Physics. Zotakasika kuyenda mu chikhalidwe ndi mu luso

Kwakusiyana Kanyama chilengedwe ndi luso - chodabwitsa sizachilendo. Mu chikhalidwe, kumachitika pamene mbali ina ya thupi olekanitsidwa ndi liwiro ena ku mbali inayo. Mu mphamvu anachita limapezeka popanda mogwirizana wa chamoyo ndi matupi awo.

Pofuna kumvetsa zimene uli pangozi, ndi bwino amatchula zitsanzo. Zitsanzo za zoyenda zotakasika mu chilengedwe ndi luso achuluka. Choyamba, ife kulankhula za mmene ntchito ndi nyama, ndiyeno momwe ntchito luso.

Medusa, atombolombo mphutsi, zomera ndi mollusks

Ambiri, kusambira mu nyanja, anakumana modabwitsa. Mu Black Sea izo, mulimonse, zokwanira. Komabe, si anthu onse ankaganiza kuti kusuntha modabwitsa kungogwiritsa ntchito ndege zosagwiritsa. Njira yofanana mungachitepo ndi mphutsi za dragonflies, komanso ena oimira zomera zam'madzi. Mwachangu nyama zam'madzi nyama zonse zopanda mafupa kuti ntchito zambiri apamwamba kuposa zoyambitsidwa luso.

mollusks ambiri kusuntha chidwi njira yathu. Monga chitsanzo, cuttlefish, nyamayi, nyamayi. Makamaka, nsombayi, sikalopu amatha kupita chitsogolo, ntchito ndege ya madzi, amene akatulutsidwa lakuya pamene lamba wa pamimba ake kwambiri kuotcha.

Ndipo zitsanzo zochepa chabe pa moyo wa dziko nyama, zingachititse kuwulula mutu wakuti: ". Ndege zosagwiritsa tsiku ndi tsiku, chikhalidwe ndi luso"

Kodi kulimbikitsa cuttlefish

chidwi kwambiri pankhaniyi, ndipo cuttlefish. Ngati ambiri cephalopods, limayenda mu madzi, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsatirazi. Kudzera nyuzi yapadera yomwe ili patsogolo kwa thupi, komanso mwa lateral kudula cuttlefish imakoka madzi mu gill M'mimbamo ake. Ndiye iye chitaya ake mwamphamvu kudzera nyuzi ya. Cuttlefish chubu nyuzi potsogolera chammbuyo kapena chammbali. Kayendedwe Pankhaniyi akhoza ikuchitika madera osiyana.

njira yomwe amagwiritsa salpa

Chidwi ndi njira yomwe amagwiritsa salpa. Chotero anaitana kanyama chomwe chili ndi thupi mandala. Salpa imakoka madzi pamene galimoto ntchito kutsegula kutsogolo. Madzi ndi M'mimbamo lonse, ndipo mwa iwo imakonzedwa diagonally makutu. dzenje chatsekedwa pamene salpa akupanga chakumwa waukulu wa madzi. yopingasa ake ndi mgwirizano kotenga minofu m'mbuyo thupi lonse la nyama. Kudzera kutsegula kumbuyo kwa madzi akankhidwira kunja. Chinyama ikupita patsogolo chifukwa cha anachita chifukwa ndege.

Squids - "moyo torpedoes"

The chidwi lalikulu ndi mwina injini ndege, limene lili nyamayi lapansi. Nyama imeneyi imatengedwa woimira zofunika kwambiri mitundu nyama zonse zopanda mafupa pa kuya kwambiri nyanja. The zotakasika navigation nyamayi anafika ungwiro uwu. Ngakhale thupi la nyama akufanana Roketi ndi Matupi awo akunja. M'malo mwake, m'mabaibulo roketi nyamayi, monga adzaupereka kwa iye yamphamvu ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani imeneyi. Ngati mukufuna kusuntha pang'onopang'ono, nyama amagwiritsa kwa diamondi woboola pakati lalikulu chipsyepsye uyu ndichotse nthawi. Ngati pamafunika kuponya mwachangu kuthandiza injini ndege.

Kumbali zonse za thupi la mollusk ndi lozungulira chovala - minofu minofu. Pafupifupi theka buku okwana thupi la nyama kuti patsekeke ake voliyumu. Nyamayi amagwiritsa chovala M'mimbamo ndi kayendedwe, woyamwa madzi mkati. Kenako zikuchepa chitaya ankayimira mtsinje wa madzi kupyolera nozzle yopapatiza. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye amayendapo mu jerks kumbuyo ndi liwiro lalikulu. Pankhaniyi, nyamayi anawonjezera tentacles ake onse 10 pa mutu wagawo anu kuti tikhale ndi mawonekedwe streamlined. Monga mbali ya nozzle ali ndi valavu wapadera, ndi minofu nyama akhoza atembenuza izo. Potero kusintha malangizo kuyenda.

Chidwi nyamayi liwiro

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti injini nyamayi ndi ndalama kwambiri. Liwiro, amene amatha kukhala, angafikire 60-70 km / h. Akatswiri ena afika ananena kuti n'kutheka kuti 150 km / h. Monga mukuonera, nyamayi pachabe wotchedwa "moyo oponya". Iwo akhoza zimayenda mu njira anakhumba, aŵelama, mbasiya, kapena tentacles bwino apangidwe mtengo.

Monga akulamulira kayendedwe ka nyama ya

Popeza poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa nyama ndi gudumu lalikulu kwambiri, kuti nyamayi ndi mosavuta kupewa kuwombana chowalepheretsa, ngakhale kusuntha pa liwiro pazipita, tiyenera okha gulu pang'ono wa chiwongolero. Ngati kutembenukira zikuchepa, nyama yomweyo kuthamangira ku Nineve. Kalmar anaŵerama kumbuyo mapeto a nyuzi ndi chifukwa mwina Wopanda kuphedi. Ngati vygnet izo, iye adzaponyedwa lamanzere ndege yaikulu. Komabe, pamene muyenera pitani msanga, nyuzi ndi zonse zoyenera pakati tentacles lapansi. Nyama, mu nkhani iyi mchira iri yofulumira patsogolo monga khansa, athamangadi-wothamanga, ngati iye anali ndi kavalo see.

Ngati pamene osafunika liwiro squids ndi cuttlefish kusambira unduliruya mmene zipsepse. Kutsogolo kupita kumbuyo kupyola kakang'ono yoweyula izo. Nyamayi ndi cuttlefish glide Mochititsa chidwi. Iwo apo kudzikakamiza madzi, amene anaponyedwa pansi mikanjo yawo. tokhala munthu kuti mollusc amalandira kuphulika kwa Jets madzi, mu nthawi ngati kuoneka bwino.

zouluka nyamayi

Ena cephalopods amatha imathandizira mpaka 55 km / h. Palibe kuti miyezo mwachindunji, koma chiwerengero ichi tikhoza kupempha zochokera kutali ndi liwiro ukuuluka nyamayi. Iwo likukhalira kuti palinso amenewa. Kalmar stenotevtis ndi woyendetsa yabwino ya nkhono onse. amalinyero English kuzitcha izo zouluka nyamayi (Kuuluka nyamayi). nyama zimenezi, chithunzi chimene anapereka pamwambapa, wamfupi, ndi za hering'i. Iye mwamsanga akuthamangitsa nsomba zimene zimadza kuchokera mmadzi ikugwiridwa ndi muvi pamwamba ake. Chotero tsenga lidalembedwa ndi pamene kuopsezedwa ndi ogwirira - nsomba ndi nsomba ya makerele. Mukhale pazipita makokedwe anachita dzanja madzi, nyama akuyamba mu mlengalenga kenako ntchentche pa 50 mamita pamwamba pa mafunde. Mu nkhani iyi, apogee ndege ake ali pamwamba kwambiri kuti nthawi zambiri zouluka nyamayi anagunda zombo sitimayo. Kutalika mamita 4-5 iwo - osati umboni. Nthawi zina zouluka squids kuuluka ngakhale apamwamba.

Dr. Rice, nkhono kafukufuku ku United Kingdom, m'nkhani ya sayansi anafotokoza woimira nyama zimenezi, kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 16 okha. Komabe, iye anatha kuuluka mtunda chilungamo kupyola mlengalenga pamaso ankafika pa mlatho wa yatchi lapansi. Kutalika kwa mlatho anali pafupifupi 7 mamita!

Pali milandu pamene chombo ukugwa monga kwambiri nyama zouluka. Trebius Niger, yemwe analemba anauza nkhani zomvetsa chisoni za m'chombo chimene chikuwoneka kuti sanathe kunyamula nyama zam'madzi ndi kumira. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nyamayi amatha kutenga ngakhale popanda overclocking.

zouluka nyamayi

Komanso adzalandira mphamvu kuuluka nyamayi. Jean Verani, ndi French zachilengedwe, anaona mmodzi wa iwo clocked mu thanki wake, kenako mwadzidzidzi analumpha kuchokera mmadzi. Animal anafotokozera Arc mu mlengalenga pafupifupi 5 mamita ndi ndiye aikidwa mu Aquarium ndi. Nyamayi, kusonkhanitsa koyenera kuti liwiro kulumpha, anasamukira osati ndi ndege yaikulu. Iye wopalasa ndi tentacles awo. Nyamayi baggy, kotero iwo tiwolokere woipa kuposa nyama, koma pa nthawi yovuta, ndi nyama angathe kupereka osemphana ndi wothamanga kwambiri. California Aquarium antchito Anafuna kutenga zithunzi za nyamayi, amene akuukira nkhanu. Komabe, nyamayi, kuthamangira pa nyama zawo, anayamba liwiro ngati kuti zithunzi, ngakhale ndi wapadera boma kunapezeka sawona bwinobwino. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mayina inatenga nkhani ya masekondi!

Komabe, nyamayi zambiri kusambira pang'onopang'ono. Scientific Saynl Yosefe nyamayi kusamuka kuphunzira, anapeza kuti nyamayi, kukula kwa amene mamita 0.5, amayandama pa liwiro pafupifupi pafupifupi 15 km / h. Aliyense ndege ya madzi, umene chitaya chikho, anatenga izo patsogolo (kukhala enieni kwambiri, kumbuyo, ngati iye amayandama chammbuyo) penapake mamita 2-2.5.

"Wopenga nkhaka"

Kwakusiyana Kanyama chilengedwe ndi luso akhoza ankaona ntchito mafanizo ake, zitsanzo dziko la zomera. Mmodzi wa wotchuka - kucha zipatso otchedwa wamisala nkhaka. Iwo zophukiranso pa phesi pa kukhudza pang'ono. Ndiye, chifukwa chifukwa cha dzenje ndi gulu lalikulu kunja wapadera zomatira madzimadzi, muli mbewu. Sam nkhaka ntchentche kuchokera kwina kwa mtunda mpaka 12 m.

Chilamulo cha kusamala patsogolo

Onetsetsani kuti ndikuuzeni inu za icho, kuganizira ndege zosagwiritsa mu chilengedwe ndi sayansi. Kudziwa malamulo a kusamala patsogolo amatilola kusintha, makamaka gululi zathu liwiro, ngati ife tiri mu malo lotseguka. Mwachitsanzo, inu mwakhala mu ngalawa muli ndi miyala yochepa. Ngati inu kuwaponya mu njira ina, kayendedwe ka ngalawa adzakhala zosiyana. Danga Machitidwe chilamulo ichi. Komabe, pali ntchito imeneyi cholinga injini roketi.

Zitsanzo zina ziti zimene kutchulidwa zotakasika kuyenda mu chilengedwe ndi luso? Kwambiri kusamala wabwino wa patsogolo zikufotokozeredwa ndi chitsanzo cha mfuti.

Monga mukudziwa, kuwombera wa nthaŵi zonse limodzi ndi kubwerera. Kuganiza kulemera kwa chipolopolo idzakhala wofanana ndi kulemera kwa mfuti. Pankhaniyi, iwo akanati anamwazikana ku mbali ndi liwiro. Kickback ndi chifukwa amalenga mphamvu zotakasika, ngati pali watayika ndi kulemera. Kupyolela mwa mpanvu izi amaperekedwa ndi kayendedwe mu zingalowe m'malo mwa danga, ndi mu mlengalenga. Kwakukulu liwiro ndi misa mpweya loyenda, ndi kudana mphamvu amene akumverera phewa wathu panonso. Choncho, mphamvu anachita ndi apamwamba kwambiri zimene mfuti.

Ndimalota za kuwulukira danga

Kwakusiyana Kanyama chilengedwe ndi luso chakhala kwa zaka zambiri gwero la kudzoza kwa asayansi. anthu mazana ambiri akhala akulakalaka akuuluka mu mlengalenga. Ntchito ndege zosagwiritsa mu chilengedwe ndi luso, m'pofunika kukhulupirira, kodi sichoncho wotopa yokha.

Zonsezi zinayamba ndi loto. Yopeka olemba ndi zaka zingapo zapitazo ankatipatsa njira zosiyanasiyana za momwe cholinga ankafuna. M'zaka za m'ma 17, Sirano De Berzherak, ndi French wolemba, analenga nkhani ya ndege ku mwezi. khalidwe lake ndiyenera Kanema dziko lapansi, ntchito njanji ngolo. Pamwamba nyumba imeneyi, nthawi zonse anaponya amphamvu maginito. Ophimba, anakopeka izo, anauka pamwamba pa dziko lapansi apamwamba ndi apamwamba. Patapita nthawi, zinafika pa Moon. khalidwe lina wotchuka, Baron Munchausen, anakwera ku mwezi nyemba phesi.

Kumene, pa nthawi imeneyo komabe samadziwa zambiri za momwe ntchito ndege Kanyama mu chilengedwe ndi luso amatha moyo mosavuta. Koma pandege wa zapamwamba, ndithudi, atsegula M'maso latsopano.

Pa njira anapeza kwambiri

Mu China mu mochedwa 1 Zakachikwi. e. Ife anatulukira ndege zosagwiritsa, chifukwa mu Launch kanthu. Yotsirizira anali osavuta nsungwi timachubu, amene modzaza onga. miyala iyi anali anapezerapo zosangalatsa. The injini ndege anamugwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwa ntchito woyamba galimoto. Mfundo imeneyi a Newton.

Mmene ndege zosagwiritsa mu chikhalidwe ndi mu luso lotani, maganizo ndi Ni Kibalchich. Izi Russian chosintha, mlembi wa bukuli la ndege ndege, limene lakonzedwa kuti kuwuluka naye munthu. Chosintha, mwatsoka, iwo anaphedwa April 3, 1881. Kibalchicha mlandu kuti iye anali nawo kuphedwa kwa Alexander II. Kale mu ndende kuyembekezera chilango cha imfa, anapitiriza kufufuza chodabwitsa chidwi kuti ngati ndege zosagwiritsa mu chikhalidwe ndi mu luso kunachitika kulekana kwa chinthu. Chifukwa cha anapezazo izi, anayamba ntchito yake. Kibalchich analemba kuti mfundo imeneyi ndi anamuthandiza udindo wake. Iye ali okonzeka kukumana ndi imfa yake modekha, podziwa kuti anthu anatulukira zofunika sanafe naye.

Kukhazikitsa mfundo danga ndege

Mawonetseredwe a ndege zosagwiritsa mu chilengedwe ndi luso kuphunzira K. E. Tsiolkovsky (chithunzi izo ukufanizidwa pamwamba). Back mu zaka za m'ma 20, akulu Russian wasayansi akufuna lingaliro la ntchito maroketi malo ndege. Nkhani wake pa nkhani imeneyi anaonekera mu 1903. Iwo anali kuimiriridwa ndi aone kuti pali masamu, amene yofunika kwambiri kwa astronautics. Amadziwika lero monga "Tsiolkovsky chilinganizo". aone kuti pali umu chisonyezo cha thupi ndi misa variable. Ntchito pambuyo pake anapereka galimoto dera roketi, ntchito mafuta madzi. Tsiolkovsky ankaphunzira ntchito ya ndege zosagwiritsa mu chilengedwe ndi luso, izo zachitika ndi Mipikisano gawo roketi kamangidwe. Iye anayambitsa lingaliro la n'zotheka pafupi-Earth kanjira danga la mizinda lonse. Chotero ali mavumbulutso anabwera wasayansi, kuphunzira ndege zosagwiritsa mu chilengedwe ndi sayansi. Mivi monga Tsiolkovsky anasonyeza - zipangizo okha amene Angakugonjetseni mphamvu yokoka. Roketi iye chimatanthauza limagwirira ali ndi injini ndege, limene lili izo yagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi oxidizer. zida izi otembenuka mphamvu ya mafuta amene ali ndi mphamvu kayendedwe ya ndege mpweya mankhwala. Chida lokha Choncho akuyamba kusamukira ku Nineve.

Pomaliza, asayansi anaphunzira kayendedwe ka matupi mu chikhalidwe zotakasika ndi luso, anapita kuchita. Iwo anali ndi ntchito yaikulu kugwiritsa ntchito maloto nthaŵi yaitali pakati pa anthu. Ndipo gulu la asayansi Soviet lotsogoleredwa ndi Academician S. P. Korolevym, limenelo anadzitetezera kumadziwo. Izo wopereka maganizo Tsiolkovsky. Woyamba Kanema yokumba kwa dziko lathu lakhala anapezerapo mu USSR, October 4, 1957 Inde, ntchito maroketi.

Yu. A. Gagarin (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) ndi amene anali ulemu kugwira ndege yoyamba mu mlengalenga. Nkofunika chochitika dziko zinachitika April 12, 1961. Gagarin mu ilili-spacecraft "Vostok" mwazunguliza lonse. The USSR anali dziko loyamba umene roketi anafika mwezi, mwazunguliza mozungulira iye ndipo kujambulidwa mbali, yosawoneka ku Earth. Komanso, ndi Venus yoyamba kukaona zinali Russian. Iwo anabweretsa pamwamba pa dzikoli zida sayansi. American wokayenda pamwezi Neil Armstrong - munthu woyamba padziko Moon ali. Iye anafika pa izo July 20, 1969. Mu 1986, "Vega-1" ndi "Vega-2" (zombo a USSR) anafufuza mpaka nyenyezi pafupi Halley kuti akuyandikira Sun amadzadyanso zaka 76. malo kufufuza akupitiriza ...

Monga mukuonera, ndikofunika ndi zothandiza sayansi ndi sayansi. Kwakusiyana zosagwiritsa mu chilengedwe ndi luso - izi ndi monga imodzi mwa nkhani zosangalatsa zimene takambirana mu izo. Ndipo kukwaniritsa sayansi izi kwambiri, yofunika kwambiri.

Monga ntchito lero zotakasika kuyenda mu chilengedwe ndi luso

Mu sayansi, oktrytiya kwambiri makamaka tapangidwa mu zaka zingapo zapitazi. Ngakhale chikhalire sanasinthe kwenikweni, luso kusiyana mofulumira. Mu nthawi yathu, mfundo ya ndege zosagwiritsa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito osati nyama zosiyanasiyana ndi zomera, komanso Azamlengalenga ndi ndege. Mu malo palibe sing'anga kuti thupi angagwiritsidwe ntchito mawonekedwe kusintha ukulu ndi malangizo a mathamangidwe ake. N'chifukwa chake chokha Roketi angagwiritsidwe ntchito othawirako zingalowe m'malo m'mlengalenga.

Today amagwira ntchito ndege zosagwiritsa tsiku ndi tsiku, chikhalidwe ndi luso. Si chinsinsi monga kale. Komabe, anthu sasiya kumeneko. Patsogolo M'maso latsopano. Tikukhulupirira, ndi ndege zosagwiritsa mu chilengedwe ndi luso ndi mwachidule anafotokoza m'nkhani chikulimbikitseni munthu pa atulukira watsopano.