Pulasimidi - plasmids ntchito ndi ...

M'nkhaniyi muli nkhani zamatsenga ndi zovuta nyumba maselo maselo osiyana, kawirikawiri mabakiteriya - plasmids. Apa mudzapeza zambiri pa dongosolo lawo, cholinga, njira kugawanika makhalidwe ambiri ndi zina zambiri.

The plasmids anali

Pulasimidi - DNA ndi molekyulu kuti ali ndi kukula yaing'ono ndi malo thupi wosiyana selo khromozomu kutengera mapangidwe mtundu. Angathe yoyenda yokha ndondomeko kugawanika. Kwenikweni pulasimidi opezeka zamoyo bakiteriya. Kunja, molekyulu ichi ndi wachiphamaso Shackleton zozungulira mawonekedwe. Kwambiri kawirikawiri pulasimidi angapezeke mu archaea ndi eukaryotes.

Childs, mabakiteriya plasmids ali ndi mfundo chibadwa chimene chingawathandize kukana kuti zinthu zina zachilengedwe zikuwononga moyo boma la chamoyo imene ili. Mu mawu ena, pulasimidi akhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mankhwala chifukwa kuchuluka mtendere wa mabakiteriya yokha. ndondomeko anasamutsa plasmids ku mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo Nthawi zambiri. Plasmids - zikhalidwe structural kuti ndi njira posamutsa uthengawu ku maselo kachitidwe yopingasa.

J. Lederberg - maselo zamoyo, wasayansi anachokera ku United States, anayambitsa mfundo pulasimidi mu 1952.

The ooneka enieni ukulu wa plasmids ndi manambala awo

Pulasimidi - dongosolo ndi zosiyanasiyana zamitundu. Mawonekedwe zing'onozing'ono akhoza muli zikwi ziwiri m'munsi awiriawiri kapena zochepa, pamene winayo lalikulu mawonekedwe plasmids chiti ochuluka awiri m'munsi mtundu. Podziwa ichi limakupatsani lembani mzere pakati megaplazmidami ndi mini-DNA. Pali tizilombo kuti akhoza kutchula zosiyanasiyana plasmids. Pankhaniyi, chiwerengero cha chuma kumtundu upambana kukula kwa nkhani ya selo khamu.

chiwerengero cha magazini a plasmids ali mu selo chomwecho, akhoza zimasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu khungu limodzi pangakhale yekha angapo, pamene angapo plasmids ina yofanana abwera kwa makumi kapena mazana. Chiwerengero chawo chifukwa chikhalidwe cha tizilombo ta lapansi.

Pulasimidi - ndi ma structural zinthu angathe kugawanika yoyenda yokha. Ndiko kuti, iwo akhoza motsanzira paokha, popanda kugonjera kulamulira DNA. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kuti asakhale ndi vutoli amatha kudziletsa okha plasmids. Pankhani ya ziyang'aniridwe chiwerengero cha chitidwe pulasimidi zambiri yaing'ono 1-3. Plasmids zamitundu ang'onoang'ono ali osatetezeka ndipo wofooka zochita angalenge magazini.

kugawanika

Bakiteriya pulasimidi angathe kugawanika yoyenda yokha. Komabe, njira imeneyi umamumvera amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana kulamulira chromosomal. Ichi ndi chifukwa chosowa ena majini n'kofunika. Polingalira za michere imeneyi ma aphatikizidwa pulasimidi kugawanika.

kugawanika sitepe lagawidwa ndi mwambo sitepe, elongation ndi kuthetsedwa. DNA polymerase akuyamba kugawanika pokhapokha seeding ntchito phunziroli. Wadera woyamba lotseguka zimachitika priming RNA, namtsata ndi bomba limodzi la unyolo likakhazikitsidwa komanso ufulu 3`-HA mapeto.

Nthawi zambiri, gawo mwambo amapezeka pansi zochita za catalysts mapuloteni ndiyotengera ndi pulasimidi lapansi. Nthawi zina zomanga thupi lomwelo akhoza kulowa ndondomeko vіrabotki phunziroli.

Elongation amapezeka golofermenta ntchito DNA polymerase III (nthawizina ine) ndi zina zomanga thupi ma, wopangidwa mwa replisome.

Kuchotsa kugawanika angayambe pokhapokha ngati pali zinthu zina zimene zimapezeka.

Mfundo za ulamuliro kugawanika

Control kugawanika zimagwirira anachita pa siteji ya mwambo wa tizilombo ta. Zimenezi zimathandiza kusunga chiwerengero cha plasmids mu kuchuluka kwambiri. Kuti molekyulu amatha kuzindikira, ndi:

1. RNA nacho polarity zosiyana.
2. DNA - zinayendera (Iteron).
3. RNA nacho polarity anyamata, ndi mapuloteni.

njira izi chifukwa pafupipafupi kubwereza recreate plasmids mkati m'zinthu cha ndende, nawonso kulemba zolakwika chilichonse ponseponse pafupipafupi.

Mitundu ya limagwirira kugawanika

Pali njira zitatu za kugawanika kwa plasmids:

1. limagwirira Theta tichipeza gawo unwinding 2 madera makolo kaphatikizidwe RNA phunziroli pa chilichonse unyolo, ndi kugawanika mwambo chifukwa kukula kwa covalent mtundu PrNK pa maunyolo komanso kupanga unyolo lolingana ya DNA pa unyolo makolo. Ngakhale kuti kaphatikizidwe ndondomeko zikuchitika pa nthawi yomweyo, wina unyolo ndi mtsogoleri, ndi ena ndi kumbuyo.
2. M'MALO unyolo - kusamutsidwa a kumene opangidwa DNA wina unyolo wa kholo la. The chifukwa cha njira imeneyi aumbike DNA umodzi unyolo mitundu mtundu mphete ndi supercoiled DNA ndi maunyolo awiri. DNA ku unyolo munthu adzakhalanso ina.
3. Anagubuduza bwalo kugawanika limagwirira - kusiyana osakwatiwa-Shackleton ya DNA ntchito Woyimira kunyumba yamalamulo mapuloteni. Izi zimachititsa gulu 3`-o, amene adzachita monga phunziroli ndi. limagwirira izi zichitika kudzera mwa chonyamulira mapuloteni osiyanasiyana khungu, mwachitsanzo, ndi DNA helicase.

Modes wa HIV

Plasmids kulowa khungu, ntchito imodzi mwa njira ziwiri. Njira yoyamba - ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kukhudzana pakati pa foni ndi chonyamulira khungu, amene mulibe plasmids chifukwa cha ndondomeko conjugation. Pali plasmids conjugative akanika, galamu HIV ndi galamu-negative. Yoyamba njira mulinso kupatsira pa nthawi ya transduction kapena kusintha. Njira yachiwiri zachitika chongopeka mwa kuyambitsa plasmids mu selo chamoyo ayenera kupulumuka mawu a majini maselo chotengera, i.e. maselo tikhale zanchito.

ntchito

Udindo plasmids zambiri ndi kupereka khamu selo katundu yeniyeni. Ena mwa iwo sangathe zimakhudza makhalidwe phenotypic mbuye wake, pamene ena angathe kuchititsa akuti katundu TV, chopatsa kuposa maselo ena ofanana. ukulu Izi mwamantha khungu ndi bwino kuona zinthu chokhwima zachilengedwe chimene amakhala. Popeza plasmids ngati kapena foni sadzakhala kukula ndi kukhala, kapena ayi konse adzataika.

Pulasimidi - maselo chigawo multifunctional. Iwo kuchita nambala yaikulu ntchito:

1. Kunyamula mudziwe majini m'kati mwa conjugation lapansi. Kawirikawiri, izo zimapangitsa F-plasmids.
2. Bakteriotsinogennye ulamuliro pulasimidi mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe, zomwe zingachititse kuti imfa ya mabakiteriya ena. Izi makamaka ndi Col-plasmids.
3. Hly-maphatikizidwe pulasimidi chinkhoswe hemolysin.
4. Kuyambitsa kukana kuti zotsatira za zitsulo.
5. R-pulasimidi - bwino kukana kuti wothandizila mankhwala.
6. Ent-pulasimidi - amalola kuti lithe enterotoxins.
7. Ena mwa anawa mlingo wa kukana kuti cheza dzuwa.
8. Plasmids kulamulira antigens kulola bakiteriya guluu wolimba kudzachitika padziko selo thupi nyama.
9. Ena a owayimilira ndi udindo gawo la DNA timafupa, ndiye chiletso ndi kusinthidwa.
10. Plasmids kamera chifukwa pogawanikana pamawere camphor, XYL xylene m'mimba pulasimidi ndi pulasimidi SAL - salicylate.

The mitundu yambiri anaphunzira

Anthu ambiri komanso kuphunzira katundu wa pulasimidi F, R ndi Akol

F-pulasimidi - ndi wotchuka kongativnaya pulasimidi. Ndi episome, ongokhala awiri zikwi zana limodzi m'munsi mtundu. Iwo ali mfundo awo kugawanika poyambira ndi mfundo yopuma. Monga zina plasmids conjugative, chinkhoswe kabisidwe mapuloteni angathe antagonizing kuphatikana ndondomeko pili zamoyo zina bakiteriya kuti makamaka khoma selo.

Kuwonjezera mudziwe muyezo lili loci tra ndi trb, lomwe bungwe wamba yofunika operon munali mazana makumi anayi zikwi m'munsi awiriawiri. Majini ili mu operon ichi, udindo mbali zosiyanasiyana za conjugation lapansi.

R-pulasimidi (chinthu) - ndi DNA ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe annular. DNA plasmids zili ndi mfundo zimene ndi udindo otaya ndikukhazikitsa ndondomeko kugawanika ndi kutengerapo kugonjetsedwa katundu mu selo munthuyo. Iwo kudziwa mlingo wa kukana selo mankhwala ena. Ena mwa R-plasmids ndi conjugative. Choka R-chinthu chifukwa muyezo transduction ndi kugawikana selo. Iwo amatha kukhala anasamutsa pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mzake, kapena ngakhale mabanja.

Ndi mawonekedwe plasmids zimayambitsa mavuto zochizira matenda bakiteriya pogwiritsa ntchito panopa amadziwika wothandizila mankhwala.

Col-plasmids ali ndi udindo kaphatikizidwe wa colicin - wapadera mapuloteni kuti akhoza ziletsa njira kukula ndi kubereka mabakiteriya, kupatula nthandala.

mbali gulu

Dziko lonse la gulu wamangidwa malinga ndi zina zimatha plasmids:

1. Njira kugawanika ndi njira yake ya kutayikira.
2. Pamaso pa osiyanasiyana wamba TV.
3. Features kutengera chiwerengero.
4. Topological makhalidwe a plasmids.
5. Ngakhale.
6. Iye / conjugative pulasimidi.
7. Pamaso pa chikhomo jini ili pulasimidi lapansi.

Komabe, mu njira iliyonse gulu muli tizilombo ta mwambo mfundo.

Mapulogalamu a plasmids

plasmids ntchito pamene ntchito mwa munthu njira kulenga buku anaipanga ya DNA ndi. Plasmids paokha monga vekitala a. Luso kulola kugawanika kwa plasmids kuti recreate DNA zophatikizananso mu chotengera selo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri anazipeza kukonza majini. nthambi izi wa plasmids sayansi analengedwa chongopeka kwa kulanda majini mtundu zambiri kapena kanthu kunyengerera ndi chuma chibadwa.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu izi ma opezeka Masewero makampani ( "Bioshock"). Plasmids kuchita ntchito zinthu zenizeni okhoza opatsa wapadera katundu wa thupi. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti masewera plasmids ndi pafupifupi kanthu kochita ndi weniweni aliyense. masewera anachita mu chowombelera mtundu wanyimbo ndi zinthu RPG, wotchedwa Bioshock, plasmids ndi kusinthidwa chibadwa cha ena katundu wa thupi, ndi kusintha njira zawo kupereka superabilities.