Timur ndi ndani? Zaka za moyo wake, mbiri, nkhondo ndi kupambana kwa Tamerlane

dzina lonse la wogonjetsa lalikulu la Kale, amene adzapita nkhani nkhani, Timur bin Taragay Barlas, koma mabuku nthawi zambiri amatchedwa Tamerlane, kapena Iron Hromets. Kuyenera Mukalongosola kuti analitcha pa Iron osati makhalidwe munthu, komanso chifukwa amachoka mu chinenero Turkey dzina lake Timur. Kupunduka chifukwa cha mabala analandira pa nkhondo. Pali zifukwa zokwanira kukhulupirira kuti mtsogoleri ichi m'mbuyomu anali nawo magazi kwambiri anakhetsa XX atumwi.

Tamerlane ali ndi komwe iye anachokera?

Poyamba, mawu ochepa za tsogolo la mwana wa Great Khan. Amadziwika kuti Timur Tamerlane anabadwa April 9, 1336 pa dera la mzinda Chiuzibeki wa Shakhrisabz, akale pa nthawi imeneyo m'mudzi wina waung'ono wotchedwa Khoja-Ilgar. atate wake - m'dera mwinimunda fuko Barlas - Muhammad Taragay, ankati Islam, ndipo anayambitsa chikhulupiriro mwa mwana wake.

Potsatira mwambo wa nthawi imeneyo, adaphunzitsa kuyambira ali mnyamata ndizosowa luso la nkhondo - kavalo kukwera, kuponya muvi ndi uta ndi nthungo kuwaza. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, pafupifupi kufika kukhwima, anali kale ndi odziwa wankhondo. Izo ndiye atadziŵa kwambiri za adzagonjetse Tamerlane.

Wambiri mwa munthu, kapena kani, mbali imeneyi kuti wakhala gawo la mbiri, kuyambira ndi chakuti unyamata wake iye ingratiate Tuglika Khan - mkulu wa Chagatai ulus, mmodzi wa Mongolian State amene m'gawo malo mtsogoleri wa.

Makhalidwe ndi kumenyana, komanso nzeru zapadera Timur, n'kupita naye ku bwalo ndi kupanga namkungwi mwana wake. Komabe, kalonga chilengedwe, kuopa okwera, anali kumanga zokhota kutsutsana naye, ndi chifukwa, woopa moyo wake, mphunzitsi kumene wobadwa anathawa.

Pa mutu wa kumuwombera aganyu

Tamerlane zaka za moyo chinachitikira ndi imene Central Asia anali zisudzo apitirize nkhondo. Unagawanika mu limati ambiri, ilo linali mowirikiza kukuchitika nkhondo khans m'deralo, mowirikiza kuyesera kuti akagwire m'mayiko oyandikana nawo. Kukula zinthu zambirimbiri wakuba zigawenga - dzhete, osati kuzindikira ulamuliro aliyense ndipo ankakhala yekha wakubayu.

Imeneyi, ndi kukhumudwa mphunzitsi Timur Tamerlane anapeza maitanidwe ake oona. Mwa kaphatikizidwe dazeni gulyams angapo - asilikali akatswiri ganyu - analenga detachment makhalidwe ake kumenyana ndi nkhanza chimaposa onse magulu ena oyandikana nawo.

Yogonjetsa dziko loyamba

Pamodzi ndi Zankhanza wake kumene wobadwa mkulu anapanga kufika anawazunza m'matauni ndi m'midzi. Amadziwika kuti 1362 iye anadzasokoneza m'malinga angapo wachokera Sarbadars - ophunzira kayendedwe dziko motsutsa Mongol ulamuliro. Yolanda iwo, analamula kuti khoma la zokometsera kupulumuka pakhoma. Inali ntchito ya mwamantha adani onse m'tsogolo, ndi nkhanza zoterozo anali chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za khalidwe lake. Posachedwapa, ndani Tamerlane, Ndinaphunzira East lonse.

Zinali ndiye kuti wina m'mikangano ya anataya zala ziwiri m'dzanja lake lamanja ndipo kwambiri anavulazidwa mwendo. Zotsatira zake adakalipo mpaka mapeto a moyo anapanga maziko nicknames - Timur olumala. Komabe, kuvulala silikunena kumulepheretsa kukhala chithunzi amene ankaimba kotala lotsiriza la zaka za m'ma XIV mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya osati Central, West ndi Asia South, komanso Caucasus ndi Russia.

talente utsogoleri ndi ulemu waukulu modabwitsa anathandiza Tamerlane kugonjetsa dera lonse la Ferghana, Samarkand kuponderezedwa ndipo anapanga likulu la dziko utangoyamba wa Rem. Komanso, asilikali ake anathamangira ku dera wa ku Afghanistan panopa ndi kuwononga izo ndi mphepo yamkuntho amagwidwa likulu wakale wa Balkh, kumene Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu - Hussein - nthawi yomweyo anapachikidwa. tsoka wake wagawanika ndipo ambiri mwa bwalo.

Nkhanza monga chida cha mwamantha

The malangizo lotsatira mmene asilikali ake anayamba kumwera kwa Balkh Isfahan ndi Fars, amene analamulira otsiriza oimira Muzaffarids Persian mafumu. Woyamba anali pa ulendo wake ku Isfahan. Kuulanda, ndipo anapereka kwa adzafunkha mercenaries awo, Timur olumala analamula n'kutsamira mutu awo aphedwa pa piramidi, kutalika umene kuposa msinkhu wa munthu. Izi zinali kupitiriza machenjerero ake kopitirira mwamantha nawowo.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti lonse wotsatira mbiri ya Tamerlane - wogonjetsa ndi ambiri, amalembedwa maonekedwe a chiwawa kwambiri. Part wa mutha kufotokozanso chifukwa chakuti iye anakhala akapolo kwa ndondomeko yake. Chairing khamu kwambiri akatswiri Opunduka nthawi zonse kulipira mercenaries awo, mwinamwake scimitars zawo zikanati anamuukira. Izi kukakamizidwa kufunafuna kupambana latsopano ndi nkhondoyo mwa njira iliyonse imene angathe.

Chiyambi cha kulimbana ndi Golden gulu

Kumayambiriro 80 ntchentche za m'ma XIV siteji yotsatira anagonjetsa Tamerlane anali kukwera ndi Golden gulu, kapena Jochi Ulus. Mmenemo kuyambira nthawi makedzana kulamulidwa ndi Yuro-Asian steppe chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo chawo cha yambiri, amene analibe kanthu kochita ndi Islam, ankati ndi ambiri a asilikali ake. Choncho nkhondo, umene unayamba mu 1383, anayamba sagwirizana osati wa makamu otsutsana, koma pakati pa zikhalidwe ziwiri zosiyana.

Orda Khan Tokhtamysh, amene mu 1382 anapanga ulendo wopita ku Moscow, kufuna kupita patsogolo pa mdani wanu ndi kuponya koyamba, anapanga ulendo Harezm. Kukhala akwaniritsa wabwino kwanthawi yochepa, iye anagwira gawo ndithu pano Azerbaijan, koma posakhalitsa asilikali ake anakakamizika abwerere pambuyo akuvutika zomvetsa lolemera.

Mu 1385, masuku pamutu chakuti Timur ndi khamu lake anali ku Perisiya, iye anayesera kachiwiri, koma nthawi analephera. Atadziwa za nkhondo ya gulu, mkulu yoopsa yomweyo anabwerera gulu lake Central Asia ndipo anagonjetsa adani, kukakamiza yekha Tokhtamysh athawire ku Western Siberia.

Kupitiriza nkhondo yolimbana ndi Chitata

Komabe, pa kugonjetsa ili la Golden gulu silinakwaniritsidwe anamaliza. kugonjetsedwa kwake anali yoyamba zaka zisanu, wodzazidwa ndi osaleka nkhondo ndi kuphana. Amadziwika kuti gulu Khan mu 1389 ngakhale anatha kunena kuti nkhondo ndi Asilamu zili ndi alonda Russian.

Anathandizira imfa ya Grand Duke wa Moscow Dmitriya Donskogo, pambuyo imene mwana wake ndi mwana Basil kupita ku chiguluchi kwa chizindikiro kulamulira. Tokhtamysh anatsimikizira ufulu wake, koma ndi nkhani ya asilikali Russian mu lonyansa ndi matenda Asilamu.

Kugonjetsedwa wa Golden gulu

Prince Vasili anavomera, koma zinali za chikhalidwe chofunda. Pambuyo kugonjetsedwa ndi, uchinonnogo Tokhtamysh mu Moscow, mmodzi wa Russian sanafune kuti akhetse magazi izo. Chifukwa, mu nkhondo yoyamba ya kondurcha mtsinje (tributary wa Volga) adaponya Chitata ndipo anawoloka kutsidya lina, atapita.

Akamaliza kulanda Golden gulu anali Nkhondo ya Terek Mtsinje, amene ali April 15, 1395 anavomera asilikali Tokhtamysh ndi Timur. Iron Hromets anatha kupereka linagonja kwa mdani wake ndipo potero kutha kwa Tartar anawazunza m'dera pansi pa ulamuliro wake.

Kuopseza mayiko Russian ndi nkhondo ya India

Nkhonyayo lotsatira amawakonzekeretsa iwo mu mtima wa Russia. Cholinga cha kampeni anakonza anali Moscow ndi Ryazan, amene sanadziwe mpaka ndiye amene Tamerlane, ndipo amalipira msonkho kwa Golden gulu. Koma, mwamwayi, madongosolo awa sanali tidzayesedwa anazindikira. Lekani kupanduka Ossetians ndi Circassians, kunabuka kumbuyo kwa asilikali a Timur kukhonda kubwerera wogonjetsa. Wozunzidwayo yekha ndiye anakhala Shackleton pa njira yake mzinda Elec.

Pa zaka ziwiri zotsatira, asilikali ake anapanga kampeni wopambana kwa India. Yolanda Delhi, asilikali Timur a anagonjetsa ndi kutentha mzinda, ndipo 100 zikwi. Kumbuyo anagwidwa, kupha, chifukwa choopa zotheka kupanduka nawo. Atafika mtsinje wa Ganges, ndi kutenga njira zingapo m'malinga mipanda yolimba kwambiri, asilikali a masauzande ambiri anabwerera ku Samarkand ndi zofunkha olemera ndi andende ochuluka.

Latsopano nkhondoyo ndi magazi atsopano

Otsatidwa ndi India, iwo anali kukhota kwa sultanate Ottoman kugonjera lupanga Tamerlane. Mu 1402, iye anagonjetsa ndigwira losagonjetseka Janissaries Sultan Bayezid, ndipo iye anatengedwa ukapolo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ulamuliro wake unali m'dera lonse la Asia Minor.

Sitinathe kupirira mphamvu Tamerlane ndi Knights resins kuti inachitika kwa zaka zambiri manja ake achitetezo a mzinda wakale wa Smurna. Osati kunyezimiritsa kuukira Turkey pamaso iwo anagonja kwa wogonjetsa olumala. Atafika thandizo la zombo Venetian ndi Genoese ndi reinforcements, ndi opindula kuwaponya mwa chinyumba catapult yodulidwa atsogoleri a zokometsera lapansi.

Ganizo omwe sakanakhoza kukhala Timur

The yonena za mkulu chapadera ndi namatetule choipa cha msinkhu wake, otsiriza kumene ntchito maudindo, limene linayamba kampeni yolimbana China, yomwe inayamba mu 1404. Ulendowu unali kugwila Wamkulu silika Road, amene anapereka mwayi wolandira msonkho kuchokera kudutsa amalonda ndi kudzadza likuvutika chuma awo kale wosefukira. Koma kukhazikitsa munakonza imfa kupewedwa mwadzidzidzi kufupikitsa moyo wa mkulu mu February 1405.

Great Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu Timurid Ufumu - pansi udindo izi adatsikira ku mbiri ya anthu ake - anaikidwa mausoleum wa Gur Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu mu Samarkand. Ndi manda ake ali nthano, adutsa pansi ku mibadwomibadwo. Limati ngati Tamerlane sarcophagus adzatsegulidwa, ndipo fumbi lake akawinduka, ndiye chilango cha ichi adzakhala ndi woopsa ndipo wamagazi nkhondo.

Mu June 1941, mu Samarkand kwa exhumation a zotsalira za mkulu ndi ulendo kafukufuku wa USSR Academy of Sciences anauzidwa. Kutsegula manda anapanga pa usiku wa June 21 Tsiku lotsatira, monga ife tikudziwira, Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo.

Ndipotu ina chidwi. Mu October 1942, ophunzira mu zochitika zimenezo cameraman Malik Kayumov, kukumana ndi kulamulira Zhukov, anamuuza za themberero ndi kukwaniritsa anapereka kubwerera zotsalira za Tamerlane mu malo ake. Ichi chidachitika ndi November 20, 1942, ndipo tsiku lomwelo akutsatiridwa ndi kusintha kwakukulu mu njira ya Nkhondo ya Stalingrad.

Okayikira amakonda kukangana kuti mu nkhani iyi panali mndandanda wa coincidences, chifukwa kuukira dongosolo Union anayamba kale kutsegula manda a anthu, zimene, ngakhale adadziwa amene Tamerlane, koma, ndithudi, kodi kuganizira gravitated pa chiwembu manda. Popanda kulowa maganizo amenewo, koma kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu kukhala pa nthawiyi maganizo awo.

wogonjetsa banja

Kwenikweni ofufuza ndi akazi ndi ana a Timur. Ngati olamulira onse Eastern, mgonjetsi zakale anali ndi banja lalikulu. Mere akazi boma (osati kuwerengera adzakazi) Iye anali ndi anthu 18, amakonda chimene ankaona kuti Saray Mulk Khanum. Ngakhale kuti mayi wotere dzina ndakatulo anali chumba, iye distrusted Bambo kwezani ambiri a ana awo ndi zidzukulu. Iye anapita mu mbiri monga woyang'anira wa zaluso ndi sayansi.

M'pomveka kuti ndi ndalama ngati akazi ndi adzakazi ana wakhala sichidamsowa. Komabe, anayi okha a ana ake anatenga malo zimayenera ndi chiyambi ngati mkulu, nakhala olamulira a ufumuwo analengedwa ndi bambo ake. Mu nkhope za mbiri yawo ya Tamerlane anapeza kupitiriza ake.