Trade okhonda: mbali ndi njira za malamulo

The ndondomeko ya kudalirana kwa zachuma, pamodzi ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi luso, kumakhudza yaikulu ntchito za mabungwe onse a zachuma. Makamaka, kumawonjezera zokolola ndinganene bwino khalidwe la misonkhano, pali ntchito zomveka zachilengedwe. Kusintha magawo awa kukhudzanso pa chuma cha aliyense nawo ndondomeko za dziko malonda padziko lonse. Komabe, gulu la msika lonse amakakamizidwa kuvomereza zofunika latsopano zoyikidwa ndi dziko lapansi. Imeneyi, muyenera nthawi kupendanso zolinga, zolinga ndi njira adagwirizana mkati boma chikoka pa ntchito yachilendo chuma dziko.

Zolinga zikuluzikulu za dongosolo msika lonse

njira makamaka zogwirizana ndi mavuto pa anthu dongosolo lonse malonda, njira mkati chuma likufa kusintha kwambiri. Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, zinthu umoyo ndi zachuma m'dzikoli ali ndi chikoka chidwi mapangidwe malonda yachilendo. Ikufotokoza zolinga polojekitiyo ndi zofunika, njira ndi njira kuzikwanitsa. Zimenezi alipo mu Russia. Choncho, kufufuza mosalekeza miyezo ongolankhula ndi othandiza, omwe ndi mchikakamizo cha malonda Russian yachilendo. Cholinga cha ntchito ndi kukwaniritsa mphamvu zabwino chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko.

Lamulo la malonda akunja pa mlingo malamulo

Movement wa katundu yense kudutsa malire Russian ndi mwa nsanamira kuwoloka. ntchito yawo kuyang'aniridwa ndi Customs Code. akonzedwa Izi malamulo, nawonso amapereka m'maulamuliro wapadera, nthawi ndondomeko ya kulembetsa ndi ulamuliro. Kuphwanya malamulo zotchulidwa Code kumafuna osiyana mitundu ya chilango. Izi anasonyeza mu mpukutuwu. Customs Code zikuphatikizapo mndandanda wa zonse ntchito RF kufala dongosolo matanthauzo. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, monga ngati "Dziko chiyambi cha chuma", "malipiro ntchito kamangidwe ka mankhwala," ndi ena ambiri. lamulo Federal, kufotokoza ndizosowa boma lamulo la malonda yachilendo, muli malangizo zikuluzikulu za ntchito ya chiphunzitso ndi chitukuko, limakonza udindo m'gulu. Komanso, ndipamene mfundo zikuluzikulu za ntchito msika lonse. Choncho anachita miyambo malamulo a malonda yachilendo. ophunzira, malinga ndi lamulo, anawagawa m'magulu angapo. Njirazi ndi monga:

• Nkhani yaikulu ubale yachilendo zachuma. Kampaniyi a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chuma, yomwe ikuchitika ntchito malonda yachilendo.
• The boma mabungwe boma ndi mabungwe ang'onoang'ono.
• Ophunzira za mayiko m'maholosero kudziletsa utumiki.

mabungwe onse okhudzana ndi amalonda munthu nawo asapita msika anawerengedwa mwa akuluakulu a kasitomu. Komabe, njirayi ndi kwawo.

njira kulamulira

Pali njira zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi boma Russian angagwiritse ntchito ulamuliro pa gulu ntchito malonda yachilendo. Njirazi ndi monga:

• Zoletsa ndi malamulo oletsa.
• njira zolimbana zokhudzana ndi zifukwa kwa tariffs miyambo.
• Zopinga (zolimbikitsa) kanthu m'munda wa zachuma pa mlingo boma.

State lamulo la zochitika malonda yachilendo

Bwino anapanga gulu la pa boma ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri mphamvu ya vuto la zachuma. Matupi, motsogoleredwa ndi amene ali achilendo ntchito malonda, anapanga pa maziko a chitukuko mbiri ya dziko, malo m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso mbali ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Soviet Union kunali centralized boma dongosolo okhawo. Imakhala kulamulira wamba ndi kasamalidwe m'munda wa malonda yachilendo. M'tsogolo, tinganene kuti asapita msika dongosolo okhawo kunatha. Pankhaniyi, mautumiki ndi m'madipatimenti nawo m'madera alandira angapo ufulu malonda.

Modern dongosolo kulamulira latsopano la Russia

Dongosolo la malamulo a malonda akunja anali potsiriza anapanga mu 2005. nyumba imeneyi lagawidwa magulu atatu.

1. Federal. Pa mlingo, zochita atengedwa ndi akuluakulu onse.
2. Regional. Panopa anasankha mwa akuluakulu a zigawo za dziko.
3. Local. Pa mlingo ntchito malonda yachilendo olamulidwa ndi matupi m'deralo.

Malinga ndi chigamulo boma analenga apadera mabungwe wamkulu anapatsidwa pa kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti yachilendo zachuma. mabungwe njirazi ndi izi: Utumiki wa Development Economic, Unduna wa Zamalonda ndi kumvera Federal Service Miyambo ndi Agency Federal kayendetsedwe ka malo apadera a zachuma.

Tariff ndipo sanali tariff njira kulamulira

1. Mawu oyamba a ntchito inatha pa katundu. njira umalimbana apeze ubwino opanga zoweta ndi boma, lomwe ndi ndalama. Ogula M'malo mwake, amakakamizidwa kugula katundu pa mitengo mpweya, kotero kuti umboni imfa.
2. Mawu oyamba a ntchito katundu. Makasitomala kulandira anawonjezera phindu kuchepetsa mitengo zoweta, opanga akuvutika zomvetsa, boma amalandira ndalama zina.

Pakuti malonda awo ndi kuwonjezeka zogulitsa kunja mayiko ndikukhazikitsa zinthu zotsatirazi:

• mopepuka zolimbikitsa msonkho kwa Makampani chinkhoswe mu wolowa;
• Inatenga opereka ngongole otsika chidwi ndi ngongole kwa katundu wa malonda;
• inachita pangano pa mlingo boma, umalimbana kugulitsa katundu m'mayiko ena.

komanso sanali tariff njira ankalamulira ntchito malonda yachilendo. Njirazi ndi monga:

• zoletsa katundu;
• quotas oletsa katundu;
• malonda embargo - loletsa pa tanthauzo (katundu) a mtundu winawake wa mankhwala;
• kukhuthula - kugulitsa katundu chopangidwa pa mitengo poyerekeza msika zoweta.

lotseguka chuma

Mawu amenewa ayenera kumvetsa ndondomeko ya malonda ndi dziko lonse ndi gulu msika ndi oyamba a mlingo wa inatha ndi katundu malamulo. Mtundu wa zachuma amakhala ndi mpweya wambiri wa zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

• kaperekedwe ka katundu ndi matanthauzo kupanga chonse cha anthu;
• wambirimbiri ndalama zakunja mwachibale kwa mkati;
• pamaso pa kuumba yachilendo (GNP).

msika mayiko monga mawonekedwe a ubale

Masiku ano a malonda pakati pa maiko kuoneka ngati mawonekedwe waukulu mogwirizana. Mavuto a msika kunja anathera yaikulu ya ntchito ya sayansi, akamanena za ndiko kupeza njira zabwino koposa chitukuko ndi kukhazikika wa nkhani zachuma padziko lonse. Iwo sakhala wopanda chidwi ndi ambiri kukopa kwake pa Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe a anthu. Komabe, ngakhale kudalirana msika, ndi owongolera waukulu ubale malonda ndi nzika za dziko msika. Iwo zochokera zokonda chuma cha dziko, malingana amene ali ndondomeko ya ntchito mogwirizana ndi zisudzo ena. Tisonyeza zimenezo mwa mapangidwe mabungwe, chilengedwe cha mapangano ena pa mlingo boma.