Relief Ukraine: zizindikiro mbali yaikulu ndi makhalidwe

mpumulo Ukraine ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Pali pafupifupi chilichonse: mapiri, zigwa, mapanga, maphompho, akhala wa moti matanthwe ndi ngakhale mumchenga! ndi mbali yaikulu ya mpumulo wa Ukraine chiyani? Mchere umene mitundu ali m'chikondi cha dziko lino? Werengani za izo m'nkhaniyi.

Makamaka Ukraine ndi chithandizo zikuluzikulu chachikulu

Ambiri m'dzikoli ali mkati kapangidwe ikuluikulu - pa East European Plain. Only kumadzulo ndi kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa dziko la Ukraine ataliatali mapiri a sing'anga kutalika. Cacikulu, za 95% ya m'gawo - chigwa, ndipo% 5 wotanganidwa ndi m'mapiri ndi mitandadza.

Zochita za mpumulo wa Ukraine n'zosatheka popanda kutchulanso mfundo zake zapamwamba ndiponso wotsikitsitsa padziko lapansi. Choncho, mu Carpathians Chiyukireniya, kumalire loyang'anira zigawo Transcarpathian ndi Ivano-Frankivsk, ndi phiri lalitali kwambiri mu dziko - Goverla. msinkhu wake wachilengedwe 2061 mita. Chaka chilichonse, zikwizikwi za Ukrainians chitunda kuti udachitikira ake. Koma pa Kuyal'nitskogo estuary (Odessa dera) ndi mfundo kunsi kwa Ukraine (opanda mamita 5 pamwamba pa nyanja).

dziko lapansili pa dera la Ukraine ano chinapangidwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, kwa nyengo ambiri miyala. chitukuko anali nawonso anakopeka ndi magulu tectonic ndi glaciations atsopano ndi wamphamvu kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zimachititsa chilumbachi a Ukraine izo zimapangitsa kufufuza kwambiri ndi chidwi chenicheni. Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri kuti wasiya chizindikiro chake ndi kuchita ziwawa anthu.

Mitundu ya mpumulo Ukraine kwambiri kuzifotokoza zosiyanasiyana. Pali mapiri ndi zigwa, otsika ndi uplands. Karst, otsetsereka, aeolian, kukokololoka kwa madzi, glacial ndi biogenic - onse a mitundu imeneyi mpumulo angapezeke mu madera osiyana a dziko.

General makhalidwe a zimachititsa chilumbachi la Ukraine

Kumbali ya orography a gawo lonse la Ukraine akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: gombe komwe chimakhala chogwidwa ndi okwera mtheradi mamita oposa 200, ndi banki kumanzere, kutalika mtheradi umene uli kawirikawiri mamita oposa 200 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Mbali yaikulu ya mpumulo mu kumanja gombe mbali ya Ukraine - ndi kuchuluka kwa mapiri pakubwezeretsa, kusiyana kwambiri za okwera pa alili, kugawa kwambiri a mitundu karst. M'mphepete kumanzere amachuluka m'madera limagwirizana a padziko lapansi, ndi zigwa bwino anayamba mtsinje ndi maukonde wandiweyani ndi zigwembe.

Pafupifupi lonse kumpoto mbali ya Ukraine kulamulidwa ndi Polesye m'zigwa ndi okwera pafupifupi mamita 100-250. Only kumpoto kwa Zhytomyr waima Slovechansko-Ovruch mitengoyi ndi kutalika pazipita mamita 316. Mwa nkhalango ndi zithaphwi za m'zigwa pafupipafupi landforms glacial ndi aeolian.

Ambiri mwa Western Ukraine amatenga Podolsk zomwe zili, komanso angapo mitandadza otsika-phiri (Voronyaki, Gologory ndi ena). Apa lili ndi Khotyn zomwe zili ndi chimbuzi cha mbali mosabisa za dziko - phiri Byrd (mamita 515).

Mpumulo wa kum'mawa kwa Ukraine zimagwiritsa mosabisa. chongosangalatsa ichi pang'ono dilutes wa Donetsk Ridge, Azov ndi zomwe zili, chimathandiza kuti abwere mu dziko kumpoto-kum'mawa. Pafupifupi kum'mwera lonse la Ukraine (komanso mbali ya kumpoto Crimea chilumba) amatenga yaikulu Black Sea m'zigwa, utali wapakatikati zimasiyanasiyana pakati pa mamita 80-120.

Thandizo la Ukraine limaoneka osati kwa zigwa, koma ranges phiri. Mu kutali kumadzulo kwa dziko ili Chiyukireniya Carpathians, wopangidwa mwa zitunda angapo matanthauzo yomweyi.

Mwachidule za chuma mchere wa dziko

Ukraine pakati mayiko pamwamba khumi ndi nkhokwe okwana chuma mchere. Chuma chachikulu cha dziko - ndi chitsulo miyala ndi okhutira ndi mkulu wa Ferrum. madipoziti Aika ali anaikira mu kryvbas. migodi miyala ikuchitika kuyambira cha m'ma XIX.

Ambiri, mu Ukraine pali pa 20 zikwi miyala ya oposa mazana a mchere osiyana. Pakati pawo, malasha, lignite, sulfure, gasi, mchere potaziyamu, chitsulo ndi manganese ores, phosphorites, granites, marl, Amber ndi ena.

Zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi Zachilengedwe a Ukraine ali kwambiri zogwirizana. Choncho, nkhokwe zazikulu khala ndi anaikira mu Donetsk osiyanasiyana, mafuta ndi mpweya - Poltava kumveka. Ndi zolosera za crystalline chishango pa Dnieper zomwe zili sachoka madipoziti yaikulu ya chitsulo ndi manganese ores. Nedra Podolsk zomwe zili wolemera kwambiri zosiyanasiyana zipangizo yomanga yaiwisi.

Podolsk zomwe zili

Podolsk zomwe zili - orographic dongosolo, amene ali pafupifupi 15% ya m'dera la Ukraine. chimathandiza kum'mwera Amenenso ndi gawo la loyandikana Moldova. The chimbuzi cha phiri - phiri Kamuli (471 mita). The okwera pafupifupi mamita 300-350.

Podolsky okwera Amakhala makamaka a miyala, sandstone, shale ndi marl. Choncho, apa mwachangu ncho zosiyanasiyana zomangira. Mu mpumulo pa phiri akuonekera magulu payekha: Opole, Gologory, Voronyaki, Kremenets mapiri, Tovtry ndi ena.

Mu Podillya Chiyukireniya sizachilendo Karst. Only kum'mwera kwa dera Ternopil, pali za 100 mapanga. Mwa iwo motalikitsa gypsum choonera Europe - tisafooke. The utali wonse wa sitiroko ake Akuti kukhala makilomita 250.

Black Sea lowland

Black Sea m'zigwa ali pafupi kum'mwera lonse la Ukraine, anakafika kwa Ismayeli kuti Berdyansk. Ndi athyathyathya ndipo pang'ono anapambutsa kwa nyanja Plain ndi okwera pafupifupi mamita 80-120.

Kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera ankawoloka lowland chigwa cha mitsinje zitatu - ndi Dnieper, Dniester ndi Kumwera Bug. Mu watersheds a mitsinje iyi pali njira yapadera mpumulo - otchedwa nyemba. Izi ang'onoang'ono anamaliza kuchepetsa padziko lapansi, anapanga chifukwa cha subsidence wa particles kwambiri.

Pa kugombe la Black ndi Azov nyanja anapanga mitsinje zikuluzikulu (Dnieper, Dniester, mkaka, etc.), komanso kuchuluka kwa amalavulira yopapatiza mchenga ndi tizilumba tina.

Carpathians Chiyukireniya

Chiyukireniya Carpathians - ali mbali ya yaikulu Carpathian mapiri, limene lili mu dera la kumadzulo kwa dziko ndi chimakwirira kudera la mbali zinayi. Iwo amakhala ndi zitunda angapo kufanana zochokera mu malangizo ochokera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa kum'mwera chakum'mawa. Pakati pa iwo ndi zozama kwambiri kotenga ufa.

The utali wonse wa Carpathians Chiyukireniya ndi 280 Km, ndipo m'lifupi pafupifupi - m'ma 110 Km. Okwana m'dera phiri chimakwirira pafupifupi 24,000 makilomita lalikulu, lomwe angafanane ndi malire a dera Mykolayiv.

Kapangidwe Geological a dongosolo phiri chogwidwa madipoziti chalky ndi limestones Jurassic ndi schists. Chuma mchere ndi yotengedwa mafuta, mafuta ndi mchere phula. Pali malo ambiri kuchiritsa madzi mchere.

Montenegro - lokwera pamwamba pa Chiyukireniya

Mu Carpathians Ukraine, pali asanu otchedwa dvuhtysyachnika - Mountains pamwamba chilemba cha mamita 2000. Ndi mapiriwo: Hoverla, Petros, Brebeneskul, Pip Ivan Chernogorsky, Gutin Tomatnik ndi nthiti. Iwo onse zili mkati mapiri - ndi Chimontenegirini.

Chornogora Ridge angatchedwe zotsatira za Carpathians zonse Chiyukireniya. Iye nkobwerera otchuka pakati alendo. Lokwera akutambasula pafupifupi 20 makilomita ndi okulira zochitika East mtsinje awiri European - ndi Tisza ndi Prut.

Osiyanasiyana Montenegro ndi asymmetrical. otsetsereka kum'mwera mofulumira kugwa pansi ndi n'zosathandiza nthambi. Koma kumpoto M'malo mwake, yodziwika ndi digiri yapamwamba ya nthambi ndi yafupika tiers. Against Montenegro kuwona landforms glacial - boilers yaing'ono, ledges miyala ndi moraine zitunda.

Tovtry - wapadera zachilengedwe mapangidwe

Ponena za mpumulo Ukraine, osati kutchula Tovtry. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa chidwi kwambiri formations geomorphological mu dziko. Mu dziko muli ochepa anzake.

Chibadwa Tovtry - ndi yaikulu m'nyanja kuti anatambasula makilomita mazana angapo. Iye anachokera pafupi ndi mudzi Pidkamin Lviv dera, ndipo itha pafupi ndi mzinda wa Costesti, ndi kale pa dera la Moldova. Anthu mamiliyoni zapitazo m'dera akuwaza ofunda Sarmatian Nyanja, zamoyo zomwe maluwa chitayiko mtundu. Grand Toltrovy osiyanasiyana monga zimene ife tikuziwona lero - ichi sichina, chifukwa cha izi njira yogwira kwachilengedwenso.

Tovtry m'lifupi Mitandadza pa 4 ndi 12 Km ndi okwera mamita mpaka 430. Utali wonse wa lokwera pali quarries 65, pamene ncho miyala gypsum ndi dongo.

Anthropogenic mpumulo mu Ukraine

Relief Ukraine wakhala kwambiri kusinthidwa ndi zochita za anthu a zachuma mu theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri. Izi makamaka noticeable m'madera monga Donbass kapena Kryvbas kumene m'zigawo za zitsulo ndi malasha kuchokera ku dziko mwachangu maphunziro.

Choncho, m'mizinda yambiri padziko zambiri Donetsk ndi Luhansk dera mazana zikuwunjizikana. Ang'onoang'ono phirilo zooneka mapiri, wopangidwa mwa zinyalala thanthwe - mtundu wa mwa zinthu za makampani malasha. Koma dziko Kryvorizhzhya monga sefa, yokutidwa ndi mabomba, zolephera ndi zimaphala yaikulu m'dera ndi kuya chitsulo miyala miyala.

Komanso, njira ya Dnieper ndi angapo aakulu mitsinje ya Ukraine anali oletsedwa ndi madamu aakulu. Chifukwa, gawo lalikulu chabe mbisoweka pansi pa madzi, ndi chithandizo cha malo ozungulira wakhala kopambana zinasinthidwa.

Choncho, yogwira ntchito munthu pa dera la Ukraine mu zaka mazana makumi awiri kwambiri kusandulika chikhalidwe cha pamwamba, kupanga mtundu watsopano wa mpumulo.