Soviet Mphamvu Air (VVS USSR): mbiri ya Soviet ndege zankhondo

Mbiri ya Soviet ndege nkhondo inayamba mu 1918. Soviet Air Force unakhazikitsidwa imodzi ndi asilikali watsopano dziko. Mu 1918-1924 gg. anaitanidwa ndi ogwira ntchito ndi Alimi 'Red zombo, mu 1924-1946 gg. - Air Force Red Army. Izo zinali kokha pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse panali dzina mwachizolowezi wa USSR Air Force, zomwe mpaka kugwa kwa boma la Soviet.

imachokera

The ankangoganiza za Bolsheviks kuchokera pamene anakhala nkhondo ndi "woyera". Nkhondo Civil ndi mwazi sikunachitekepo sanathe kukakamizidwa kuchita popanda kumanga amphamvu ankhondo, bulu ndi mpweya mphamvu. Pamene ndege anali akadali curiosities, ndi kuzunzidwa awo misa anayamba penapake ina. Russian Ufumu anasiya zotsatira za mphamvu Soviet kugawanika wosakwatiwa, imene inali chitsanzo wotchedwa "Ilya Muromets". Izi C-22 inakhala maziko a tsogolo la Soviet Air Force.

Mu 1918, panali 38 squadrons, ndipo mu 1920, Air Force zombo - kale 83. Pa amadzibisa la Civil nkhondo ankagwira pafupifupi 350 ndege. Atsogoleri a RSFSR anali akadali akuchita chirichonse kupulumutsa ndi overstate Ballooning achifumu cholowa. Woyamba Soviet mkulu ndege wamkulu anali Konstantin Akashev amene ankakhulupirira mfundo imeneyi 1919-1921.

ophiphiritsa

tsogolo la USSR Air Force mbendera anavomerezedwa mu 1924 (poyamba ankaona aerodrome mbendera ya dongosolo ndege ndi mayunitsi). Background nsalu anakhala dzuwa. Pakati anali chithunzi cha nyenyezi wofiira, mkati - nyundo ndi chikwakwa. Ndiyeno panali ena otchulidwa kuzindikira: siliva kuuluka mapiko ndi masamba tinakwera.

Monga USSR Air Force mbendera mbendera anali ovomerezeka mu 1967. Chithunzichi zatchuka kwambiri. Za iye sanaiwale ngakhale pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mu 2004 tinalandira mbendera ofanana ya Russian Federation Air Force. Kusiyanaku zazing'ono: chinazilala wofiira nyenyezi, nyundo ndi chikwakwa, panali odana ndege mfuti.

Development mu 1920-1930-ntchentche.

Atsogoleli a Civil nkhondo, anali kukonza tsogolo asilikali wa USSR mu zikhalidwe za chisokonezo ndi chisokonezo. Only atagonjetsedwa za "woyera" kuyenda ndi chilengedwe cha boma coherent mwayi woti ayambe ndi ziŵalo yachibadwa la ndegeyo. Mu 1924, anthu ogwira ntchito 'ndi Alimi' Red Air zombo anadzatchedwa ndi Air Force Red Army. Pali latsopano kasamalidwe mpweya mphamvu.

Mu Dipatimenti osiyana anali reorganized zoponya mabomba, umene anapanga patsogolo kwambiri pa nthawi imeneyo legkobombardirovochnye kunagwa yoponya mabomba Squadron. Mu 1930s ndi kwambiri chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha olimbana ndi gawo nzeru M'malo mwake, utachepa. Panali woyamba wosiyanasiyana ndege (monga P-6 anamanga Andrei Tupolev). makina izi zikhoza kukhala mofanana ogwira kutumikira monga zoponya mabomba, oponya zoponya mabomba ndi losatha kuperekezedwa womenya.

Mu 1932, asilikali a Soviet Union analandira mtundu watsopano wa asilikali airborne. Mu Airborne anali zoyendera ndi reconnaissance wake zida. Patatha zaka zitatu, ngakhale mwambo anakhazikitsa pa Civil nkhondo, gulu latsopano asilikali anali anayambitsa. Tsopano oyendetsa Air Force basi kukhala adindo. Makoma a sukulu mbadwa ndi masukulu zouluka, aliyense kusiya ndi udindo wa mkulu chachiwiri.

Pofika mu 1933, watsopano chitsanzo mndandanda "Ine" (kwa I-2 I-5) wakhala akunenera za Air Force wa USSR. Iwo anali ozimitsa biplanes, anayamba Dmitriem Grigorovichem. Kwa zaka woyamba khumi la zombo Soviet ndege asilikali ananenanso mu 2.5. The gawo magalimoto kunja zochepa peresenti ochepa.

Air Force holide

Mofanana mu 1933 (malinga ndi chigamulo cha Bungwe la Commissars Anthu a) inakhazikitsidwa ndi a Soviet Air Force Tsiku. Monga tsiku chikondwerero mu Sovnarkome anasankha 18 August. Mwalamulo, tsiku anapima kuti lifanane ndi mapeto a maphunziro pachaka chilimwe. Miyambo holide wakhala pamodzi Mpikisano zosiyanasiyana ndi mipikisano pa njira ya maphunziro pilotage, mwatsatanetsatane ndi moto, ndi zina zotero. D.

Tsiku la Air Force wa USSR ankagwiritsa ntchito kulimbikitsa boma ndi asilikali ndege pakati misa Soviet proletarian. Zikondwerero pa nthawi ya mwambo panafika nthumwi za mafakitale Osoaviahima ndi Civil Air zombo. Likulu la holide pachaka anali airfield chapakati dzina la Mikhail Frunze mu Moscow.

Mwambo woyamba kwambiri chidwi akatswiri osati ndi anthu a likulu, komanso alendo ambiri mzinda, komanso oimira boma la limati yachilendo. Holide sakanakhoza kuchita wopanda nawo Iosifa Stalina, mamembala a Komiti chapakati cha CPSU (b) ndi boma.

kusintha kachiwiri

Mu 1939, Soviet Air Mphamvu anapulumuka reformatting wina. poyamba brigade bungwe lawo lakhala m'malo mwa chigawo ano ndi regimental. Kudzera kusintha, Union utsogoleri asilikali ankafuna kuonjezera zotsatira za ndege. Pambuyo kusinthika, yatsopano Force zofunika mwatsatanetsatane wagawo - Regiment (kuti inkakhala 5 squadron, amene okwana ali ku 40 60 ndege).

Madzulo a Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, chiwerengero cha kuukira ndi yoponya mabomba ndege anali 51% ya zombo okwana. Mbalinso ya USSR Air Force m'gulu womenya ndi nzeru kugwirizana. M'dziko izo opareshoni masukulu 18 m'makoma kuti kukonzekera ndodo latsopano la Soviet ndege zankhondo. njira zophunzitsira pang'onopang'ono modernized. Poyamba kugwirizana kwa ogwira Soviet (ndege, panyanja, amaphunzitsidwa, ndi zina zotero. D.) M'mbuyo chithunzi chogwirizana naye ku maiko capitalist, chaka ndi chaka, kusiyana kuti anali kukhala zazing'ono.

Zinachitikira Spanish

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pambuyo yopuma yaitali, ndege Soviet Air Force atayesedwa anamenyana pa Spanish Civil nkhondo yomwe inayamba mu 1936. Soviet Union amapereka wochezeka "anasiya" Boma, amene anamenyana ndi Nationalists. Ku Soviet Union anapita ku Spain, osati zida za nkhondo, komanso kufuna kwawo oyendetsa. Ndi bwino kusonyeza I-16, amene anatha kusonyeza kwambiri bwino kuposa ndege Luftwaffe.

chokuchitikirani chimene nawo oyendetsa Soviet ku Spain, zinathandiza kwambiri. maphunziro ambiri kuphunziridwa osati mivi, koma reconnaissance mlengalenga. Pochokera Spain, akatswiri patsogolo mofulumira mu utumiki, kuti chiyambi cha Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, ambiri a iwo anakhala Colonel ndi akazembe. Ndi nthawi yapadera imene idzachitike kunja chinachitikira pamodzi kudzawomba purges kwambiri Stalinist asilikali. Kupondereza kukhudzidwa ndi ndege. NKVD anamuchotsa anthu ambiri amene ankamenyana ndi zambiri "woyera".

Great kukonda dziko lako Nkhondo

Mikangano ya 1930s inasonyeza kuti Soviet Air Force ayi wolephera European. Komabe, likubwerali dziko nkhondo ndi n'kale lonse mikono mtundu zinachitika mu World Old. Okhazikika bwino ku Spain, I 153 ndipo ine-15 pa nthawi ya kuukira German pa Soviet Union nyaa achikale. Chiyambi cha Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo chinali tsoka kwa Soviet Air Force. Adani analanda dzikoli mosayembekezera, chifukwa ichi mwadzidzidzi ndapeza mwayi kwambiri. airfields Soviet m'malire a azungu pansi bombardment choopsa. Mu maola loyamba la nkhondo anawononga nambala yaikulu ndege watsopano, ndipo anali anakwanitsa kusiya hangars awo (malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, chithunzi inali pafupi 2 zikwi).

Anasamutsidwa makampani Soviet anali kuthetsa mavuto angapo nthawi imodzi. Choyamba, Soviet Air Force akusowa wodzipangitsa mwamsanga chifukwa zomvetsa, popanda zomwe kunali kosatheka kuti mupereke nkhondo ofanana. Chachiwiri, pa nkhondo ya okonza kusintha zambiri kuti makina atsopano, motero poyankha mavuto luso la mdani.

Ambiri a anthu zoopsa zaka zinayi Il-2 ndi Yak-1 linatuluka. zitsanzo ziwiri izi palimodzi nkhani za theka la zombo zoweta ndege. "Yak" kupambana The chifukwa chakuti ndege inali nsanja yabwino zosintha zambiri ndipo akamapemphera. Chitsanzo choyambirira, anayambitsa mu 1940, modifies kangapo. okonza Soviet anayesetsa "Yaqui" sanali kwanthawi kumbuyo mu chitukuko ku German "Messerschmitt" (kotero apo Yak-3 ndi Yak-9).

Ndi pakati pa nkhondo mu mlengalenga, Ndakupatsani parity, ndipo kenako ndege Soviet Union ndipo anayamba kupambana pa makina onse mdani. Analengedwa ndi ena otchuka yoponya mabomba, kuphatikizapo Lachiwiri-2 Pe-2. Red Star (utoto pa fuselage wa USSR chizindikiro / Air Force) anali kwa oyendetsa German chizindikiro cha ngozi akuyandikira kumenyana lolemera.

polimbana ndi Luftwaffe

M'nthawi ya Wamkulu kukonda dziko lako nkhondo zasintha osati paki, komanso kapangidwe gulu la Air Force. M'chaka cha 1942 panali ndege losatha. pawiri ichi, kumvera Supreme Lamulo, kungathandize kwambiri kutatsala zaka nkhondo. Ndi iye anayamba kupanga makamu mpweya. Ena mwa mapangidwe ndege lonse kutsogolo.

Kwambiri kuchuluka kwa chuma padera mu chitukuko cha kukonza zomangamanga. masitolo atsopano mofulumira anakonza n'kubwerera ku ndege nkhondo kuonongeka. Soviet munda kukonza maukonde wakhala mmodzi wa yabwino kwambiri mwa machitidwe onse ofanana amene anayambika pa nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World.

nkhondo mpweya kwambiri kwa Soviet Union anayamba mpweya kugunda pa Nkhondo ya Moscow, Stalingrad ndi Kursk. Chiwerengerochi zimasonyeza: mu 1941 pafupifupi 400 ndege nawo nkhondoyo, mu 1943 chithunzi ichi nkulu zikwi zingapo, ndi mapeto a nkhondo chimanena za 7.500 magalimoto mu Berlin kumwamba. Zombo anakula pa mlingo nthawi kuwonjezeka. M'nthawi ya makampani nkhondo a mphamvu USSR zinalembedwa 17 000 ndege, ndi masukulu ndege amaphunzitsidwa 44.000 oyendetsa (anafa 27 000). Nthano za Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo anayamba Ivan Kozhedub (anapambana 62 kupambana) ndi Alexander Pokryshkin (mwachitsanzo ake 59 yapambana).

mavuto atsopano

Mu 1946, atangobadwa nkhondo ndi ulamuliro wa Hitler, ndi Air Force wa Red Army anali anadzatchedwa Union Air Zikuchititsa. Kandalama ndi gulu kusintha zagwira osati ndege, komanso lonse gawo chitetezo. Ngakhale Wachiwiri World nkhondo itatha, dziko anapitiriza kukhala mwapanikizika. Iwo anayamba latsopano atasemphana - nthawi ili pakati Soviet Union ndi United States.

Mu 1953 iwo unalengedwa Utumiki wa chitetezo wa USSR. M'mayiko MIKA anapitiriza chimakula. Panali mitundu yatsopano ya zida za nkhondo ndi ndege anasintha. Pakati pa USSR ndi United States anayamba mpikisano manja. Zonse pofuna ya Air Force anali subordinated kuti mfundo limodzi - kuti andipeze ndi kukupezani America. Kulengedwa Bureau Sukhoi (Lamulungu), Mikoyan ndi Gurevich (MiG) adafika nthawi yake asonyeza ntchito.

Kubwera kwa ndege kwakusiyana

Woyamba positi-nkhondo lothandiza kupanga luso anayesedwa mu 1946 ndege ndege. M'malo wakale chakale pisitoni luso. Choyamba Soviet Jets zitsulo MIG-9 Yak-15. Iwo anakwanitsa kugonjetsa chizindikiro liwiro la makilomita 900 pa ola limodzi, ndiyo ntchito yawo wakhala nthawi imodzi ndi theka kuposa zitsanzo yapita-mibadwo.

Kwa zaka zingapo zinachitikira zowombetsa mkota wa mphamvu Soviet mpweya panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri. zofunika ndi mfundo ululu wa ndege zoweta akhala sakudziwika. Iwo anayamba ndondomeko ya zipangizo wamakono chifukwa kusintha kwa chitonthozo ake, ergonomics ndi chitetezo. asinthe (ndege jekete woyendetsa sitima, ambiri zazing'ono chida pa gulu kulamulira) pang'ono ndi pang'ono itayamba lero. Olondola bwino kwa kuwombera pa ndege anayamba kukhazikitsa kachitidwe patsogolo Rada.

Airspace chitetezo wakhala udindo wa Mphamvu latsopano silikhali. Zikamera wa chitetezo zinachititsa kuti gulu la m'dera la Soviet Union angapo Boma, malingana moyandikana ndi malire boma. Pakuti chiwembu limeneli m'kagulu ndege (kutali ndi kutsogolo). Mofanana 1946 asilikali airborne pamaso anali mbali ya Air Force, akhala olekanitsidwa mu chilli.

mofulumira kuposa phokoso

Kumayambiriro kwa 1940-1950-ntchentche za patsogolo Soviet ndege ndege anayamba chitukuko cha madera akutali kwambiri a dziko lapansi: ndi Far North ndi Chukotka. flights anali opangidwa pa maulendo ataliatali chifukwa zifukwa wina. atsogoleri a asilikali anakonza Soviet asilikali mafakitale zovuta nkhondo zotheka ndi United States, yomwe ili mbali ina ya dziko. Ndi cholinga chomwecho inamangidwa Lachiwiri 95 - wautali njira yoponya mabomba ndege. Wina kunasintha chitukuko ya Soviet Air Force anali kulowa pa zida zawo zida za nyukiliya. About kumayambiriro umisiri watsopano lero bwino adzaweruzidwa ndi exposures zakale ndege, ili mu kuphatikizapo mu "likulu la Russian airborne" Zhukovsky. Ngakhale zinthu monga zovala za USSR Air Force ndi zida zina za oyendetsa Soviet amasonyeza zamoyo wa makampani a chitetezo.

Chinthu chinanso m'mbiri ya Soviet ndege asilikali anatsalira, pamene mu 1950, MiG 17 anatha upambana liwiro phokoso. Lembani anapulumutsa wotchuka mayeso woyendetsa Ivan Ivashchenko. Posakhalitsa inasokonekera chakale kuukira ndege. Panthawiyi latsopano "mpweya ndi nthaka" mivi ndi Air Force anali "mpweya ndi mpweya."

Kumapeto kwa 1960 izo udaikidwa lachitatu m'badwo chitsanzo (mwachitsanzo, MiG 25 womenya Jets). makina amenewa atha kuuluka pa liwiro katatu liwiro phokoso. Kupanga siriyo unayambitsidwa "migovskie" kusinthidwa mu mawonekedwe a okwera reconnaissance ndi womenya-interceptors. ndege awa kwambiri bwino zofunika ndipo tidakocheza makhalidwe. Komanso zinthu zatsopano anali osiyana mu ntchito Mipikisano mode.

Mu 1974, woyamba Soviet VTOL (Yak-38) anakonzedwa. Kusintha zida ndi zipangizo woyendetsa. Flight jekete anakhala wabwino ndiponso thandizo womasuka ngakhale zimamuchulukira kwambiri pa liwiro kopitilira muyeso-mkulu.

m'badwo wachinai

Atsopano Soviet ndege pamwamba pa dera la ku Warsaw Pangano Organization. Ndege kwa nthawi yaitali sanali kuchita nawo nkhondo iliyonse, koma waonetsa mphamvu yake onga Zochita monga "Dnepr", "Berezina", "Dvina" ndi zina zotero. D.

Mu 1980s panali Soviet wachinayi m'badwo ndege. zitsanzo izi (Lamulungu 27, Mig 29, Mig 31, Lachiwiri 160) anali odziwika pa dongosolo la bwino maneuverability. Ena a iwo ali mu utumiki ndi Russian Air Force.

Lingathe pa nthawi njira zatsopano anafotokoza mu nkhondo Afghanstan, akuyaka mu zaka 1979-1989. zoponya mabomba Soviet anali kugwira ntchito zinthu mwachinsinsi kwambiri ndiponso zonse odana ndege moto kuchokera pansi. Pa msonkhano wokopa Afghanstan chaonekera za miliyoni sorties (uyu anatayika pafupifupi 300 Helicopters ndi 100 ndege). Mu 1986 iye anayamba lachisanu m'badwo asilikali ntchito ndege. Zopereka chofunika kwambiri zochita anachita Sukhoi Design Bureau. Komabe, chifukwa cha kufooka kwa mmene chuma chikuyendera ndi ndale inaimitsidwa, ndi ntchito akhala zii.

The poyambira lomaliza

Perestroika zinali zodzaza ndi njira zingapo zofunika. Choyamba, Gona pakati pa USSR ndi United States potsirizira pake linathetsedwa. Chidani chatha, ndipo tsopano boma la Russia sanali mdani njira, mpikisano umene kunali koyenera kuti nthawi zonse kuwonjezera asilikali mafakitale zake zovuta. Kachiwiri, atsogoleri a mayiko awiri anasaina zikalata zingapo chosaiwalika, chimene, anayamba olowa Kusiya.

Cha m'ma 1980s, achire oyambirira a asilikali a Soviet ku Afghanistan, osati kokha, komanso ku mayiko a msasa zokomera kale. Imachita lonse linali kusiya ya Soviet Army ku GDR, kumene ake zapamwamba gulu lamphamvu. Mazana a ndege apita kunyumba. Ambiri mwa yotsala ya RSFSR, ena kusamutsidwa kwa Belarus kapena Ukraine.

Mu 1991, zinadziwika kuti Soviet Union akhoza sadzakhalakonso maonekedwe monolithic. Chigawo cha kumidzi ambiri limati palokha zinachititsa kuti gawo pamaso pa onse a asilikali. tsoka ili sichimaperekedwa ndi ndege. Russia analandira za 2/3 ogwira ntchito ndi 40% ya zida za Soviet Air Force. Ena a cholowa muli wina 11 Union mayiko (a Baltic States sanatenge gawo mu gawo).