Potr Nikitich Tkachov: yonena, zolembalemba ntchito, aliases, maganizo andale

Petr Nikitich Tkachev (1844-1885) - wotchuka Russian chosintha mfundo za populism. Nkhani kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mbiri yake, maganizo ndi malingaliro.

Childhood ndi unyamata

Petr Nikitich Tkachev anabadwa pa June 29, 1844 kuchigawo Pskov (m'mudzi Sivtsova). Makolo ake anali olemekezeka inatera. Choyamba Peter Nikititch anapita 2 Petersburg zolimbitsa thupi. Ndiye, kuyambira kalasi lachisanu la sukulu ya galamala mu 1861 iye analembetsa pa lamulo St. Petersburg yunivesite ya luso. Komabe, kuphunzira analibe Peter Tkachev. mfundo ndi yakuti mu nthawi ya wophunzira zipolowe anayamba zikanabweretsa yunivesite chinatsekedwa. Pakati pa gulu ena yogwira zachiwawa izi Tkachev anali kupereka koyamba mu Petro ndi Paulo Linga (mu October), ndiyeno Kronstadt, m'mene anamasulidwa mu December.

Kuteteza nkhani yolembedwa, ndi mbali ya maganizo chosintha

Mfumu inalamula kusiya Peter Nikitich likulu zidapatsidwa kwa mayi ake. Tkachev sanakumane ndi mwayi wopitiriza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite. Komabe, zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kenako, iye Mwapambana mayeso ake monga wophunzira kunja, anapereka nkhani yolembedwa kwake ndipo anakhala phungu wa kumanja. Chinachake kenako, pom'tsutsa Lavrov chifukwa chakuti iye anali kwambiri wocheza ndi kayendedwe chosintha, Peter Nikitich analemba kuti popeza zolimbitsa thupi sankadziwa anthu wina aliyense, koma kwa anthu achinyamata amene kusiya misonkhano wophunzira, bungwe zipinda kuwerenga ndi masukulu Sunday, mafakitale kuyanjana ndi famu ndi zina. on. Iye wakhala osati kwa iwo, koma mwa iwo, ngakhale pamene ndinali pa malo a. Peter Nikitich kuganizira njira yomweyo mavuto ena a gulu chosintha anapanga zinthu khalidwe la lingaliro lake zokomera.

Kuthandiza pa mabungwe kunachitika

Tkachev pa maphunziro ake pa zolimbitsa thupi anayamba kuwerenga mabuku zokomera. Iye anadziwa m'mabuku a Herzen ndi Ogarev, nkhani Dobrolyubov ndi Chernyshevsky. Kale m'mavesi oyambirira zokhudza 1860-62 biennium. (Ena mwa iwo anapita m'mabuku), Tkachev anaphunzitsa wamba zisinthe. Iye potsiriza pa njira zingapo kuyambira 1861. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Tkachev anali wakhama mu gulu wophunzira, ndi chifukwa kuti nthawi zambiri anaika kuti akawamange, kufufuza, mafunso. Peter Nikitich mosalekeza kukaonekera kupolisi. Iye ukaidi pafupifupi chaka chilichonse.

Mu 1862, chinatseguka umembala wake ku bwalo L. Olszewski. bwalo ili ankakonza kufalitsa timapepala ta zingapo, zimene anaitana napasula mfumu. Mu 1865 ndi 1866, Petr Nikitich Tkachev anali pafupi ndi gulu I. A. Hudyakova ndi Na Ishutina, ndipo mu 1867 ndi 1868 - kuti "Rublevskoe anthu", amene mamembala ikuchitika padziko mabodza mu matchalitchi amene amati ndi aphunzitsi woyendayenda. , Imatchedwanso kuti Peter Tkachev mu 1868 a kulankhula "Smorgon" imene ili kuloŵedwa m'malo bungwe lokhazikitsidwa S. G. Nechaevym. Ndiye, mu 1868-1869 gg., Peter Nikitich pamodzi ndi Nechayev anali membala wa bungwe lotsogolera wa St. Petersburg wophunzira kuyenda.

Chiyambi cha ntchito zolembalemba

Mu June 1862 anayamba zolembalemba ntchito Petra Nikiticha. talente yake zolembalemba zidavumbulutsidwa mu 60s lapansi. Monga ongolankhula chosintha Narodnichestvo, anzeru wotsutsa ndi wolemba Tkachev mogwirizana ndi magazini angapo patsogolo. Tikumbukenso kuti choyamba mwa nkhani zake zoyenera Kutsutsa kusintha milandu, zomwe boma anakonza, makamaka chosintha-demokalase kutsutsa maganizo. Iwo m'magazini yotchedwa "umodzi" ndi "Time" Dostoevsky abale, komanso mu "Library Kuwerenga".

Ankadziwa zolemba za Marx

nkhani zingapo analengedwa mu nthawi kuchokera 1862 mpaka 1864, Peter Nikitich akufuna lingaliro la kusintha asapita alipo chikhalidwe mu Russia pa mfundo zokomera ndi maukonde zipangizo dziko ndi makampani mayanjano maphunziro, makamaka m'mayiko bwinja. Mozungulira nthawi imeneyi, anakumana ndi ena a ntchito Karla Marksa Petr Nikitich Tkachev.

yonena wake mu December 1865 chinali ndi chakuti "mawu Russian" nthawi yoyamba atolankhani malamulo a dziko lathu anaika pa nkhani yolembedwa waukulu Marx kugwirizana ndi lingaliro zakuthupi m'mbiri, umene iye anayambitsa m'mawu oyamba kwa "wunika wa Economy Political". Tikumbukenso kuti ndi nthawi ino Tkachev anali kale gawo lochititsa zonse magazini awiri demokalase ( "Business" ndi "Russian mau '). Iye anakwanitsa kulera bwino Pisarev, amene anaikidwa mu Petro ndi Paulo Linga. The nkhani yolembedwa pamwamba Peter Nikitich ankalimbikitsa m'tsogolo, pomwe? mu kumasulira kwawo, penapake m'Chingelezi chosavuta.

Kupanga Tkachev Lingaliro

Mu 1868, Tkachev P. N. Ine ankasindikiza hayala wa bungwe la International pomasulira (mu zakumapeto m'buku lakuti Becher), komanso Lamulo la National Bank ya Proudhon. Peter Nikitich maganizo ndi mapeto a 1860s anayamba mfundo zenizeni. Iye anaitana kwa zisinthe zandale ndiponso mu dziko. Mfundo imeneyi ndi zimenenso lofalitsidwa bwalo la Tkachev ndi Nechaev "Program ya kanthu chosintha."

Petro ndi Paulo linga

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti zambiri zimene iye analemba Tkachev PN bala kapena kudutsa zinthu kufufuza, kapena anasankhidwa mu kumangidwa ambiri. Pamene, pa wotsatira wophunzira zipolowe (mu March 1869) Tkachev anamangidwa kachiwiri, iye anakankhira kamodzi 3 milandu zolembalemba. The oyamba - kwa chilengedwe ndi kufalitsa pempho "kwa anthu a!" Amene anayambitsa zofunikira za ophunzira; wachiwiri - kwa buku kusonkhanitsa pansi pa dzina "Ray" lofalitsidwa m'malo woletsedwa "mawu Russian"; lachitatu - chifukwa chakuti anafalitsa buku lakuti "Funso pobereka" E. Becher. Panthawi imeneyi Petro ndi Paulo Linga Peter Nikitich anali malo m'ndende kwa pafupifupi zaka zinayi. Kumayambiriro a 1873 Tkachev ku ukapolo ku Great Luka kunyumba. Kuchokera kumeneko, iye anathawa kunja mothandizidwa ndi M. Kupriyanov, nayenso chosintha.

Kukhala kunja, kutsutsana ndi Chichewa ndi Lavrov

ntchito magazini, mawu kudzagwira, dzikoli mu 1872. Tkachev anayamba kufalitsa nkhani zawo mu "Chifukwa". Komabe, iye sanali lowani dzina lake ndi pseudonyms zosiyanasiyana (Mulimonsemo, P. Grachioli, P. Gy Lee, Taphunzira PN, PN Nyon, P. Nikitin).

Mu London ndi Geneva Peter Nikitich nthawi imodzi ntchito ndi P. L. Lavrovym (chithunzi cha zapatsidwa pamwambazi) pokonzekera kufalitsa magazini "Forward!". Komabe, kale njira oyamba anachitika mu ukapolo, amalembedwa kuimba kwambiri ndi Chichewa ndi Lavrov. Mu 1874 ku Zurich ndi London zinatuluka Tkachev kabuku "chosintha ntchito zokopa ..." ndipo "Open kalata Fridrihu Engelsu." Mkanganowu mwansanga Petro Nikitich mu malo akutali kunja.

Emigrant Literature Chichewa, Lavrov ndi ena anaima pa malo osiyana pang'ono kuposa Peter Nikitich. Akamanena za kusemphana maganizo awiri ndi Tkachev ankaona kulimbana andale ndi chofunika zofunika za ulimi m'tsogolo. Komabe, udindo wa misa limene saganizira zomwe iwo sakanakhoza kuvomereza kwawo ambiri Russian. Malinga ndi iye, ochepa chosintha ayenera kupambana mphamvu, kukhazikitsa boma latsopano, kuti achite kusandulika chosintha, kusonyeza zofuna za anthu. Yotsirizira n'kothandiza ndi zotsatira. Peter Tkachev adasokera maganizo ake kuti ufumu alibe nthaka chikhalidwe mu Russia, kuti si zofuna za kalasi ina. Friedrich Chichewa, nayenso, mu nkhani imene analemba kumatsutsa Tkachev anati maganizo amene ankaona wosalabadira.

kufalitsa magazini "Alamu"

Peter Nikitich, akutuluka "Forward", Anamupeza mbali mwa bwalo la "Cercle Kapolo" (yomasulira - "Asilavo bwalo"), lomwe linali osamuka Chirasha Polish. Ndi thandizo lawo, Tkachev, mu 1875 anayamba kufalitsa magazini "Alamu" mu Geneva. M'magazini ino, anatenga malo a mkonzi. Baibulo limeneli linali Jacobin limba malangizo pafupi Blanquism, kunachitika populism. Tkachev mu nthawi ino poyera malingaliro ake zokomera, kukambirana nkhani ya ongolankhula kulungamitsidwa lamadyerero, njira ndi njira ya kulimbana chosintha. Mu magazini "Alamu" Peter Nikitich imachitika polemics ndi P. L. Lavrovym ndi M. A. Bakuninym. maganizo ake, omwe poyamba analibe zimakhudza kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri akutivutitsa, anayamba kupeza mbali ya mapeto a 1870s lapansi. Izo zinachitika pamene zidzachitika, akusandutsa boma Russian miyambo, ndale ndi zofunikira za kulimbana chosintha.

"Anthu Kumasuka Society"

Mu 1877, Peter Nikitich limodzi ndi otsatira ake anakwanitsa bungwe "National Kumasuka Society." Izi mosamalitsa kucheza conspiratorial analengedwa ntchito Blanquist Communards ku France (Cournet F., Granger E., E. Vaillant neri Al.). Kampani zapansi zochitika zawo pa ena mabwalo Russian (mwachitsanzo, I. M. Kovalskogo ku Odessa ndi Zaichnevsky Orel). Tkachev, mu 1880, ntchito mu nyuzipepala "Mulungu, ngakhalenso mbuye" Blanqui.

Komabe, kukondera ndi Peter Nikitich anakhalabe wolimba kwambiri. Kotero kuti "Narodnaya Volya" (m'mawu V. I. Lenina, ntchito zake anawakonzera mfundo Tkachev) anakana mgwirizano ndi "Alamu", umene ankaganizira poyamba. "Nebati" idaleka buku pambuyo kumasulidwa mwachidule mu 1881 mu nyuzipepala.

Publication pansi pseudonyms zosiyanasiyana

Tkachev, dziko lina, anapitiriza m'magazini malamulo Russian osindikizira pansi pseudonyms zosiyanasiyana, zomwe (lomwelo, Grachioli P. neri Al.), Ife kale zidalembedwa. Monga mmodzi wa antchito chinsinsi "kuchita" Peter Nikitich wakhala nkhani zambiri pa nzeru za anthu, malamulo, mbiri, pedagogy, zachuma ndi ena. Komabe, kamodzi mkonzi wa magazini ino, Ge Blagosvetlov anafa, mgwirizano sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Nkhani zonse kawirikawiri anaonekera Tkachev. Zinaoneka kuti mabuku ndi chosintha ntchito Petra Nikiticha amaziralira, koma izo sizinali choncho.

Pakali pano, taphunzira mfundo zatsopano za zaka zomalizira za moyo wake mu ukapolo Tkachev. Iwo amanena kuti Russian mabuku wotsutsa ndi chosintha anapitiriza kulenga mwachangu. Posachedwapa ine anatha kupeza zokomera nyuzipepala "Alamu" ( "Le Tocsin"), zomwe linasindikizidwa mu South la France (mu Narbonne) mu 1882. Ndemanga za akonzi chifukwa zinalembedwa Tkachev, amene anabisidwa dzina lake pansi pa pseudonym "Gracchus". Ambiri mwina mfundo womkanikizawo tinganene kuti lomaliza.

Popeza November 1882 Tkachev, matenda patsogolo, ndi chifukwa kuti iye anali mu chipatala. Peter Nikitich anafa Paris pa December 23, 1885. Anasankha ntchito muyaya mu mbiri ya zinthu zisinthe.

Nthanthi maganizo Tkachev

Koyamba, zinthu ndi ochuluka osiyanasiyana Tribune-mtolankhani-wandale palibe malo nzeru kwambiri kapena iye wapatsidwa wamng'ono, mwangwiro mwangozi udindo. Zoonadi, kuchokera yokhala mfundo yokha Petr Nikitich Tkachev, zikuoneka chimatithandiza chifukwa kopanda ichi. Ndipotu iye anali wotsutsa woopsa wa machitidwe onse aumunthu.

Komabe, mu imodzi mwa nkhani zake zoyamba (monga lofalitsidwa mu 1863 "Chilamulo metaphysics") Tkachev pulogalamu yake nzeru za kusintha. Iye ananena kuti kufunika kumanga woona, zipatso, moyo nzeru, zomwe ndi mlendo kwa mtundu uliwonse metaphysics. Izo ziyenera olumikizana pamodzi ziwalo za sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, mokakamiza kusungunuka. nzeru ili ndi chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe sayansi. Izo ziyenera kupindula anthu.

Tkachev ngati wolemba zimadza ku vuto la nzeru zabwino. Mu maganizo ake, chiyenera kukhala maziko kusintha kwa dziko, chida sayansi, pachimake pa dziko woona. Monga wandale Petr Nikitich Tkachev mwapadera kudwala matenda a zisinthe, Chaanthu, chilungamo ndi wololera kuti chikhalidwe. Iye anaitana udindo wake nthanthi ya "Kuzindikira" (kapena rationality).

Pano pali munthu chidwi anali Petr Nikitich Tkachev. Zosangalatsa za iye pafupifupi onse okhudzana ndi zisinthe, amene pamoyo wake wonse.