Tungsten, Molybdenum: aloyi ntchito

formations Natural mchere kuti muli tungsten mu mankhwala osiyanasiyana woipa mafakitale pamene m'zigawo ndi mwaukadaulo zotheka ndi chuma zotheka, - tungsten, molybdenum ores, komanso beryllium, tini, mkuwa, bismuth, nthawi zina mankhwala enaake, antimony, siliva, golide, Arsenic, tantalum, sulfure, scandium, niobium - dzikoli ngati osowa zitsulo lapansi, monga dzina la gulu si olemera. Kudutsa chigawo miyala tungsten - Molybdenum, monga ena ambiri, ndi kuchotsedwa pansi ndende ndi kunditumiza ku limafotokoza kusankha kapena gulu.

Kodi tungsten

Swedish sayansi Carl Scheele, pharmacist ndi maphunziro, anachititsa zatsopano zasayansi zawo. Kumeneko iye anapeza anthu manganese, barium, chlorine, ngakhale oxygen. Pa moyo wake, iye anachita chirichonse chimene mwafufuza amene anali anavomereza kuti Stockholm Academy of Sciences. Ngakhale asanamwalire mu 1781, anasiya zimene iye amakonda ndi sanachite tizitsatira ife mphatso yodabwitsa.

Wobala zinachitikira, Carl Scheele anapeza kuti tungsten (mchere, kenako dzina lake polemekeza scheelite wake) - mchere asidi ena osadziwika. Zinali anapeza kwambiri, koma zaka ziwiri kenako akatswiri ku Spain ndipo ophunzira ake anali olekanitsidwa izi mtundu mchere chinthu chatsopano chimene chinasintha postulates onse makampani. Komabe, m'chiwembucho zinachitika si mwakamodzi, atumwi wotsiriza, pamaso zinaonekeratu zimene katundu imachita ali tungsten.

Chigawo

Malinga munda ores onse tungsten anawagawa mitundu iwiri: exogenous ndipo amkati. Mbadwo Wotsirizira ndi skarn, pegmatite, stringer-mtsempha (Madziwo) greyzerovye mitundu majini a ores, amene amaphatikizidwa mu miyala formations zitatu. Izi tungsten - malata, tungsten - molybdenum, tungsten - polymetals.

Nthawi zina, tungsten opezeka mu pegmatites, kumene atamupopa ndi scheelite panjira, kutsogolera ulimi wa kulusolito, cassiterite, tantalum niobate kapena spodumene. Pegmatitnye munda - magwero a alluvial wa - otukuka kwambiri mu South East Asia ndi Africa.

Zilipo

Tungsten, molybdenum mu miyalayo chimakhudzana ndi intrusions lubwe, mbali zawo apical, pamene pali prikrovlevye madipoziti, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi stockworks miyala onse intra- ndi nadintruzivnymi.

Iwo apanga ndi plascheobraznye madipoziti, isometric ndi chowulungika ngati makamaka denga zofunda. Chabwino amalembedwa ndi miyala matupi columnar mtundu ndi Stockworks osasamba mawonekedwe. Gawo nkhokwe momwe muli molybdenum, tungsten, ndi zina mchere kawirikawiri lapansi, pafupifupi konse ndi nkhokwe zazikulu. miyalayo Akuti yekha mu makumi a, chosowa kwambiri mu masauzande matani.

m'zigawo

Molybdenum, tungsten ndi zina mabacteria Madziwo miyala ndi exo- ndi lubwe endocontact magulu amene mawonekedwe awiri yaitali mwachilungamo kwambiri - mpaka kilometre ndi - mndandanda wonse anakhala phompho dontho ndi kwambiri zochepa pafupifupi dontho mawaya. Anapezanso Stockworks. The matupi miyala anapanga kuchokera khwatsi-wolframite, cassiterite, inclusions wolframite-khwatsi, nthawi zambiri molybdenum, beryllium ndi bismuthinite, interspersed ndi khwatsi-molybdenite-scheelite ndi khwatsi-scheelite ores.

Childs mu ores ngati muli tungsten, molybdenum, kawirikawiri lapansi zitsulo zina zedi towerengeka; kuchokera tungsten theka wina ndi peresenti theka, zambiri - zochepa. Ngakhale nkhokwe ya miyala ya zikwi zingapo kapena zikwizikwi matani, amenenso kwambiri, pang'ono kwambiri. Migodi zambiri ikuchitika mobisa kapena kutsegula njira dzenje.

Njira yopanga

madipoziti Tungsten kumafuna njira m'zigawo kapena zigawo kugwa kapena zigawo yopingasa shrinkage miyala mu midadada ya zinyalala. Komanso ntchito njira stowing bwino mu chitukuko cha moyo, madipoziti skarn kapena greisen.

Open njira kumapereka lingaliro shtorkverkov, madipoziti skarn kapena greisen kapena placers. Pa maenje, umene umabala miyala tungsten, molybdenum, amangoona dongosolo zoyendera ndi kunja kukhuthula. Mu milandu, kupanga pafupifupi kwathunthu makina - nainte-faifi. Koma ntchito sikuthetsa pano. Miyalayo patsogolo kufunika, kuyambira kokha munthu pazipita chimodzi ndi theka peresenti zili zitsulo osowa lapansi - tungsten, molybdenum.

gawo

Mu USSR woyamba wa madipoziti kwambiri miyala tungsten kufukulidwa Kazakhstan, Eastern Siberia ndi Far East, Caucasus ndi ku Central Asia. Si onse amene amakonzedwa. Kunja processing wa tungsten ndi molybdenum ikuchitika makamaka ambiri mu Korea South ndi China. Pali madipoziti kwambiri mu dziko. Komanso, tungsten ndi ncho ku Portugal, Australia, Canada, Bolivia, United States, France, Austria ndi Turkey.

Izo ziyenera ananena kuti Asia South-East ndiponso lamba Pacific miyala ndi maperesenti oposa makumi asanu ndi limodzi nkhokwe ya tungsten padziko lapansi. Zonse mu zonse, kufufuza madipoziti okwana nkhokwe ya dziko tungsten kuli wina ndi tonnes miliyoni ndi theka. Mwachitsanzo, golide amapangidwa chaka (osati m'matangadza, ndicho anayambika), za 4.278.200 matani.

katundu

Anali mmodzi wa zitsulo kwambiri refractory, tungsten amakhala pafupifupi singasiyanitsidwe m'madera onse kuti imakhudzana ndi kutentha mkulu. Monga mankhwala mchitidwe Wolframium (W) kusungidwa mu gulu chachinayi cha dongosolo nthawi. atomiki ake kulemera kwa 183,85, ndipo chiwerengero 74. Ndi dzina lake chifukwa kuwala kwake imvi mtundu - ndi German ndipo Wolf Rahm likumasuliridwa kuti "nkhandwe" ndi "kirimu", ngati kwenikweni - "nkhandwe thovu". Ngakhale refractoriness, wokhazikika pa kutentha yachibadwa. Mchere kupereka tungsten - wolframite, scheelite ndi.

Tungsten - chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za zitsulo kutentha zosagwira wa Superhard - liwilo ndi chida, komanso kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi katundu yemweyo - stellite, yapambana ndi zina zotero. Koma tungsten choyera, onani tsiku lililonse, chifukwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zomangamanga magetsi. Mwachitsanzo, mu filament ndi nyali ndi tungsten filament. Komanso ali ndi chofunika kwambiri pa zamagetsi. zamakono ndi cathode ndi anode wa zitsulo.

kasakaniza wazitsulo mtundu

Processing wa tungsten ndi molybdenum zovuta, koma kwambiri opindulitsa. Makampani akudziwa zopangidwa ochepa, zomwe zina mwa wamba ndi zochepa. Tungsten ndi oyera, ndi zina ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi zitsulo zina. Choncho, sitampu osiyana BP - tungsten ndi aloyi rhenium; VL - ndi okusayidi lanthanum monga dopant ndi; VI - ndi yttria; VT - monga okusayidi zowonjezera thorium; VM - silika ndi doped ndi thorium; VA - ndi aluminum ndi silika zina; RF - wangwiro tungsten.

Tungsten ndi maziko carbide ndi tungsten aloyi ndi molybdenum - superalloy, ngati ena. Komanso ndi sachita akukonzekera avale zosagwira chida zitsulo. Wa kasakaniza wazitsulo awa amachitira mbali injini - ndege ndi danga, mu zipangizo zina - mbali zosiyana ndi filament. Popeza osalimba a zitsulo ndi mkulu kwambiri, ntchito counterweights, Bullets ndi zipolopolo zida zankhondo, miyala ballistic (olimba fyuluta, tungsten kupirira kusintha zana ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu zikwi pamphindi) kwa rotors mkulu-liwiro komanso ntchito zitsulo monga tungsten ndi molybdenum. Kugwiritsa iwo, monga taonera, kwambiri ambiri, ndipo wina amanena woyengedwa.

Minda ya ntchito

Popanda zitsulo osowa lapansi, kodi chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, lero, sangachite mankhwala kapena sayansi ya nyukiliya. timibulu Single wa tungstates ndi scintillation zoyesera, X-ray, komanso radiations ena ionizing. Tungsten ditelluride (WTe ₂₎ ntchito akatembenuka mphamvu matenthedwe mphamvu zamagetsi. Ngakhale argon-Arc kuwotcherera ntchito tungsten monga elekitirodi ndi.

Makamaka chimagwiritsidwa ntchito tungsten pawiri. zipangizo gulu ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo olimba ndi maziko a carbide tungsten, ziri zofunika kwa Machining zitsulo ndi nyumba sanali zachitsulo. Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri mu makina: mphero, kutembenuka, chiselling, planing. Musati muchite tsopano popanda carbide pamene pobowola ndi migodi, ndi kuti tiyenera tungsten, molybdenum - kupanga lophunzira luso onse atsopano ndi iwo.

Mitundu mankhwala zitsulo osowa-lapansi

WS ₂ (tungsten sulphide) - mkulu kutentha mafuta komabe mpaka madigiri mazana asanu centigrade. Kodi electrolyte losangalala ndi (mkulu-kutentha mabatire) ntchito tungsten trioxide. Nsalu, makampani utoto akweza kwambiri ndi zovuta njira zamakono, ntchito monga chothandizira tungsten pawiri ndi pigment ndi syntheses wopanda feteleza.

Makampani umabala kwakukulu kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zili tungsten, molybdenum ndi zitsulo zina kawirikawiri lapansi. Ambiri - ndi maelekitirodi, waya, ufa tungsten, pepala ndi rod-. Maelekitirodi konse anasungunuka Choncho angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwotcherera steels mkulu-aloyi, zitsulo sanali akakhala ndi zipangizo ndi nyimbo zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Palibe elekitirodi ndi sasamalira ndi mkulu china chotulutsa mphamvu.

molybdenum

Molybdenum kasakaniza wazitsulo, anawafotokozera zipangizo refractory. Mu maonekedwe ake angwiro ndi ntchito mu mawonekedwe a waya kapena tepi heaters - ng'anjo, ngakhale ntchito mu haidrojeni pa kutentha 1600 ° C. Tin ndi molybdenum waya zofunika makampani a pakompyuta, iwo ntchito X-ray luso molybdenum umatulutsa zosiyanasiyana mbali kwa machubu X-ray, elekitironi timachubu, machubu kuyamwa.

Komanso, molybdenum, ndi tungsten monga kwambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso steels. Zowonjezera Mo kumawonjezera mphamvu, hardenability, kukana dzimbiri, kulimba. Choncho, tungsten ndi molybdenum ntchito kulenga mbali yovuta kwambiri ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri. Kwa kuuma choterechi aloyi ndi Stellite anayambitsa - chrome ndi cobalt, kuti alipo magawo m'mphepete ntchito avale. Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten - aloyi ili pafupi zosatheka kufufuta. Komanso, iye wapatsidwa malo oyamba mu chiwerengero cha asidi ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo kutentha zosagwira.

danga

The aloyi wa tungsten ndi molybdenum mu zikuchokera plating mutu wa mivi iliyonse ndi ndege. Ndi mphamvu tungsten choyamba, chachiwiri - molybdenum. Komabe, mphamvu yeniyeni pa kutentha madigiri za mazana khumi ndi asanu Celsius zotuluka kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi molybdenum mu malo oyamba. Ngati kutentha ngakhale apamwamba - ndi tungsten ndi tantalum ndi losagonjetseka. Molybdenum zisa gulu zopangidwa kapisozi zipolopolo ndege spacecraft ndi mabomba amene anabwerera ku dziko lapansi, ndi kuzizira kutentha, zishango kutentha, chepetsa m'mbali mwa mapiko, stabilizers.

Kodi kantchito ndi katundu, kuthandiza zitsulo osowa lapansi. Kuyambira zinthu angayembekezere kukana mkulu makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kukokoloka mpweya, mphamvu yapamwamba ndi luso kugwira yamba. Ambiri zambiri ndege ndi roketi injini, trailing masiketi, masamba chopangira mphamvu, kutseka kuti uchiwo usatuluke nozzles, pamalo kulamulira, roketi nozzles, etc. - izi mapepala zovuta zonse kupirira molybdenum.

padziko Lapansi

zipangizo Oyembekezera kwa zipangizo ntchito mu sing'anga wa phosphoric, sulfuric ndi zidulo hydrochloric, anapangidwa ndi molybdenum ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake. Iwo anakana ngakhale mu galasi osungunula, choncho makampani galasi amapanga ntchito kwambiri molybdenum monga maelekitirodi kwa kusungunuka.

Kuyambira ndodo yake kasakaniza wazitsulo chopangidwa, amatha kuumba kwa kuthamanga kuponyera mkulu wa mkuwa, nthaka ndi zotayidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo. Popeza zitsulo molybdenum ankachitira opanikizika - nkhosa, amafa, kuboola mandrel mphero. Nawonso molybdenum komanso mmene bwino.