Inayamba nkhondo Afghanistan, ndi 1979-1989

Nkhondo asilikali Afghanistan, yomwe inayamba zaka zoposa makumi atatu zapitazo, ndipo lero akanali wapangodya wa chitetezo padziko lonse. mphamvu Hegemonic kufunafuna zofuna zawo, osati anawononga yapita boma lokhazikika komanso tsogolo la zikwi wopunduka ziwalo nachira.

Afghanistan nkhondo isanayambe

Anthu ambiri pofotokoza nkhondo Afghanistan, kuti pamaso nkhondo izo boma m'mbuyo kwambiri, koma mfundo chete. Pamaso Afghanistan nkhondo m'madera ambiri anakhalabe dziko ang'onoang'ono, koma m'mizinda ikuluikulu monga Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, ndi ena ambiri, ali ndi zomangamanga bwino anayamba, ndi yodzaza malo chikhalidwe ndi umoyo ndi zachuma.

boma zachitika ndipo anapita patsogolo. Panali ufulu chithandizo maphunziro. Dziko umabala yunifomu wabwino. Radio ndi TV mapulogalamu yachilendo. Anthu anakumana mu mafilimu a kanema ndi laibulale. Mkazi akhoza kupeza yekha mu moyo wapoyera, kapena bizinezi.

Fashion boutiques, amagulako, masitolo, odyera ndi zambiri zochita chikhalidwe kulibe m'madera a m'tawuni. Inayamba nkhondo Afghanistan, ndilo tsiku mu gwero mankhwala mosiyana, kutha chitukuko ndi kukhazikika. Dziko ndi m'kamphindi akhale likulu wa zoopsa ndi chiwonongeko. Lero, mphamvu m'dziko anatenga kwakukulu magulu Islamist amene amapindula yokonza zipolowe lonse.

Chifukwa cha nkhondo yoyamba ya ku Afghanistan

Kumvetsa zolinga woona wa mavuto Afghanstan, tiyenera kukumbukira mbiri. Mu July 1973, anali kupasula Mafumu. Etat anagwira wachibale wa Mfumu Muhhamed Daud. General analengeza kupasula Mafumu ndipo anasankha yekha Pulezidenti wa dziko la Afghanistan. Kukwera chinachitika ndi thandizo la Anthu a Democratic Party. kusintha kusinthitsa ndalama analengeza mu dera zachuma ndi chikhalidwe.

Mu zenizeni, Pulezidenti Daoud sanali kugwira kusintha, koma kuwononga adani awo, kuphatikizapo atsogoleri a PDPA. Mwachibadwa, kusakhutira mabwalo Communist ndi PDPA wakula, iwo nthawi zonse pansi kupondereza ndi zachiwawa.

Zachuma, zandale m'dziko akhala chifukwa cha Civil nkhondo, ndi phukusi kunja kwa USSR ndi United States wafunsira ngakhale unyinji wochuluka kuphana.

Saur zisinthe

zinthu zonse pano, ndi kale 27 April 1987 The April zinachitika (Saur) zisinthe, bungwe mayunitsi lankhondo la dziko, PDPA ndi Chikomyunizimu. Anayamba kulamulira atsogoleri atsopano - N. M. Taraki, Amin, Babrak Karmal. Nthawi yomweyo analengeza ang'onoang'ono ndi demokalase kusintha. Anayamba kukhalapo kwa Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Chikadzangotha mosangalala woyamba ndi chigonjetso United Mgwirizano zinadziwika kuti pali Rift pakati pa atsogoleri. Amin sanapeze pamodzi ndi Karmal ndi Taraki salabadira.

USSR chigonjetso cha ulimi demokalase Tinadabwa weniweni. Kremlin anadikirira, zimene zidzachitike lotsatira, koma ambiri anzeru akazembe ndi apparatchiks ya Soviet Union ankadziwa kuti sakhala patali chiyambi cha nkhondo Afghanistan.

Mamembala a nkhondo usilikali

Patangopita mwezi kupasula wamagazi a boma la Daud magulu atsopano zandale akumenya nkhondo. Magulu "Khalq" ndi "Parcham" monga mfundo awo sapezeka wamba pakati pawo. Mu August 1978, pali kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa "Parcham" mphamvu. Karmal pamodzi ndi mtima umodzi kupita kudziko lina.

m'mbuyo pang'ono wina boma latsopano - otsutsa atagwira kusintha kwa ananyema. mphamvu Islamist ndi ogwirizana chipani ndi gululi. Mu June, m'zigawo za Badakhshan, Bamyan, Kunar, Paktia ndi Nangarhar kuyamba zochita zida ndi boma chosintha. Ngakhale tsiku boma cha zida mbiri yakale nkhondo kuitana 1979, ntchito ya usilikali anayamba kale kwambiri. Chaka cha chiyambi cha nkhondo Afghanistan - 1978. The Civil nkhondo anakhala chothandizira kuti anakankhira dziko kwa alowererepo yachilendo. Aliyense wa megaderzhav anathamangitsa ake zofuna mwini geopolitical.

Islamists ndipo cholinga chawo

Back mu 70s kumayambiriro Afghanistan anapanga bungwe "Mnyamata Muslim." Anthu a m'dera lino anali pafupi malingaliro Chisilamu wachikhazikitso wa Arab "Muslim Abale", njira zawo za kulimbana kwa mphamvu, mpaka mantha ndale. The ulamuliro wa miyambo Chisilamu jehad ndi yimitsira osiyanasiyana kusintha otsutsana Quran - ndi chakudya yaikulu ya mabungwe awa.

Mu 1975, "Muslim Youth" adzakhala udzawonongedwa. Iwo anali odzipereka mwa atsogoleri ena - Gulu la Chisilamu la Afghanistan (IPA) ndi Jamiat-e Islami (IOA). Amakutsogolerani maselo amenewa G. Hekmatyar ndi Rabbani. Mamembala a bungwe anaphunzira kuchititsa ntchito asilikali loyandikana Pakistan ndi yokonzedwa ndi maboma ena. Pambuyo April utasintha otsutsa anthu ogwirizana. The kulanda boma mu dziko wakhala ngati mbendera nkhondo.

thandizo ena ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira

Inu simungakhoze kuiwala kuti chiyambi cha nkhondo Afghanistan, tsiku limene magwero chi -. The zaka 1979-1989, zinali kwambiri anakonza mayiko nawo NATO ndi ena limati Chisilamu. Ngati pamaso pa American osankhika ndale wakana kugwirizana mu mapangidwe ndi ndalama za aziphunzitso, m'zaka latsopano wabweretsa nkhani choseketsa ichi kwambiri mfundo. akuluakulu wakale CIA tasiya zambiri Maulendo, zomwe poyera ulamuliro wa boma lawo.

Ngakhale pamaso nkhondo Soviet la Afghanistan, ndi CIA ndalama zolipirira ndi Mujahideen, anakakhala kwa zapansi maphunziro awo ku loyandikana Pakistan zofunikira mikono ya Islamists. Mu 1985, Pulezidenti Reagan panokha Mujahideen alendo pa White House. Chopereka lofunika kwambiri la United States mu mkangano Afghanstan anayamba kupeza anthu dziko Arab.

Masiku ano, pali zambiri kuti nkhondo Afghanistan zinakonzedwa ndi CIA ngati msampha kwa Soviet Union. Wagwidwa izo, Union ankaona kupereŵera ndondomeko yake, chuma kuda ndi "kugwa". Monga mukuonera, chimene chinachitika. Mu 1979, pamene nkhondo yoyamba ya ku Afghanistan, kani, kuika chimadalira zochepa Union Army, inasanduka mosalephera.

The USSR ndiponso thandizo la PDPA

Pali maganizo kuti April zisinthe Soviet Union ankakonza kwa zaka zingapo. Ine ankayang'anira ntchito imeneyi panokha Andropov. Taraki anali nthumwi ya boma la Russia. Chikadzangotha kulanda boma anayamba wochezeka fraternal thandizo la Soviet Union mu Afghanistan. zina utverzhadyut kuti Saur utasintha Tinadabwa kwambiri ndi Soviet Union, ngakhale osangalatsa.

Pambuyo kusintha bwino Afghanistan boma Union anayamba kuwunika kwambiri zimene zikuchitika m'dzikoli. Utsogoleri watsopano mu nkhope ya Taraki wokhulupirika kwa abwenzi la Soviet Union. KGB nzeru zonse kuuzidwa "mtsogoleri" wa kusakhazikika m'dera loyandikana, koma anaganiza dikirani. Inayamba nkhondo Afghanistan, USSR kuchigwira bwinobwino, boma la Russia ankadziwa ukulipirira chitsutso States, kupereka m'dera sanafune, koma kamodzi mavuto Soviet-American anali boma la Russia kuti chilichonse. Ndipo komabe kuima ndi Soviet Union sanali kupita, pambuyo pa zonse, Afghanistan - Dziko-anzathu.

Mu September 1979, Amin anaphedwa Taraki ndipo analengeza yekha pulezidenti. Ena akunena kuti chisokonezo chomaliza mabwenzi awo akale chifukwa cholinga Pulezidenti Taraki kukamufunsa Soviet Union usilikali chimadalira polowera. Amin ndi gulu lake anali motsutsa izo.

The Soviet kuwukira

magwero Soviet amanena kuti boma la Afghanistan, iye anatumizidwa 20 zopempha pempho kutumiza asilikali. Mfundo kunena zosiyana - Pulezidenti Amin ankatsutsa kulowa Russian chimadalira. Wokhala Kabul anatumiza deta pa US akufuna kuti akokere Soviet Union mu nkhondo dera. Ngakhale ndiye, utsogoleri Soviet ankadziwa kuti Taraki ndi PDPA - okhala States. Amin anali mtundu okha kampani imeneyi, koma ndi Taraki, iwo sachita nawo pa $ 40 miliyoni lolipiridwa ndi CIA kwa April kulanda boma, chinali chifukwa chachikulu cha imfa yake.

Andropov ndi Gromyko sanafune kumva chilichonse. Kumayambiriro December mu Kabul, anaulukira Paputin KGB ambiri ndi ntchito kukopa Amin kulimbikitsa asilikali wa USSR. Pulezidenti watsopano anaumirirabe. Kenako pa December 22 Zimenezi zinachitika mu Kabul. Titalandira "nationalists" anathyola m'nyumba, kumene nzika za USSR, namdula atsogoleri a zingapo anthu ankakhala. Ikani pa nthungo, zida "Islamists" n'kuwagwira kudzera m'misewu ikuluikulu Kabul. Apolisi amene anafika pamalopo ndipo anatsegula moto, koma oipa anathawa. December 23, boma la Soviet wandituma kwa boma la uthenga Afghanistan, amene waika kutchuka ya pulezidenti, kuti asilikali a Soviet Posachedwapa Afghanistan kuteteza nzika zawo. Ngakhale Amin anali kuganizira mmene kunyengerera asilikali "abwenzi" Nkhondoyo, iwo anafika pa chimodzi of dziko la pa 24 December. Tsiku inayake ya nkhondo Afghanistan - zaka 1979-1989. - adzatsegula wina wa masamba ambiri oopsa kuposa kale la USSR.

Opaleshoni "Mavuto"

Mbali ya 105 St Airborne Division alonda tidakocheza makilomita 50 kuchokera Kabul, ndi wapadera unit wa KGB "Delta" atazingidwa ya pulezidenti pa 27 December. Chifukwa cha adani Amin ndi asilikali ake anaphedwa. Ammudzi dziko, "gasped," ndi zidole onse mfundo imeneyi acimbadzoza manja ake. USSR kusuta chamba. paratroopers Soviet anagwira maofesi zazikulu zonse zomangamanga inali m'mizinda ikuluikulu. Kwa zaka 10 ku Afghanistan, kumenyana oposa 600 zikwi. Asilikali Soviet. Chaka cha chiyambi cha nkhondo Afghanistan chinali chiyambi cha kugwa kwa Soviet Union.

Usiku, December 27 ku Moscow anafika Babrak Karmal ndi wailesi analengeza Gawo lachiwiri la zisinthe. Choncho, chiyambi cha nkhondo Afghanistan - 1979.

Events 1979-1985 biennium.

Pambuyo bwino ntchito "Mphepo", asilikali a Soviet anagwira malo onse aakulu mafakitale. Cholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa boma la Russia ndi chikominisi boma m'dziko loyandikana Afghanistan, ndipo kanikizirani dushmans amene ankalamulira kumidzi.

kusiyana yosatha pakati Islamists ndi troopers zinachititsa kuti akuvutika ambiri mwa anthu wamba, koma m'mapiri asilikali kwathunthu zimasochera. Mu April 1980, mwambo wake woyamba zikuluzikulu ntchito mu Panjshir. Mu June chaka chomwecho boma la Russia walamula kudzatapa wa thanki ndi chida mbali ya Afghanistan. Mu August chaka chomwecho kunali kulimbana Mashhadskom gorge. SA asilikali anali ambushed, anapha asilikali 48 ndi 49 - anavulala. Mu 1982, pofuna chachisanu ndi asilikali Soviet anakwanitsa kutenga Panjshir.

M'zaka zisanu za moyo nkhondo zachitika mafunde. SA zokhazokha, ndiye anagwa ku chiwembu ndi. Islamists ntchito zonse si anachita, kuukira mizati chakudya ndi mbali mphamvu. CA anayesa kukankha iwo kuchokera m'mizinda ikuluikulu.

Nthawi imeneyi pakhala misonkhano yambiri ndi Pakistani Pulezidenti Andropov ndi United States. Woimirira wa USSR ananena kuti boma la Russia anali wokonzeka kuthetsa ndale nkhondo mu kubwerera kwa United States ndi Pakistan kukutsimikizira kuchotsa ndalama chitsutso.

1985-1989 gg.

Mu 1985, mlembi woyamba wa USSR Mikhail Gorbachev anakhala. Iye ankafunitsitsa constructively, ankatsutsa dongosolo, iikidwa malamulo a "perestroika". The protracted nkhondo ku Afghanistan ali angaletsedwe ndondomeko normalization ubale ndi US ndi Europe. Yogwira ntchito zankhondo ikuchitika, koma pa gawo Afghanstan ali zonse anapha asilikali Soviet. Mu 1986, Gorbachev analengeza lamulo phased achire wa asilikali Afghanistan. Mu chaka chomwecho, B. Karmal m'malo ndi M. Najibullah. Mu 1986 iye anazindikira kuti nkhondo pa utsogoleri wa SA anthu Afghanstan anatayika kulamulira gawo lonse la CA sakanakhoza Afghanistan. January 23-26 mphamvu Soviet unachitikira ntchito otsiriza "Mvula ya mkuntho" mu Afghanistan m'chigawo Kunduz. February 15, 1989 kudzipatula asilikali onse a Soviet Army.

Zimene mphamvu dziko

Zonse za mabungwe pambuyo TV kulengezedwa kwa adani a nyumba yachifumu Pulezidenti Afghanistan ndi kupha Amin mu mkhalidwe mantha. Soviet Union yomweyo anayamba kuliona ngati okwana ndi zoipa akagwiriridwa dziko. Chiyambi cha nkhondo Afghanistan (1979-1989 gg.) Pakuti mphamvu European anali chizindikiro kwa chiyambi cha kudzipatula boma la Russia. French Pulezidenti ndi German Chancellor panokha anakumana ndi Brezhnev ndipo anayesa kumukopa kuti mupewe asilikali, Leonid Ilyich anaumirirabe.

Mu April 1980, boma la US walamulira chithandizo kwa magulu otsutsa Afghanistan kuchuluka kwa $ 15 miliyoni.

United States ndi ku Ulaya lotchedwa pa mayiko kunyalanyaza Olympic 80 unachitika mu Moscow, koma chifukwa kukhalapo kwa ku Asia ndi ku Africa, chochitika zamasewera ndi unagwiritsabe.

"Carter Chiphunzitso" unalembedwa nthawi imeneyi ubale unasokonezeka. Chachitatu mayiko dziko wolakwa kanthu ndi voti ambiri USSR. February 15, 1989 boma la Soviet Union, pansi mapangano ndi dziko United Nations asilikali ake ku Afghanistan.

The chifukwa cha mkangano

Chiyambi ndi mapeto a nkhondo Afghanistan ndi makonzedwe, chifukwa Afghanistan - ndi mng'oma muyaya, chomwechonso analankhula za dziko wake wa mfumu yake yomaliza. Mu 1989, chimadalira zochepa la asilikali Soviet "mwadongosolo" anawoloka malire a ku Afghanistan - monga anauzidwa kuti kasamalidwe pakampanipo. Ndipotu Afghanistan anali akaidi zikwizikwi a asilikali nkhondo CA aiwala kampani ndi alonda malire, kuphimba mthunzi wa 40 kwambiri Army.

Afghanistan patapita zaka za nkhondo wakhala Inabuka chisokonezeko mtheradi. Zikwi zambiri othawa anathawira kunja kwa dzikoli kuthawa nkhondo.

Ngakhale lero patsala zosadziwika chiŵerengero cha Afghanistan akufa. Akatswiri anafuulira chithunzi cha okwana 2.5 miliyoni akufa ndipo anavulazidwa, makamaka - wamba.

SA kwa zaka khumi nkhondo, wataya asilikali za 26 chikwi. Nkhondo Afghanistan, USSR anataya, ngakhale ena a mbiri yakale amanena kuti lidzatha.

Ndalama zachuma wa USSR mogwirizana ndi nkhondo Afghanstan anali zoopsa. Pofuna kuthandiza boma Kabul chaka allocated $ 800 miliyoni, ndi ankhondo - $ 3 biliyoni.

Chiyambi cha nkhondo Afghanistan anali mapeto a Soviet Union, mmodzi wa mphamvu zikuluzikulu padzikoli.