunzitso cha sipekitiramu wa hydrogen. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti chiphunzitso kachulukidwe wa sipekitiramu chinthu chotsatira - helium - anasonyeza kuti sizingatheke.

Komabe, Bohr a postulates - sayansi, amene anayika njerwa amphamvu maziko a chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi lero ndi kuyang'anila zofunika kwambiri ndi tanthauzo lake. Kwenikweni, anali n'zotheka kupanga chiphunzitso cha mayamwidwe ndi umuna wa kuwunikako kuchita pa sayansi deta chakale zochokera zenizeni.

postulates Bohr amalola kupuma moyo watsopano mu zimango zachikhalidwe. Mpaka lero, amakhalabe angatsutse mawu a kwadzidzidzi zimango.