The chiwembucho Lenin. Fanny Kaplan. mbiri chinsinsi

Nkhani m'mabanja ambiri zikutsimikizira kuti aliyense mtsogoleri wandale, amene kuchedwa kwa nthawi yaitali mu mphamvu, ndi kulimbikitsa kusokonekera kwakukulu, kusintha komanso kusintha, posapita nthawi akukhala chandamale kwa kuukira adani amene amatsutsa zimene wasankha. Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov - dziko wotchuka, mtsogoleri lodziwika bwino kusintha, anali nazonso, monga Hitler, Stalin, Pinochet ndi zina odious kanjedza mbiri. Pa moyo wake mobwerezabwereza kukanakhala kumuphwanyira amene sanagwirizane ndi osankhidwa Inde ndale ndi njira ya kukhazikitsa.

Wotchuka Kaplan?

The chiwembucho Lenin, umene unachitika mu 1918, ngakhale kuti sizinali bwino, koma anthu ambiri kulengeza. Zimenezi limafotokoza mabuku ambiri a mbiri, ndi monga culprits waukulu kumeneko anasonyeza zina Ms. Kaplan - 28 wazaka kudzipha yoponya mabomba. Wachita pofuna ake atalephera pa Lenin anatsogolera chakuti msungwana anagwidwa ndi anaphedwa pamene masiku 3 pambuyo nkhaniyi. Koma azambiriyakale ambiri amakayikira zoti onse Kaplan angandithandize ndi bungwe okha. Pakali pano, bwalo la anthu amene mwina akhoza kukhala mu kuphedwa, izo anawonjezera kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, umunthu wa Fanny Kaplan ndi chidwi kwambiri kwa olemba mbiri onse akatswiri ndi anthu wamba.

Lenin: yochepa yonena

Munthu amene anakhala mtsogoleri wa gulu chosintha ndipo anapanga zinthu zake zandale chithandizo champhamvu, chifukwa amene anazindikira ulimi wa 1917 , ku Russia, anabadwa mu 1870. Iye anabadwa mu Simbirsk. mchimwene wake, Alexander, ankatsutsa boma tsarist. Mu 1987 iye anali nawo analephera kuphedwa chiwembucho Alexander III. Zimenezi zimakhudza kwambiri tsogolo ndale ya Vladimir.

Titamaliza sukulu ina yapamwamba, Ulyanov-Lenin anaganiza zolembetsa mphamvu ya Chilamulo pa yunivesite ya Kazan. Ndiko kumene amayamba ntchito yake pagulu. Iye kwambiri kuthandiza lozungulira "Narodnaya Volya", umene panthawi imeneyo inali yololedwa kuletsedwa ndi akuluakulu. An ophunzira mwakhama zipolowe uliwonse wophunzira nawonso kukhala wophunzira Volodya Lenin. Mwachidule yonena umboni maphunziro a ku yunivesite itha naye kuchotsedwa popanda ochimwilidwa ndi wamba yoyenera nthawi kuti udindo wa "wosadalirika munthu".

Gawo la chitukuko cha malingaliro andale

Pambuyo anamuponya kunja kwa yunivesite, anabwerera Kazan. Mu 1888, Ulyanov-Lenin amakhala membala mmodzi wa mabwalo Marxist. Wake chikumbumtima ndale ali potsiriza anapanga kuphunzira ntchito za Chichewa, Plekhanov ndi Marx.

Ndi mchikakamizo cha ntchito anaphunzira za Lenin, ulimi zomwe zinkaoneka kuti pakhale njira kuthetsa Tsarist boma, pang'onopang'ono kusintha maganizo awo andale. Wa bwino populist, iwo kukhala chikhalidwe-demokalase.

Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov anayamba ndale zake chitsanzo cha boma, umene zimadziwika monga Leninism. Padziko nthawi imene iye ayamba likukonza kuti zinthu zisinthe ndi kuyang'ana Odnodum ndi ogwira pochita chiwembu d'etat. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1893 mpaka 1895. DZIWANI mabuku ntchito yake kafukufuku, limene limafotokoza kufunika latsopano, kuti zokomera.

womenyera ufulu Young deploys ndi ntchito zolimba ndi autocracy tsarist, umene 1897 ndipo ku ukapolo kwa chaka. Ngakhale malamulo oletsa onse ndi ufulu m'ndende, iye anapitiriza ntchito zake. Ngakhale mu ukapolo, Ulyanov mwalamulo zizindikiro ndi mkazi wake yapachiweniweni - Krupskaya.

chosintha nthawi

Mu chaka cha 1898 iye anakonza chosaiwalika loyamba msonkhano wa Democratic Social Party. msonkhano uwu unachitika mu chinsinsi. Iwo ankapita ndi Lenin, ndipo, ngakhale kuti kuchita nawo iwo anatenga anthu 9 okha, akukhulupirira kuti chinali chiyambi cha kusintha mu dziko. Ndi msonkhano woyamba uwu mu zaka 20 zinachitika ulimi wa 1917 mu Russia.

Mu nthawi ya 1905-1907. Pamene ikuchitika woyamba misa pofuna kuletsa mpando wachifumu wa mfumu, Ulyanov inali mu Switzerland, koma pali anathandizana ndi boma Russian. Kwa nthawi yochepa, iye anakwanitsa kubwerera ku St. Petersburg ndi kutsogolera boma. Kumapeto kwa 1905, Vladimir Ilyich anali mu Finland, komwe anakapeza ndi Stalin.

Alandira mphamvu

nthawi yotsatira, Lenin anabwerera ku Russia okha amapha 1917. Nthawi yomweyo amakhala mutu wa kugalukira lotsatira linaphulika. Pambuyo kulanda boma yaitali consummated, mphamvu zonse ulamulilo akudutsa m'manja mwa Ulyanov ndi Bolshevik wake Party.

Popeza mfumu yathetsedwa, dziko ankafunika boma latsopano. Anakhala Bungwe la Commissars anthu, amene ankapita ndi Lenin bwinobwino. Kamodzi mphamvu, iye mwachibadwa akuyamba kuchita kusintha, ena akhala zopweteka kwambiri. Pakati pawo - ndi NEP, m'malo a Chikhristu ndi watsopano, osakwatiwa "chikhulupiriro" - chikominisi. Iye analenga Red Army, zomwe nawo Civil nkhondo mpaka 1921.

Njira yoyamba ya boma latsopanolo anali zambiri nkhanza ndi kuponderezedwa. The nkhondo yapachiweniweni, yomwe inayambika maziko a izo, inatenga pafupifupi mpaka 1922. Zinali zoopsa ndi wamagazi. Otsutsa ndi anthu otsutsa ulamuliro wa Soviet, kumvetsetsa basi kuchotsa mtsogoleri monga Vladimir Ilyich, inu simungakhoze, ndipo anayamba kukonza chiwembucho Lenin.

chiwerengero A kufuna analephera

Kuyesa kuthetsa Ulyanov mphamvu ndi mphamvu zinalengedwa mobwerezabwereza. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1918 mpaka 1919 ndipo m'zaka wotsatira, V. I. Lenina anafuna kupha kangapo. Ulendo woyamba anazindikira atangobadwa Bolsheviks kulanda mphamvu, ndiwo 01.01.1918. Pa tsiku limeneli, pafupifupi hafu pasiti seveni madzulo galimoto, amene anayendetsa Ulyanov anayesa kuwombera.

Mwangozi, pa ulendo, Lenin sanali yekha. Iye anali limodzi ndi Maria Ulyanova, komanso nthumwi odziwika wa Swiss Social Democrats - Fritz Platten. Izi ndi kuyesa lalikulu Lenin zinalephereka, chifukwa pambuyo jakisoni woyamba, Platten dzanja anawerama mutu wake Vladimira Ilicha. Pa nthawi yomweyo anavulala Fritz, ndi mtsogoleri wa ulimi Soviet mwamtheradi si bwanji. Ngakhale kufufuza yaitali perpetrators ndi zigawenga za sanapezeke. Only patapita zaka zambiri ndi GI Shakhovskoy anavomereza kuti anachita monga kulinganiza za kuphedwa kwa. Kukhala nthawi mu ukapolo, iye ndalama zimene zinachitika ndipo ankazunzidwa chifukwa kukonzekera pa zedi a nthawi - pafupifupi theka la miliyoni rubles.

zokhumba ungwiro

Pambuyo chiyanjo cha mphamvu Soviet adani onse, zinadziwika kuti boma latsopanoli osati kuwononga, komabe iye adzakhala moyo mwa ideologue wake wamkulu - Lenin. The pofuna cha 1918, bungwe ndi Union of Knights wa St. George, analephera lisanayambe ngakhale anayamba. January, tsiku lina mu CPC analankhula munthu Spiridonov banja, amene anaitana mmodzi wa Ankhondo a St. George. Ananenanso kuti gulu lake wapatsa izo yapadera - kusaka pansi ndi kupha Lenin. Malinga ndi msilikali anati, pakuti 20 chikwi. Rubles zinalonjezedwa.

Nditakhala kufunsidwa Spiridonov, apolisi anapeza malo chapakati cha nyumba ya Union Knights wa St. George ndi kukamuona ndi kufufuza chilolezo. Pali revolvers anapezeka mabomba, ndi chifukwa chakuti ichi choonadi cha mawu Spiridonov mosakayikira.

Kuyesa kulanda mtsogoleri

Ponena za kuyesayesa zambiri pa moyo wa Ulyanov, muyenera kukumbukira nthawi ina chachilendo chimene chinachitika kwa Vladimirom Ilichom mu 1919. mfundo Official munkhaniyi anali mu Lubyanka mu №240266, ndi kuulula mfundo zake zonse kutiletsa. Mu anthu, chochitika ikutchedwa Lenin kuba, ndipo ambiri a nkhani za m'Baibulo adakali osati bwinobwino. Pali Mabaibulo angapo zimene zinachitika usiku umenewo. Zima 1919 Lenin anali limodzi ndi mchemwali wake ndi dalaivala latsala mu Sokolniki. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, kumeneko, mu chipatala, mkazi wake, amadwala matenda osachiritsika pa nthawi - ndi autoimmune thyroiditis. Basi mu nthawi izo kuchipatala Lenin kupita pa 19 January.

Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, iye anapita Sokolniki pa mtengo Khirisimasi ana kudzamuthokoza ana pa Khirisimasi. Pankhaniyi, zingaoneke zachilendo kuti ideologue mkulu wa chikominisi Soviet, kulibe Mulungu ndipo anaganiza kudzamuthokoza ana pa Christmas, komanso pa 19 January. Koma biographers ambiri chisokonezo ichi zimachitika chakuti chaka chatha Russia anasamukira ku kalendala ya Gregory, ndipo masiku onse ankatembenukira kwa masiku 13. Choncho, Lenin anapita pa mtengo wa pa Khirisimasi si kwenikweni 19, ndipo chiwerengero 6, madzulo a Khirisimasi.

Galimoto ndi mtsogoleri anapita Sokolniki ndi pamene mwadzidzidzi ankaletsa anthu zida mwachionekere maonekedwe thuggish, palibe amene amafika m'galimoto panali N'zosakayikitsa kuti pali pofuna wina Lenin. Pachifukwa ichi, dalaivala - S. Gill - anayesa kuti aime ndi kuzembera kudzera zigawenga onyamula zida. N'zochititsa Lenin, pokhala pa nthawi otsimikizika udindo wake ndi kuti zigawenga wamba adzakhala n'komwe amukhudze, pakumva kuti Lenin yekha pamaso pawo, analamula dalaivala kuti asiye.

Ilyich mokakamiza anakokera kunja kwa zashuga galimoto, amaloza iye mfuti awiri, achifwamba anatenga chikwama chake, ID ndi browning. Kenako analamula dalaivala kusiya galimoto Inabuka galimoto ndipo achotse. Ngakhale kuti Lenin anawaitana dzina lake, chifukwa cha mokweza opaleshoni carburetor mu galimoto yake zizidagwidwe ndi mbava. Iwo ankaganiza kuti iwo amakumana ena Levin ogulitsa. Tinfunika itafika yekha ndi nthawi, pamene iwo anayamba kuchitira zikalata analandidwa.

Iye anatsogolera gulu la achifwamba akuba 'mphamvu Yakobo chikwama. Usiku umenewo, kampani adakonzeratu kuba a nyumba yaikulu ndi nyumba pa Arbat. Kuti gulu anakonza zofunika galimoto, ndipo iwo anaganiza basi kupita, kugwira koyamba kukumana galimoto ndi kuba izo. Izo zinachitika kuti poyamba ulendo wawo anakumana ndi galimoto Vladimira Ilicha.

Pokhapokha kuba atawerenga mosamala makalata ndi kubedwa, iwo anazindikira wina kuberedwa, ndipo nthawi pambuyo zinachitika pang'ono, iwo anaganiza zobwerera. Pali lomwe m'zikwama, pozindikira kuti Lenin anali pamaso pake, iye ankafuna kuti abwerere ndi kumupha. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, mtsogoleri bandit Anafuna kutenga ukapolo ku tsintho pakuti ndiye kuti akaidi anzake amene anali mu ndende Butyrka. Koma mapulani anapita awry. Mu nthawi yochepa, Lenin ndi dalaivala kuyenda kwa Council m'deralo, anachenjezedwa za chochitika cha Cheka, ndipo mu nkhani mphindi Vladimir Ilyich chitetezo anaperekedwa. Koshelkova anagwira June 21, 1919. Pa m'ndende ake, anamenyedwa ndi mfuti ndipo anamwalira pasanapite nthawi.

lodziwika bwino Kaplan

The pofuna wotchuka pa Lenin, kuti tsiku mathithi pa 30.08.1918, panali pambuyo mawu ake pa Moscow mbewu Michelson. atatu gunshot kuwombera anapangidwa, ndipo nthawi iyi zipolopolo anagunda Lenin. Malinga ndi Baibulo boma akatemera umalimbana anapanga Fanny Kaplan, yomwe inkatchedwa kuti "munthu eserovkoy kudzipha". kuyesa Izi zapangitsa ambiri mwakwiya moyo Lenin, chifukwa cha kuvulala chotsatira anali kwenikweni. History kuti anali zigawenga Kaplan anawomberedwa pa mtsogoleri. Koma lero, pamene yonena za Lenin ndi anzake anaphunzira mosamala zinthu zambiri zokhudza mbiri ya kuphedwa kwa angaoneke. Pali funso kapena mpirawo Kaplan.

Mwachidule Chiyambi Chawo

Mtsikana ameneyu anabadwa mu Ukraine mu dera Volyn mu 1890. bambo ake ankagwira ntchito mphunzitsi pa sukulu Chiyuda, ndi mwana wamkazi asanakwanitse zaka 16 ankavala dzina lake - Roydman. Iye anali munthu kwambiri achipembedzo, mtima wololera kwambiri ulamuliro, ndipo sanathe ankaganiza kuti mmodzi wa ana ake aakazi nthawi amasankha njira ya mantha.

Kaplan makolo patapita nthawi yina anasamuka ku America, ndipo iye anasintha dzina lake, kenako anayamba ntchito pasipoti winawake. Sizikugwiridwa, iye limodzi ndi Bolsheviks ndipo akuyamba kuchita nawo nkhondo chosintha. Nthawi zambiri izo zikugwira mayendedwe a nkhani mabuku. Komanso, achinyamata Kaplan katundu zikuluzikulu, monga bomba ndi. Pa umodzi wa maulendo izi, iye ali m'ndende za asilikali olondera mfumu, ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Fanny ndi zazing'ono, m'malo kuwombera, iye analamulidwa kuti mayendedwe moyo.

Poganizira Kaplan monga munthu chachikulu pa kuyesa pa Lenin, nkofunika kuona chakuti mtsikana anali ndi mavuto aakulu masomphenya (mphamvu ina ofufuza ambiri ndikukayika ngati akhoza molondola kuwombera m'manja theka akhungu woona mkazi). Malinga ndi limodzi la mabaibulo alipo, iye anayamba kuiwala ake patapita anamenyedwa ndi kuphulika kwa bomba amamwa, amene chopangidwa ndi mwamuna wake wamba mu nyumba mobisa. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, Fanny anayamba kupita akhungu chifukwa cha mabala kwa mutu, amene analandira pamaso amangidwe. vuto la masolo anali ndi yaikulu kwambiri moti Kaplan kutumikira kalavulagaga, mpaka kufika pofuna kudzipha.

Pambuyo Amnesty zosayembekezereka mu 1917 iye analandira ufulu yaitali ndipo anapita kwa mmodzi wa pogwiritsa a Crimea thanzi lawo ndiyeno anapita kwa opaleshoni ku Kharkov. Pambuyo pake, amati masomphenya ake limzake.

Ngakhale mu ukapolo, Fanny anakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi m'ndende eserkami. Pang'onopang'ono, maganizo ake asintha mu chikhalidwe-demokalase. Uthenga wa October kuukira boma, iye anavomereza ntchito, ndi zochita zina za Bolsheviks fuŵa lamoto ake. Kenako mu umboni wake pansi pa kufufuzidwa, Kaplan limanena kuti lingaliro kupha Lenin ngati wachinyengo kwa utasintha anapita kumbuyo mu Crimea chake.

Back mu Moscow, anakumana ndi SRs ndi kukambirana nawo kuthekera Pofuna kuphedwa.

kuyesa zachilendo

Tsiku fateful August 30, 1918, ku St. Petersburg anaphedwa ndi M. Uritsky - wapampando wa Cheka. Lenin anauzidwa za izo mwa mmodzi wa oyamba, iye analimbikitsa kuti amusiyitse zisudzo anakonza pa mbewu Michelson. Koma iye sanamvere iyi nayenda ntchito ndi kulankhula popanda chitetezo chilichonse.

Nditamaliza mawu ake, Lenin anali kupita kugalimoto, pamene mwadzidzidzi m'khamulo anali adamva kulira atatu. Kumayambirilo a chipwirikiticho m'ndende Kaplan, monga munthu m'khamulo adafuwula kuti maganizo. Mkazi anamangidwa, ndipo poyamba iye anakana Mgonero ake pa zimene zinachitikazo, ndipo pa mafunso lotsatira mu KGB, mwadzidzidzi anavomereza. Pa kufufuza lalifupi si zapita aliyense mwa ophatikidzana zotheka nadzinenera kuti kuukira anakonza wekha.

Amphamvu kukayikirana n'chakuti, kuwonjezera pa kulemekeza kwambiri Fanny salinso mboni imodzi amene ankaona kuti iye anali zipolopolo. Pa nthawi ya kumanga zida pamene izo sizinali. masiku 5 chokha mfuti ku Cheka mmodzi wa antchito chomera, amene ankati anamupeza pabwalo. Bullets m'thupi Lenin anali kuchotsedwa yomweyo, koma patatha zaka zingapo. Zinali ndiye anaulula kuti likungosonyeza si kofanana monga mtundu wa atatenga mfuti monga umboni. Umboni waukulu ku choncho, dalaivala wa Ilyich, poyamba ananena kuti anaona mzimayi dzanja kuwombera, koma umboni wake pa kufufuza za iye anasintha za maulendo 5. Caplan yekha anavomereza kuti zipolopolo pafupifupi 20:00, koma nyuzipepala "Pravda" m'mabuku a chiwembucho pa mtsogoleri udaperekedwa pa 21:00. anatiuza kuti ndi zinachitika pa pafupifupi 23:00.

Izi ndi zolakwika zina chifukwa ambiri masiku ano amaganiza kuti tanyamula kumenya lodziwika bwino anali ankachitika ndi Bolsheviks. Chilimwe 1918 anali yodziwika ndi mavuto Amowabu ndi boma anataya mphamvu yake ikunjenjemera. Pofuna otero mtsogoleri wakonza kuti mumalozana ulamuliro wa mantha motsutsa Socialist-boma, kuyambira ndi Civil nkhondo.

Kaplan anaphedwa mofulumira kwambiri, anawomberedwa pa September 3, ndi Lenin anakhala mosangalala mpaka 1924.