The opeza - izo ... The zigawo za anthu. The opeza ku Russia ndi ku Ulaya

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za kalasi gulu paphwando ankadziwa kuti iye ndi "m'lingaliro Pawokha wamba, membala khalidwe la kalasi makamaka chikhalidwe" (Abercrombie, N., neri Al. Sociological Dictionary, 1997). Mu gulu ili chikhalidwe ndi maonekedwe yaitali, mosiyana, mwachitsanzo, ogula wosanjikiza. An kulunjika zofunika za mfundo ndi kusamutsa katundu kuti gulu la anthu cholowa.

phunziro ANAKULIRA

Monga tanenera A.Ş. Zhvitiashvili ( "Kumasulira maganizo" kalasi "mu chi Western Chaanthu", 2005), chidwi vuto la makalasi sayansi ndi ubwenzi kalasi chifukwa zinthu ziwiri:

• Kuzindikila chikhalidwe zochepa za chiphunzitso ofanana mu zolemba Karla Marksa;
• tcheru yogwira ntchito njira kusintha boma Russian ndi mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya.

Pankhaniyi, funso moyenera yosangalatsa anthu athu, pakati kalasi gulu udakalipo kwa tsiku lino, onse m'banja ndi chiphunzitso yachilendo sociological.

Vuto zosiyanasiyana ndi maganizo "kwa magulu" mu Chaanthu Western

Western sayansi ya anthu zikuphatikizapo mumaganiza angapo kutanthauzira kwa lingaliro la kalasi. Choyamba, ichi ndi kuchoka ku muyeso lalikulu zachuma mu kalasi-kusanthula ndondomeko. Pa dzanja limodzi, sitepe izi zimawapangitsa mayeso mfundo ochulukirapo. Pa zina - mbali ya chitukuko stratification pamaso kumakhala kosavuta ena: malire pakati pa mfundo kalasi ndi stratum kumakhala kosavuta distinguishable khalidwe.

Zizindikiro za opeza

Kuchokera kaonedwe ya zachuma West German ndipo States, anayambitsa dongosolo la makono a zachuma ku Germany, Lyudviga Erharda, anthu opeza - anthu amene amaima pakati zotsatirazi Mkhalidwe:

• kudzidalira;
• Malinga palokha;
• mtima kuika moyo wawo yekha kudalira mphamvu ya ntchito yawo;
• kukhazikika chikhalidwe;
• ufulu;
• chikhumbo maganizo awo m'dziko ufulu boma ndi dziko.

Poyankha, Edgar Savisaar, yemwe kale anali nduna woyamba yaikulu ya dziko la Estonia, anafotokoza makhalidwe awa a kalasi pakati, monga:

• khola ndi motsimikiza zinthu chikhalidwe;
• ndi mkulu muyezo wa chikhalidwe, maphunziro ndi maphunziro;
• mkulu mpikisano mu msika ntchito;
• mfundo momveka bwino zochitika m'dera;
• sankakhulupirira ndale;
• ufulu wokwanira mu kusanthula mfundo;
• mkulu mlingo wa kudziletsa Mwachangu anthu;
• Ntchito yaikulu zofunika chikhalidwe njira;
• mkulu mlingo wa udindo boma;
• lathu, kuwonjezera pa iye ndi banja lake, kwa anthu onse.

Choncho, mu classifications onse si akutsindika kwambiri pa mbali chuma kuli pakati kalasi, koma pa ndale komanso.

Pakati kalasi ndi gulu la akatswiri

Poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa mbali m'ma osiyanasiyana yotengedwa ndi Erhard, ndi makhalidwe amene amagwiritsa American Katswiri Talcott Parsons, liwulo mfundo akatswiri angaone mwamwayi ena. Mumtima parsonsovsky awo akatswiri ndi kutsatira za aufulu-demokalase makhalidwe, kuphatikizapo - akatswiri ntchito ndi utumiki chosadzikonda makasitomala awo. Pamaso pa Luso, malinga Parsons ndi Storer, amalandiranso udindo yosungiramo, HIV komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru apadera ndi kudziyimira pawokha mkulu m'munda wa kukopa mamembala atsopano a m'dera akatswiri chitetezo kwa chilengedwe, kukhulupirika ndi ena.

Choncho, mfundo ya opeza ndi akatswiri n'zogwirizana maphunziro ambiri sociological.

Zosiyanasiyana za "lakale" ndiponso "latsopano" opeza

Tanthauzo la mfundo kalasi pakati ali wamphamvu kulunjika, mwachindunji kunyezimiritsa makhalidwe umoyo ndi zachuma a anthu mu kadanga kena ka nthawi. Choncho, kutanthauzira amakono a kalasi pakati ndi chodabwitsa qualitatively latsopano chikhalidwe.

Kwa wa American Katswiri C. Wright Mills, motsutsana ndi "latsopano", "lakale" opeza makamaka inkakhala amalonda ang'onoang'ono kupeza phindu pa chuma chawo alipo. Nawonso American opeza anali bourgeoisie akumidzi ndi dzikolo pa nthawi yomweyo anali ngati njira kupanga njira zasungidwa, komanso ndi ndalama chinthu. Motero, amakhalabe ndi wazamalonda palokha, kudzikonda malire eni ntchito ndi akatswiri. Labor ndi chuma kwa anthu opeza American chimasonyeza. Komanso, ndine wapamwamba wa gulu nzika ndi mwachindunji amadalira mkhalidwe wa kukhala mu dzikolo katundu wawo.

Motero, "lakale" opeza anali pa maziko kampani, komanso delimitation bwino. Komanso oimira ake anali yodziwika ndi ufulu kwa onse anthu aatali ndi boma.

Ntchito ya kalasi pakati pa anthu a

Udindo wa kalasi pakati pa limazungulira chikhalidwe amatipatsa mtendere ndi bata ake. Choncho, pakati kalasi - ndi mtundu wa mkhalapakati mizati muyeso wa dongosolo stratification wa anthu. Choncho kwa ntchito akadakwanitsira mediating kofunika kuti anthu wosanjikiza ali mphamvu zokwanira.

Komano, monga akatswiri ambiri m'banja, nkhope ya chachikulu zotha kuonetsetsa kuti stabilizer ntchito ndi gwero la chitetezo cha chitukuko, zomwe lolunjika pa kalasi pakati. kasinthidwe Izi zimatheka pamene anthu opeza zizigwirizana ndi makhalidwe ena a zachuma zandale: omvera malamulo, zochita kuzindikira ndi kuthekera kuteteza awo, ufulu wa maganizo ndi ena.

Mwambo Western

Poyamba, kumadzulo ganizo sayansi anthu opeza anazindikiritsidwa ndi anthu ndi m'matanthwe onse. Mwachitsanzo, mu maganizo Ortega Gasset ndi pakati kalasi mediocrity m'munda wa nzeru ndi luso. Mu Hegel iye amapezeka ngati gulu MAONEKEDWE ENIENI - popanda zolinga ena ndi maloto.

Pakati pa njira zoweta ndi achilendo kwa kalasi gulu pakati m'deralo pali kusiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, anthu opeza ku Ulaya, mwa mawu a French Katswiri Pierre Bourdieu, kuwonjezera pa likulu zachuma allocated monga kawirikawiri chiphunzitso Marxist, zikhazikitsidwe likulu chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi yophiphiritsa. Mtundu wina wa ophiphiritsa likulu la ganizo ndale Bourdieu a. Lamanja la umwini anali atathana zopelekedwa, pamene zinafika umwini zachuma. Mu nkhani ya gawo chikhalidwe cha izo ankaona umboni wa dipuloma kapena mutu maphunziro. Umwini chikhalidwe anatsimikizira dzina la anthu otchuka. Choncho unakhazikitsidwa ikulongosola wathunthu wa anthu pakati kalasi.

Komanso chidwi ndi mfundo ina yofunika. Mu mwambo kumadzulo zigawo pakati pa anthu kudziwa chakuti umwini payekha si chinthu kuyenerera, ndipo nawonso limodzi ndi kufunika akwaniritse chiwerengero cha ntchito pagulu. Apo ayi, izo sizingakhale angawauze, otsala lotseguka kumwa ndi ena.

Zokambirana za vuto la anthu opeza anthu Russian

The opeza mu Russia ndi gulu osiyana kutsutsana sayansi chiphunzitso sociological. Mwachitsanzo, ena akatswiri Western kukana kuli kuli wosanjikiza uyu wa anthu mu nthawi ya ntchito kwa Soviet Union ndi pa kusintha kwa dongosolo pambuyo Soviet (Zhvitiashvili, 2005). Ku mawonedwe H. Baltsera mu Russian chikhalidwe-stratification dongosolo pali pamaso pa wosanjikiza pakati, koma kumasiyana ndi kumvetsa zachikhalidwe ndi maganizo "opeza" anthu a.

Nawonso Russian Katswiri AG Levinson analemba kuti funso kuli anthu opeza mu Russia chinthu empirically verifiable pakokha kwambiri. Pankhaniyi yekha dzina gulu linalake la anthu, kapena pa kumasulira zina zotsatira. Funso la kuli opeza mu Russia ayenera anaganiza chilengedwe zimene amachita ntchito kapena dera zofunika kafukufuku ndi pakati pa boma ndi anthu, monga chitsanzo - mu chimango cha maganizo a anthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, monga ananenera wolemba, kuti ofufuza ambiri, m'gulu la zokambirana za kukhalapo / pakalibe kalasi pakati pa anthu Russian, Ndi bwino kuti zosiyanasiyana mfundo monga "anthu anzeru", "katswiri", "kasamalidwe pakati" ndi ena.

Makhalidwe a kalasi pakati pa kapangidwe ka masiku anthu Russian

kumvetsa chakale kumatanthauza kuganizira osati pa eni chuma cha kukula ena, komanso onyamula zofunika makhalidwe -. Ntchito umoyo ndale, kulimbana mpheto chikhalidwe, ulemu munthu ndi ufulu, etc. Panthawiyi Russian boma mu 90s oyambirira. Okonzanso ankaona asapita chuma anthu oyeretsedwa ku mbali zachuma.

Ngakhale masiku ano pali zotsala za kuzindikira kuti ndi "anthu wamba chipilala" kuphatikiza zina " 'M'bale'" Solntsevo kapena Tambov Mafia "(Simonian AD" pakati kalasi: ngatimadzi chikhalidwe kapena chenicheni ", 2009) - mwachitsanzo, pamaziko a pamaso pa makina awiri m'banja ndi ena.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, chiphunzitso zoweta sociological pali ena paradoxes, pamene Russian opeza zikuphatikizapo amalonda makamaka payekha, osati akatswiri, madokotala kapena aphunzitsi. Chifukwa chaichi, "vutoli" ndi chakuti nthumwi za mabizinesi payekha ali ndi ndalama apamwamba kuposa akatswiri zatchulidwazi.

Akatswiri ambiri, poona pamaso pa anthu Russian pafupifupi ogula wosanjikiza, amaganiza kuti kusinthika ake mu kalasi zonse kunachitika n'kofunika kulenga angapo mikhalidwe:

• structural kusintha kwa chuma;
• mapangidwe ina malo maganizo;
• kusintha mu kuwerenga maganizo a anthu;
• younikanso khalidwe ndi T. d.

Mulimonsemo, ndondomeko kupanga pakati kalasi zonse anthu Russian kumafuna nthawi mokwanira yaitali.

Wachifwamba zakale ndipo lino la kalasi pakati pa Russia

Wosazindikira magawano zigawo za anthu mu mawu a muyezo zachuma monga kumvetsa maganizo a chiphunzitso Marxist anali kulungamitsa ena. Oimira ndalama olemera ndi wapamwamba-olemera anthu mu dziko Russian, pali zambiri. Komabe, pali funso mmene udindo waukulu kapena otchuka wabizinesi amene ziphuphu, akhoza zimachitika m'gulu la anthu pamalo tanthauzo okhwima ndale komanso mawu. Ndi kugwira Mfundo yakuti iwo alibe ufulu. Si nzika kwambiri monga womangidwa ndi mphamvu ya amathandiza (Simonian, 2009).

dongosolo la wamba mu Russia komanso linkawakhudza zake zoipa pa kulunjika mwa mapangidwe maganizo "opeza amakhala." waukulu boma chisokonezo pa chuma ambiri mwa oimira munthu wa malonda wamba imachitika m'malo chuma otchedwa anthu. Zimenezi chimalimbikitsidwa yekha nyumba boma achinyengo. Chifukwa, mwini likulu ano osachepera likukwaniritsa zofunikira za nthumwi tingachipeze powerenga za gulu, anapereka opeza. thandizo, ngati SA Dzarasov makamaka chigawenga, osati mtundu zomveka za kutsitsimuka.

vuto lagona pa choona kuti gulu la anthu angathe kulanda anthu ena zabwino ndipo pamene ndithu Ngokhoza kulenga. Osati kuti unali mlandu wa unawareness cha zimenezi. Middle kalasi anthu mu gulu ili ndi kumvetsa zonse katundu mosavomerezeka anapeza akukhudzana izo - osati monga choyenera wabwino, koma monga kupanga zofunika ndi maudindo munthu.

Chotero, masiku Russian nomenclature salandira ntchito za boma malo anapatsidwa. Akukana, ndipo maganizo kwambiri za ubwino, monga kuyenera mmene chimachitira dziko Western a kalasi pakati. Choncho, anthu ambiri ku Russia akukana kuzindikira zotsatira za wamba akale 90 ntchentche. Nthawiyi, kusunga inviolability katundu, m'pofunika kukhala ndi khalidwe lovomerezeka. Only pansi chikhalidwe ichi chuma payekha amakhala maziko chuma zonse kunachitika anthu wamba.

Motero, mbali kuyan'anila za anthu kukhala kumathandiza osati mapangidwe kalasi pakati, komanso kumabweretsa mapindikidwe wa lingaliro ili, ozikidwa pa makhalidwe apamwamba.