Thermodynamics ... Tsankhulo, malamulo, ntchito ndi ndondomeko

Kodi thermodynamics ndi chiyani? Iyi ndi gawo la fizikiya lomwe limagwira ntchito yophunzira za zida zamakono. Pa nthawi yomweyi, njira zothandizira magetsi komanso njira zowonjezeramo zimagweranso pansi pa phunziroli. Thermodynamics ndi nthambi ya fizikiya yomwe imaphunzira njira zomwe zikuchitika mu machitidwe ndi mayiko awo. Pazinthu zina zomwe zikugwera mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe anaziphunzira, tidzakambirana lero.

Tanthauzo

Pa chithunzichi m'munsimu mukhoza kuona chitsanzo cha thermogram chomwe chinaphunziridwa mu jug ndi madzi otentha.

Thermodynamics ndi sayansi yomwe imadalira mfundo zenizeni zomwe zimapezeka mwachidziwitso. Ndondomeko zomwe zimachitika mu machitidwe a thermodynamic akufotokozedwa pogwiritsira ntchito macroscopic zochuluka. Mndandanda wazinthuzi zikuphatikizidwa ndi ndondomeko, ndondomeko, kutentha ndi zina zotero. Zikuwonekeratu kuti sungagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ma molekyulu, komabe zimachepetsedwa kuti zifotokoze dongosololo mwachidziwitso (mosiyana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu electrodynamics, mwachitsanzo).

Thermodynamics ndi nthambi ya fizikiya yomwe imakhalanso ndi malamulo ake. Iwo, monga ena onse, ali ofanana. Mafotokozedwe apadera a mawonekedwe a chinthu choperekedwa sadzakhala ndi zotsatira zofunikira pa chikhalidwe cha malamulo. Ndicho chifukwa chake akuti mbali iyi ya fizikiya ndi imodzi mwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (kapena m'malo ogwiritsidwa bwino) mu sayansi ndi zamakono.

Ntchito

Mukhoza kulemba zitsanzo kwa nthawi yaitali. Mwachitsanzo, njira zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito malamulo a thermodynamic zingapezekedwe m'mayendedwe otentha kapena magetsi a magetsi. Bwanji za kufotokozera ndi kumvetsetsa kwa kusintha kwa mankhwala, kusintha kwa magawo, zochitika zonyamula katundu. Mwanjira ina, thermodynamics "imagwirizana" ndi zowonjezera mphamvu. Mbali ya kulankhulana kwawo ndi kufotokozera za zodabwitsa za mabowo wakuda.

Malamulo

Chithunzi pamwambapa chikuwonetsa kufunika kwa njira imodzi ya thermodynamic - convection. Mafunde ofunda amawoneka pamwamba, ozizira - amatsika.

Dzina lina la malamulo, limene, mwa njira, siligwiritsidwa ntchito monga chitsanzo nthawi zambiri, ndilo kuyamba kwa thermodynamics. Mpaka pano, amadziwa zitatu (kuphatikizapo "zero", kapena "wamkulu"). Koma tisanayambe kunena za malamulo onsewa, tiyesa kuyankha funso la zomwe zimayambira thermodynamics.

Zili mndandanda wa zigawo zina zomwe zimapanga maziko a kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika mu macrosystems. Zomwe zinayambira pachiyambi cha thermodynamics zinakhazikitsidwa mwatsatanetsatane monga zowonjezera za kuyesa ndi maphunziro a sayansi. Choncho, pali zitsimikizo zina zomwe zimatiloleza kuti titengere ntchito posakayikira za kulondola kwawo.

Anthu ena amadzifunsa chifukwa chake thermodynamics ikusowa malamulo awa omwe. Tikhoza kunena kuti kufunikira kwa ntchito yawo chifukwa chakuti gawo lino la fizikiki zigawo zazikuluzikulu zikufotokozedwa mwachidule, popanda kulingalira zazing'ono zawo kapena zochitika za dongosolo lomwelo. Izi sizomwe zimachitika pa thermodynamics, koma ndi zowerengera za physics, kuti zikhale zachindunji. Chinthu china chofunika ndi chakuti kuyambira kwa thermodynamics sikudalira wina ndi mnzake. Izi ndizakuti, chimodzi mwachiwiri sichikhoza kuchotsedwa.

Ntchito

Kugwiritsira ntchito thermodynamics, monga kunanenedweratu, kumapita kumbali zambiri. Mwa njira, imodzi mwa mfundo zake imatengedwa ngati maziko, omwe amatanthauziridwa mofanana ndi lamulo la kusunga mphamvu. Njira zowonongeka ndi zowonjezereka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala mu mafakitale monga magetsi, biomedicine, chemistry. Mu mphamvu ya chilengedwe, lamulo la kusunga mphamvu ndi lamulo la mwayi ndi njira ya thermodynamic ndondomeko amagwiritsidwa ntchito konsekonse. Pogwirizana ndi izi, mfundo zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mmenemo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mmenemo, zomwe ntchito zonse ndi ndondomeko zake zimachokera. Iyi ndiyo dongosolo la thermodynamic, ndondomeko ndi gawo la ndondomekoyi.

Zotsatira

Zochitika mu thermodynamics zimakhala zovuta zosiyana. Pali asanu ndi awiri mwa iwo. Kawirikawiri, ndondomekoyi muyenela kuimvetsetsa ngati kusintha kwa chiwerengero choyambirira chomwe chimayambitsidwa kale. Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti kusiyana pakati pa dziko loyambirira ndilo chomaliza lingakhale lopanda pake.

Ngati kusiyana kuli kochepa, ndiye kuti ndondomeko yomwe yachitika ingatchedwe koyamba. Ngati tikambirana za ndondomeko, ndiye kuti tifunika kutchula mawu ena. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi "thupi logwira ntchito". Thupi logwira ntchito ndilo dongosolo limene kutentha kwake kumachitika kapena angapo.

Momwemonso ndondomekoyi yagawidwa kukhala yopanda malire ndi yofanana. Pankhaniyi, zonse zomwe kudzera mu thermodynamic ziyenera kudutsa, ndizokhazikika, zosagwirizana. Kawirikawiri, kusintha kwa nkhaniyi kumachitika pazochitika zotero mofulumira. Koma njira zogwirizana ndi pafupi ndi quasistatic. Mwa iwo, kusintha kuli pang'onopang'ono.

Kutentha kotentha kumene kumachitika mu machitidwe a thermodynamic kungakhale mwina kubwezeretsedwa kapena kosasinthika. Pofuna kumvetsetsa bwino, timagawanila machitidwe athu pa nthawi zina. Ngati tingathe kuchita chimodzimodzi ndi "malo omwewo", ndiye kuti akhoza kutchedwa kuti reversible. Apo ayi, izo sizigwira ntchito.