Sodium mbali. ndi sodium chilinganizo

Sodium - wina wa zitsulo soda. Zamkatimu zinthu mankhwala atachitira monga atomu a nthawi yachitatu ndi gulu loyamba.

thupi katundu

M'chigawo chino, sodium khalidwe mawu a sayansi tidzakambirana. Kuyamba ndi kuyamba, mu maonekedwe ake angwiro, siliva olimba kukhala luster zachitsulo ndi kuuma otsika. Sodium ndi zofewa kuti mosavuta kudula ndi mpeni. Limatsogolera mfundo za mankhwala ndi otsika kwambiri ndi makumi asanu ndi anayi madigiri Celsius. Kulemera atomiki wa sodium, inunso pang'ono za izo, tidzakambirana ina. The kachulukidwe ya chitsulo wofanana 0,97 g / masentimita ^3.

Chemical mapangidwe a sodium wochuluka

mchitidwe uwu ali ndi ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri - izo amatha mwamsanga ndipo angachite nkhanza ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Komanso, tebulo ya zinthu mankhwala kudziwa mtengo monga misa molar - chifukwa ndi sodium ndi makumi awiri atatu. Mfuko chimodzi - ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala amene muli 6,02 x 10 23 maatomu digiri (maselo ngati chinthu chovuta). Kudziwa misa molar wa mchitidwe wa, n'zotheka kudziwa kuchuluka adzakhala wolingalira enieni timadontho-timadontho veschetsva. Mwachitsanzo, timadontho-timadontho awiri ndi sodium akulemera magalamu makumi asanu. Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, yogwira zitsulo - mmodzi wa zotakasika kwambiri, amanena za soda, motero, akhoza kupanga okusayidi soda (amphamvu m'munsi).

Monga oxides anapanga

zinthu zonse wa gulu limeneli, kuphatikizapo pa nkhani ya sodium, akhoza akamagwira kuyaka poyambira. Choncho, pali zochita za zitsulo ndi mpweya, imbaenda kuna mapangidwe okusayidi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuwotcha timadontho-timadontho anayi ndi sodium pa Mole mpweya zonse ndipo kupeza timadontho-timadontho awiri okusayidi zitsulo. Dongosolo la okusayidi ndi sodium - Na ₂ O. The aone kuti pali zimene ali motere: 4Na + O ₂ = 2Na ₂ O. Ngati mankhwala anawonjezera kuti madzi chifukwa popangidwa ndi soda - NaOH.

Kutenga Mole imodzi okusayidi ndi madzi timapeza mol awiri maziko a. Apa zimene aone kuti pali: Na ₂ O + H ₂ O = 2NaOH. Nkhani chifukwa amatchedwanso caustic koloko. Ichi ndi chifukwa katundu kutchulidwa zamchere ndi mkulu mankhwala aktivnotyu. Monga zidulo amphamvu, caustic koloko amachitira ndi zitsulo salt wofooka, mankhwala organic, etc. Pa mogwirizana ndi zimene salt kuwombola amapezeka - .. A mchere latsopano likakhazikitsidwa komanso m'munsi latsopano. ndi sodium hydroxide njira mosavuta kuwononga nsalu, mapepala, khungu, misomaliyo, kotero kumafuna malamulo a chitetezo pamene ntchito ndi iye. Zona ndi sodium hydroxide makampani mankhwala monga chothandizira ndi, komanso moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku monga njira kuthetsa vuto la machubu yatsekera.

Zochita ndi halogens

Ndi nkhani yamasewera, wopangidwa mwa zinthu mankhwala zokhudza gulu chiwiri a dongosolo nthawi. Mu mndandanda kumaphatikizapo fluoro, iodo, chloro, bromo. Sodium wokhoza kuchita ndi onse a iwo, kupanga mankhwala monga mankhwala enaake / bromide / iodide / fluoride ndi sodium. Yokwaniritsira zimene muyenera kuchita timadontho-timadontho awiri a zitsulo, kuwonjezera thereto Mole imodzi fluoride. Chotsatira ndi sodium fluoride mu kuchuluka kwa timadontho-timadontho awiri. Zimenezi akhoza kulembedwa ngati aone kuti pali kuti: Na + F ₂ = 2NaF. Sodium fluoride, zimene ife ntchito kupanga mankhwala otsukira mano ndi mano, komanso detergents kwa zosiyanasiyana pamalo. Mofananamo, kuwonjezera chlorine zilipo sodium kolorayidi (khitchini mchere), sodium iodide, amene ntchito kupanga nyali zitsulo halide, sodium bromide, ntchito ngati medicament kwa neuroses tulo, chipwirikiti ndi matenda ena ya ubongo.

Ndi zinthu zina losavuta

Likupezeka ndi sodium wochuluka anachita ndi phosphorous, Sulfa (sulfure), mpweya (mpweya). mtundu Izi zimachititsanso mankhwala akhoza kuchitika kokha pa nkhani ya makonzedwe apadera mu mawonekedwe a kutentha. Choncho, pali Kuwonjezera anachita. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupeza zinthu monga phosphide sodium, sulfide ndi sodium, sodium carbide.

Mwachitsanzo, ubwenzi wa ma atomu chitsulo maatomu phosphorous. Ngati timatenga timadontho-timadontho atatu zitsulo ndi Mole mmodzi wa chigawo chachiwiri, kenako kutenthetsa iwo timapeza Mole imodzi phosphide ndi sodium. Zimenezi akhoza kulembedwa ngati aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: 3Na + = Na ₃ P P. Komanso, sodium akhoza kutani ndi asafe ndi wa hydrogen. Mbali yoyamba, ndi nitride chitsulo ichi, lachiwiri - hydride. Monga zitsanzo za zochita mankhwala amenewa aone kuti pali: 6Na + N2 = 2Na ₃ N; 2Na + H2 = 2NaH. Yokwaniritsira mogwirizana choyamba kumafuna kumaliseche magetsi, wachiwiri - mkulu kutentha.

Zochita ndi zidulo

Mu losavuta zinthu Chemical ndi sodium malekezero khalidwe. zitsulo ichinso amachitira ndi zidulo onse. Monga Chifukwa mankhwala ankachita anapanga ndi sodium mchere ndi wa hydrogen. Mwachitsanzo, mchere khitchini likakhazikitsidwa komanso wa hydrogen, amene ukuphwera pa zimene zitsulo ndi hydrochloric acid. Kufotokoza linachepa pogwiritsa ntchito zimene aone kuti pali: Na + HCl = NaCl + H _2. Mtundu uwu wa mogwirizana amatchedwa mankhwala M'MALO anachita. Ndi kumalo ake akhoza kukhala mchere monga mankwala, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate sulfite, sodium carbonate.

Mogwirizana ndi salt

Sodium amachitira ndi mchere wa zitsulo zina kuposa potaziyamu ndi calcium (ali reactivity kuposa chinthu pansi kulingalira). Pankhaniyi, monga yapita, M'MALO anachita amapezeka. Maatomu maatomu zitsulo oti mankhwala zambiri ofooka zitsulo. Choncho, mwa kusakaniza timadontho-timadontho awiri soda ndi Mole imodzi ya magnesium nitrate kupeza nitrate ndi sodium mu kuchuluka kwa timadontho-timadontho awiri, oyera mankhwala enaake a - mol wina. Lembani zimene aone kuti pali tinganene kuti: 2Na + mg (NO _{3) 2} = 2NaNO ₃ + mg. Mfundo imeneyi akhoza zopezera ndi ena ambiri salt ndi sodium. Komanso njira izi zikhoza kuwapeza salt zitsulo zake.

Kodi chimachitika n'chiyani ngati inu kuwonjezera madzi ndi sodium

Mwina mmodzi wa zinthu ambiri pa dziko. Ndiponso ankaona zitsulo angathe mankhwala anatani nazo. Izi mitundu afotokozedwa kale pamwambapa koloko caustic kapena hydroxide ndi sodium.

Kuchita zimenezi zingachitike ayenera kutenga timadontho-timadontho awiri a sodium, kuwonjezera madzi, nayenso, mu chiwerengero cha timadontho-timadontho awiri, ndi chifukwa timapeza timadontho-timadontho awiri hydroxide pa Mole a haidrojini amene anali yekhayekha monga mpweya ndi fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala.

Sodium ndi zotsatira zake pa zamoyo

Popeza kuti takambilana zitsulo yogwira kwa mankhwala amazionera, ife chitani zimene ndi sodium chikhalidwe kwachilengedwenso. Iye ni mmodzi wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kufufuza. Choyamba, iye ndi mmodzi mwa zigawo selo nyama. Apa, izo amagwira ntchito zofunika: ndi potaziyamu amakhala Kakhungu kuthekera, kumatanthauza mapangidwe ndi kafalitsidwe wa mitsempha mopupuluma pakati pa maselo ndi chinthu chofunika kwa njira osmotic mankhwala (zimene zimafunika Mwachitsanzo, ogwira ntchito maselo a impso). Komanso, sodium ndi udindo bwino madzi amchere maselo. Ndiponso, popanda izi amafotokozera mankhwala sangakhale mayendedwe a shuga magazi, kotero koyenera kuti kugwira ntchito kwa ubongo. Koma zitsulo izi zimafunika mu ndondomeko ya chidule minofu.

mchere Izi kufufuza chofunika osati nyama - ndi sodium mu mbewu thupi komanso amagwira ntchito zofunika: izo nawo mu ndondomeko ya photosynthesis, kuthandiza kunyamula chakudya, komanso koyenera kuti ndimeyi zinthu organic ndi zochita kupanga kudzera Kakhungu lapansi.

Owonjezera soda ndi kusowa

Ndi chodziwa zili anapatsidwa mankhwala amafotokozera mu thupi zingachititse mowa kwambiri a mchere kwa nthawi yaitali. Zizindikiro kungakhale owonjezera malungo sodium, kutupa, irritability, mkhutu impso ntchito. Mu chochitika zizindikiro ayenera amachotsedwa zakudya tebulo mchere ndi zakudya zambiri zitsulo (mndandanda adzakhala pansipa), ndiye pitani kuchipatala mwamsanga. Yafupika ndi sodium zili mu thupi komanso kumabweretsa zizindikiro zosasangalatsa matenda a ziwalo. Leach yogwira mankhwala mchitidwe mungathe makonzedwe aakulu a okodzetsa kapena pamene ntchito kumwa yekha mwayeretsa (otchezedwa) madzi pa thukuta ndi ludzu. Zizindikiro za kusowa ndi sodium ndi ludzu, khungu louma ndipo zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana mucous, kunyansidwa ndi kusanza, chilakolako osauka, mkhutu chikumbumtima ndipo ulesi, tachycardia, wathunthu kutha kwa ntchito impso.

Zamgululi imene ambiri ndi sodium

Pofuna kupewa mopambanitsa kapena otsika kwambiri mu thupi ankaona chinthu mankhwala, m'pofunika kudziwa zimene chakudya kwambiri. Choyamba, uyu ndiye tebulo mchere otchulidwa pamwambapa. Iwo limapangidwa peresenti makumi anai a sodium wochuluka. Zingakhalenso nyanja mchere. Komanso, zitsulo ali soya ndi msuzi soya. A wambirimbiri ndi sodium anati mu nsomba. Seaweed ichi, mitundu yambiri ya nsomba, nkhanu, nyamayi, nyama nkhanu, mazira, ndi khansa zina. The zili ndi sodium mwa iwo chifukwa chakuti zamoyo izi zimapezeka mu mchere sing'anga ndi mkulu wa ndende salt zinthu zosiyanasiyana ofunikira uziyenda yachibadwa ya thupi.

Ntchito zitsulo izi ndi zina mankhwala ake

Ntchito ndi sodium makampani imagwira kwambiri. Choyamba, thunthu ntchito makampani mankhwala a. Apa m'pofunika kuti apange zinthu monga hydroxide wa zitsulo, fluoride ake, sulfates ndi ku feteleza. Komanso, ntchito ngati amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizila - kwa kudzipatula zitsulo choyera kuchokera salt awo. Pali wapadera luso ndi sodium ntchito mafomu amenewa. katundu wake anakonza GOST 3273-75. Mogwirizana ndi tatchulawa amphamvu katundu kuchepetsa wa sodium wochuluka izo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zitsulo.

Komanso, izi amafotokozera mankhwala wapeza ntchito zake makampani famatsevticheskoy kumene nthawi zambiri zofunika kupeza bromide ake, amene ndi yaikulu zikuluzikulu za mankhwala ambiri ndi antidepressants. Komanso, sodium angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga nyali anabisa - izi chowala chikasu kuwala kochokera. Chotero mankhwala pawiri monga ndi sodium chlorate (NaClO _{3) zawonongeka} zomera wamng'ono, choncho ntchito kuchotsa kwake kwa njanji mayendedwe kuteteza overgrowth masika. Sodium cyanide chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani kupeza golide. Ndi kuti, chitsulo ndi kuwapeza miyala.

Monga kukonzekera ndi sodium

The njira ambiri ndi zochita za carbonate zitsulo ndi mpweya. Pakuti ichi m'pofunika kutenthetsa zinthuzi awiri kutentha madigiri za chikwi Celsius. Chifukwa, ici ulikubala mankhwala awiri monga soda ndi mpweya chadny. Mu zimene Mole imodzi carbonate ndi sodium ndi timadontho-timadontho awiri mpweya kupeza timadontho-timadontho awiri a zitsulo anakhumba ndi timadontho-timadontho atatu a carbon monoxide. Zotsatirazi anachita aone kuti pali akhoza kulembedwa motere: NaCO ₃ + 2C = 2Na + 3SO. Mofananamo, yogwira mankhwala mchitidwe akhoza kuwapeza mankhwala ena.

zochita Mkhalidwe

Kukhalapo ndi sodium + komanso cations wina aliyense kapena anions zingadziŵike mwa mwai wapadera mankhwala. Yankho Mkhalidwe kwa ion ndi sodium ikuyaka - vuto la kukhalapo kwa lawi yake akuda ku chikasu.

Kodi mukhoza kukumana ndi malipoti mchitidwe mankhwala chikhalidwe

Choyamba, monga zanenedwa, ndi imodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu maselo onse nyama ndi zomera. Komanso woipa ake mkulu m'nyanjamo. Komanso, sodium ali m'gulu zikuchokera mchere ena. Mwachitsanzo, sylvinite, chilinganizo - NaCl • KCl, komanso carnallite, amene chilinganizo KCl • MgCl ₂ • 6H ₂ O. The woyamba ali ndi dongosolo inhomogeneous ndi alternating mbali akuda, lalanje angayambe mtundu wake, pinki, buluu , wofiira. mchere Izi kwathunthu sungunuka m'madzi. Carnallite, malingana ndi malo mapangidwe zosafunika ndi Mwina mulinso mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zimakhala wofiira, wachikasu, woyera, kuwala buluu ndi poyela. Iye ali luster mdima, kuwala kuwala ndi refracted mmenemo kwambiri. mchere awiri ntchito ngati zipangizo za ulimi wa zitsulo, amene m'gulu zikuchokera awo: sodium, potaziyamu, magnesium.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti zitsulo, zomwe takambirana m'nkhani ino, ndi imodzi mwa ambiri mu chikhalidwe monga nusu misa mu kutumphuka padziko lapansi ndi awiri ndi theka peresenti.