Mbiri oti muli nazo zida sitima sitima, maonekedwe, chithunzi

Achikulire la Russia ndi bwino kukumbukira mawu a nyimbo otchuka kamodzi: ". Ife ndife anthu amtendere, koma sitima yathu oti muli nazo zida waima pa zambali ndi" Iwo oti muli nazo zida kapangidwe - osati chabe nkhondowo wagawo ndi chizindikiro cha mphamvu asilikali a boma. Kodi aliyense amadabwa kuti m'masiku athu mawu sasiya kutchuka, ndi iwo ali ngakhale lodziwika bwino yosindikiza nyumba dzina lake. Oti muli nazo zida Phunzitsani Railway - ndi lothandiza mu mbiri ndi kukumbukira izo atumwiwa. Achokera kwa ife linga mawilo?

The zatsopano choyamba ntchito ya sitima oti muli nazo zida

Ganizo ntchito sitima monga zida zankhondo batire mafoni anaonekera mu France mu 1826, pamene dziko atamva uthenga wa chilengedwe cha woyamba ku England Kwanjanji. Koma palibe amene si anachita, ndipo sitima inali sitima anayamba podwala yekha mu 1848, pamene asilikali Austria anali kuteteza likulu lake ku Hungary.

Komabe, zimenezi, ngakhale bwino, analibe malangizo, ndipo ankadziwa lingaliro anali kale mu US pa nyanja pa Civil Nkhondo (1861-1865). Iwo anali anayambitsa ndi American ambiri Russian chiyambi Ivan Vasilevich Turchaninov, yomwe imadziwika ndi dzina lake American Dzhon Bezil Turchin.

Atakhala nsanja sitima ndi zipangizo bwinobwino oti muli nazo zida (kutseka) la mchenga, mwadzidzidzi anaukira lili njanji amalondola udindo wa gulu lankhanza la northerners. Zotsatira moti ntchito nsanja zida zankhondo anakhala chizoloŵezi, ndipo kenako sitimayo anali sitima Analeredwa ndi ambiri makamu dziko, akhala mbali yofunika zace.

Komanso chitukuko cha mitundu yatsopano ya zida

Ku Ulaya, lingaliro sheathe railcars zida mbale, koma mkati malo zida zankhondo ndi kuwerengetsera mfuti anabwera ndi injiniya French Mougins. Koma vuto linali lakuti njanji yopapatiza-n'zotsimikizira zaka osayenera kwa magalimoto pa iwo nyimbo, ndi ntchito zimatheka ngati pali njanji cholinga yabwino, zikhale zovuta polojekiti.

Mu mawonekedwe mwachizolowezi ya oti muli nazo zida sitima sitima kwa ife, mbiri ya lomwe nthawi imeneyo inkakhala pafupifupi theka zaka, lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Anglo-Boer Nkhondo ya 1899-1902. Borax chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zigawenga machenjerero mwadzidzidzi pomenyana ndi sitima ndi zipolopolo ndi chakudya ndipo potero kuswa makonzedwe a zidutswa mdani wake. Mu zinthu izi, oti muli nazo zida linga mawilo anasonyeza kuti njira kwambiri mothandiza aya za asilikali English. Kuyambira pamenepo, sitima anali sitima, zida ndi mosalekeza bwino, wasanduka membala singasiyanitsidwe nkhondo zonse zazikulu ndi nkhondo.

lamulo la mfumu

Mu zaka yapitayi Dziko Lonse Yoyamba, makamu pafupifupi onse European anali nkhokwe oti muli nazo zida wake sitima, ndi chiyambi cha ntchito asilikali anayamba awo ambiri kupanga tima. Mu 1913, Ufumu Wake Mfumu Nicholas Ine analamula kuyamba kupanga sitima oti muli nazo zida kusuntha pamaziko a zikuchitika luso opangidwa ndi akatswiri Russian KB Krom ndi M. V. Kolobovym. Patapita zaka ziwiri, pakati pa nkhondo asanu sitima awa analowa utumiki popangidwa ndi nthawi mbali ya sitima, ndipo posakhalitsa iwo anawonjezera awiri.

Nkhondo oti muli nazo zida Civil

Izo ziri zodziwika bwino kuti oti muli nazo zida sitima sitima anakhala mmodzi wa zizindikiro za Civil nkhondo. Ndi N'zosadabwitsa, kuyambira mu nthawi iyi yakhala yofunika mwapadera mu malingaliro kulimbana owawa ulamuliro wa kutsogolo maulendo okwanira. Oti muli nazo zida ndi bristling ndi mfuti nyimbo anali atakonzekera ndi pafupifupi onse magulu omenyanawa. Koma ngati ntchito tima anapanga posachedwa zimaonekera ndi zolakwa zawo zazikulu.

Chifukwa cha bulkiness ya sitima oti muli nazo zida ndi chandamale yabwino mdani zida zankhondo, ndi chitukuko cha luso asilikali - ndi ndege. Komanso, sayenda chawo chimadalira kwathunthu boma la mayendedwe sitima, kotero kuti athe kuphunzitsa amasiya zinali zokwanira kuwononga iwo kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo-zinatha.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, aliyense oti muli nazo zida sitima yapamtunda, ntchito kumene kumakhala chikwiyire mdani kutengera zinthu zoterozo, n'zochititsatu nsanja ndi njanji yopuma, sleepers ndi zofunika ogwiritsa hardware, ndi timu m'gulu antchito putejtsy. Anasunga chidwi deta: pamanja kukonza oyeretsa pafupifupi anakwanitsa achire mpaka mamita makumi anai a pamsewu kwa maola. zokolola amalola kuti apitirize kuyenda zikuchokera ndi osachepera mwamsanga.

Oti muli nazo zida za Red Army

The Red Army ndi oti muli nazo zida sitima anapeza ntchito mofanana lonse, komanso adani awo. Pa chiyambi cha maudani zinali mu masanjidwe yoyambira, pambuyo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, koma ngati khama nkhondo analibe unayambitsidwa kupanga otchedwa "surrogate" zitsanzo, amene ali ochiritsira zonyamula kapena katundu sitima ndi kuwakonda zida mbale m'chinyumba ichi mfuti. Chilengedwe cha wotereyo sitima oti muli nazo zida sanafune kuti zojambula zina ndi anatenga nthawi yochepa kwambiri. Only mu 1919 zinali tiyamba kupanga sitima leni nkhondo. Pakutha pa Civil nkhondo, Red Army iwo kale mayunitsi zana ndi makumi awiri.

Nkhondo itatha, ambiri mwa iwo kachiwiri atatembenuzidwa kwa zifuno za mtendere, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kuchepetsa kwambiri anagubuduza asilikali katundu sitima. Komabe, mu mmasate, ife anapitiriza ntchito pa atamasulidwa, koma kutenga nkhani zofunika zinasintha. Makamaka, lalikulu ambiri munthu ndi broneploschadki bronevagony ndi bronedreziny. Pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, iwo nthawi zambiri zida ndi mfuti odana ndege ndi mfuti za makina, ndipo ankafuna kuteteza sitima ku Adani mpweya.

m'nyanjazi ya sitima oti muli nazo zida

Zimene anali tingachipeze powerenga oti muli nazo zida sitima sitima? Photos zili m'nkhani amasonyeza dongosolo m'malo wamphamvu. Choyamba, monga dongosolo anali wokonzeka ndi injini amene ntchito chitachitidwa ndi chiwongolero zida injini, ndipo kenako dizilo. Komanso, anali kuvomerezedwa pamaso pa magalimoto angapo oti muli nazo zida kapena nsanja anaika pa manja awo. Izi zikhoza kukhala zida zankhondo machitidwe anapezazo analimbitsa mfuti ya makina, ndipo kenako launchers roketi. Nthawi zambiri, ndi oti muli nazo zida sitima sitima ali mu kapangidwe kake ndi ndegeyo nsanja limene linaikidwa mphamvu moyo kusuntha kwa dera maudani.

Ngakhale dzina lake, sitima oti muli nazo zida sanali zosungika yekha zida. Nthawi zina blindirovanie magalimoto ntchito, ndiyo kuonetsetsa chitetezo awo kudzera mchenga kuli odzaza ndi mapepala. Chimodzimodzinso chopangidwa parapets zoteteza kwa mfuti ndipo tidakocheza nsanja. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World mu sitima German oti muli nazo zida anali m'gulu ndi akasinja nsanja, amene ntchito anali kuthandiza ndegeyo.

Features ya sitima oti muli nazo zida mu makumi anai ndi

Ndiyeno panali mwapadera sitima oti muli nazo zida mtundu anakonzedwa kutetezela njira zinthu (milatho, mafakitale, malo zida ndi zina zotero. D.) zofunika, ili pa mtunda kuchokera mizere kutsogolo, koma mkati osiyanasiyana ndege mdani. peculiarity awo lagona kamangidwe, wokometsedwa kubweza kuukira mpweya. Iwo anali wopangidwa ndi sitima oti muli nazo zida ndi oti muli nazo zida Bay ndi osiyanasiyana zida odana ndi ndege. Bronevagony mwa iwo, monga ulamuliro, kwina.

Mu makumi anai oyambirira panali gulu la battalion oti muli nazo zida, amene zida oti muli nazo zida railcar asilikali Soviet. Chiyambireni cha nkhondo chiwerengero chinawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo amaphatikiza njanji flak mabatire, komanso kuikidwa pa sitima ya. ntchito yawo, monga m'zaka za m'mbuyo, zinali zochepa makamaka kutetezeredwa mauthenga komanso kupitiriza ntchito zotsatirazi sitima. Amadziwika kuti zaka sitima oposa mazana awiri oti muli nazo zida opaleshoni yokonza njanji.

asilikali Railway mu nthawi unawonongedwa

Mu zaka lonse itatha, phindu la sitima oti muli nazo zida anakana chifukwa chitukuko mofulumira magalimoto oti muli nazo zida. Mpaka 1953, iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito makamaka Ukraine, mu njira ya ntchito asilikali motsutsa UPA kawirikawiri kugwira cholimbana maofesi osiyanasiyana sitima. Komabe, mu 1958 Bungwe la nduna za USSR inaika lamulo pa kuchotsa pofuna kwa mtundu umenewu wa asilikali, ndipo pofika cha makumi asanu ndi sitima oti muli nazo zida akhala kwathunthu amene anapuma pantchito.

Only mu makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi chifukwa cha akuchuluka ubale ndi China, tinakambirana bwino kugwiritsa ntchito Trans-Baikal ndi Far East m'maboma asilikali asanu sitima oti muli nazo zida, kosalekeza ikuthamanga pamodzi malire boma. Iwo anagwiritsa ntchito kuthetsa kusamvana mu Baku (1990) ndi Nagorno-Karabakh (1987-1988), kenako anatitumiza m'munsi mwa kukhazikikamo.

Chida m'munsi pa njanji ndi

Modern sitima sitima anali ndi nkhope akapolo anzawo akale udachita kutchuka pa nkhondo zakale. Lero nyumba imeneyi, zida ndi machitidwe chida angathe kumenya zokwana nyukiliya ndi mipherezero chirichonse mu nthawi yaifupi kusintha malo a analamula.

Ngakhale kuti izi ndi thunthu latsopano kapangidwe luso, iye Komabe, kusunga dzina bwino - oti muli nazo zida sitima. Sitima, lomwe ndi lofunikira chida m'munsi, chifukwa sayenda ake ndi vuto ndithu kuti azindikire ngakhale mothandizidwa ndi makina.