Mbiri ya Apainiya bungwe: chaka maphunziro, chikhumbo, nyimbo, mphoto. Vladimir Lenin Onse-Union Waupainiya Organization

Lero, koposa chidwi amayamba chifukwa mbiri ya USSR. Winawake akuyesera kupeza mfundo zoipa, ena abwino izo. M'nkhani ino tikambirana za mbiri ya Apainiya bungwe, chimene lero amachititsa mkangano waukulu. Makamaka pamene pali mafunso, chochita ndi ana kapena chifukwa m'badwo panopa wakula kwambiri zachibwana. Mmene gululi lakhala athandiza kapena zoipa, mawu sadzapita, anapezazo amenewa kuchita okha.

Chiyambi cha kayendedwe Waupainiya

N'zosadabwitsa kuti mizu ya gulu looneka mwangwiro chikominisi kubwerera scouting. anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti mu 1917 zambiri Scout kucheza ana unakhazikitsidwa ku Russia. Ambiri, gulu ndinali nawo 50,000 ophunzira. Madzulo a Civil nkhondo m'gululi kupereka zosiyanasiyana thandizo chikhalidwe, anali okonza militias ana, ndi bungwe kufunafuna ana msewu.

Pamene anayamba kulamulira boma Union, Scout kayendedwe anayamba udzangotha malangizo kutengera ndi malo malo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Kazan ndi Petrograd anaonekera kuyanjana "Forest abale" ndi Moscow anthu anamanga pa mfundo za Baden-Powell. Komanso anatuluka pa "yukizm" T. E. "Young Achikominisi". Iwo ayesetsa kugwirizanitsa maiko malingaliro chikominisi ndi mfundo za scouting. Yukistov anayambitsa gululi kunali phwando functionary Vera Bonch-Bruevich. Koma mu 1919 anaganiza kupasuka onse a magulu Scout mu Congress ya Komsomol.

kupereka Krupskaya

Kuyambira akuyamba nkhani ya gulu upainiya mu mawonekedwe yomwe udakumbukika. Choncho, pambuyo chiletso la asilikali Scout anayamba ankaona kuti alibe amaganizirabe za magulu omwe akugwilira ntchito ndi ana. Choyamba kukonza lingaliro la N. K. Krupskaya, kuyankhula mu November 1921 lipoti, imene inkatchedwa "Pa mnyamata-scoutisme". Atangochoka mawu amenewa inafalitsidwa mu kabuku, amene ananena kuti m'pofunika posachedwapa kulenga bungwe ana, zimene zingakhale "Scouting thupi ndi chikominisi amanena."

Choyamba Komsomol atsogoleri, moyipa anazindikira scouting, anachita mosamala kuti pempholo. Ndipotu, ndikhale gulu la ana zoona, anasunga mwambo, bungwe la likupitirirabe tsars, amene sanathe koma chifukwa nkhawa. Komabe, izi zonse zinasintha pamene komiti yapadera unakhazikitsidwa pambuyo kulankhula Krupskaya. Iwo I. Zhukov anapereka lipoti lake, limene kulandiridwa ndi mamembala a Bureau. Mwamsanga pambuyo pake anayamba kukambirana mbali gulu la zinthu.

Kumayambiriro a 1922, bungwe anapanga mwatsatanetsatane kuti mupezeke magulu Scout wa ana, osati mamembala a Komsomol, malinga poyamba. Pa nthawi yomweyo, I. Zhukov adafotokoza wotchula gulu latsopano, "mpainiya". Dzina Anabwereka Seton-Thompson. Komanso, bungwe Waupainiya kwambiri anatenga scouting. Mwachitsanzo, masewera mawonekedwe a maphunziro, gulu la malamulo, kasamalidwe ka ana ndi thandizo la aphungu, zinthu za ophiphiritsa, chindapusa moto. Ngakhale Mwambi wa "Konzekerani!" Kodi choyambirira.

Gulu loyamba

February 2, 1922 sitepe yotsatira mu chitukuko cha mbiri ya gulu la Apainiya anapangidwa. Tsiku lomwelo, mu malo dera anali kalata kuchokera Committee chapakati cha Bureau pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu ana pa Komsomol selo. Pa February 4, iwo unalengedwa ofesi yapadera, womwenso Valery Zorin, Scoutmaster kale. Zinali iye amene gulu la February 12 ana oyamba mu umodzi wa sukulu yogonera komweko Zamoskvorechye. detachment unkatchedwa "Young linzake", koma sizinakhalitse. Ndipo posachedwa Zorin anatenga gulu la ana pa mbewu "Mphira".

Limodzi ndi Zorin ndinayamba kugwira mbali imodzi Mikhail Stremyakov, Scoutmaster wina. Iye gulu la maphunziro fakitale sukulu pa Mashistova akale osindikizira. Kawirikawiri ndi gulu la ana woyamba Waupainiya detachment. Komanso mu April, wayamba kutuluka, "Drum", woyamba upainiya magazini, ndiyeno "Mpainiya choonadi."

March 2 analengedwa Bureau of magulu ana, ndi ntchito ntchito za lamulo. Akuti ndi kutengedwa, iye anali pa II Onse-Russian Conference ya Komsomol 19 May. Tsiku la bungwe Waupainiya - kuti ndi mochedwa kuposa tsiku limeneli lidzagwiritsidwa analengeza. The Conference osati tinagwirizana hayala, komanso anaganiza kuyamba mabungwe ubiquitous Waupainiya. Pambuyo kuti anali adzaika amasinthira wapadera ntchito ndi ana, zimene zinaphatikizapo anthu asanu. Ena mwa iwo anali Ivan Zhukov ndi Krupskaya, monga Kulingalira chipani, ndi Lunacharsky monga Kulingalira kwa boma.

Ambiri anayala ndi kusankha dzina

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo ayamba kupanga magulu upainiya m'dziko lonselo. Pa nthawi yomweyo chimafikira ndi kutitengera zizindikiro upainiya. Zinali mu 1922 linalembedwa lemba la munthu yotchuka kwambiri mpainiya nyimbo - "kuuluka chimoto panja Blue Mausiku". Mu Petrograd, gulu la ana woyamba anaonekera yekha pa December 3. Inasanduka Komsomolets kulinganiza Sergei Margot. Woyamba detachments anayi mpainiya zinalengedwa ku gulu Russian a m'gululi wamng'ono.

Mu October, pa Congress wotsatira wa Komsomol anaganiza kuphatikiza detachments onse upainiya mu gulu limodzi, amene anali kupereka mutu wa "Young Apainiya dzina lake Spartacus." Pa tsiku la imfa Lenin a bungwe anapatsidwa dzina la mtsogoleri. chikalata wapadera unayambitsidwa mu 1926, zimene zinasonyeza gulu dzina ana latsopano limene lidakalipobe mpaka masiku otsiriza linakhalapo. Anamveka ngati "Onse-Union Waupainiya Organization iwo. V. I. Lenina ".

Apainiya pa WWII

Chaka Education Waupainiya gulu chinali chaka cha chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano mu moyo wa ana ambiri. Pambuyo 1922 zinali kukhala mpainiya monga wolemekezeka kukhala membala Komsomol. Ndipo kulowa Komsomol popeza mpainiya, ndipo patapita anakhala sizingatheke.

Pang'onopang'ono, gulu upainiya wakhala limodzi ku moyo chikhalidwe cha dziko. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pa tsokali loopsa waphedwa lonse Soviet Union, izo sakhala pa akungoonerera.

Popeza kulengeza apainiya oyambirira a nkhondo padziko kuyesera ndi akulu ndipo amathandiza kumenyana ndi adani, osati kumbuyo, komanso kutsogolo. ana ambiri limodzi ndi mobisa ndi partisans. Apainiya anakhala anyamata ngalawa pa zombo zankhondo, linzake, anathandiza kubisala kwa adani anavulazidwa, anabweretsa mphatso zigaŵenga zankhondo, ndi kubisala mu nkhalango. Ana kawirikawiri zocheza, choncho zinali zosavuta kuti mwa detachments akukhudzidwa kapena kupeza zachinsinsi.

Komabe, si nthawi zonse nkhondowo ntchito inatha ndi ana bwinobwino. Kotero, iye anali atamwalira kupereka mutu Hero wa Soviet Union ana anayi - Zina Portnov, Lenya Golikov, Valya zisindikizo ndi Marat Kasei.

Nkhondo itatha, mayina onse a ana akufa adalowa mu mndandanda nduna za anthu amene mutu wa ngwazi upainiya.

Mbali positi-nkhondo

Mbiri ya gulu upainiya mu nthawi unawonongedwa molimba monga momwe mbiri ya dziko lonse. Kunali koyenera kuti abwezeretse anawononga, ndipo panali kwambiri ngakhale mwana chisamaliro. ana Urban kusonkhanitsa zidutswa zitsulo ndi pepala zinyalala, ankachita kubzala greenery. Pa mpainiya kumidzi detachments anagona yovuta kwambiri - inakula ziweto zazing'onozing'ono monga ngati mbalame ndi akalulu. The bwino antchito achinyamata anapatsidwa ndi malangizo osiyanasiyana. Ana kutenga mbali mu kukolola, anapita kukagwira ntchito mbewu. Ambiri, kulikonse sikokwanira manja, anayamba ntchito za apainiya. A nambala yaikulu amuna wathanzi anaphedwa pankhondo, kotero sikunali kotheka kukana thandizo lililonse. Makamaka ana, akudziwa kufunika, ntchito limodzi ndi akulu, kuyesera kanthu iwo alibe concede.

Tsopano izo zikuwoneka ngati wodyerana, koma nthawi apainiya okha zikhoza kuthandiza. Palibe amakakamizidwa ana ntchito. Ambiri okha anagwira ntchito mwakhama.

zaka tsogolo

Mu 1953, apainiya Soviet Union pang'ono anadzatchedwa. Atamwalira Stalin, ambiri anapereka yothandizana dzina bungwe la. Ndipo ngati pamaso pa onse, Union Waupainiya Organization anali Lenin okha, koma tsopano tapangidwa bwana kuwonjezera mtsogoleri pano posachedwapa wakufayo. Komabe, pambuyo padzuwa la Stalin Munthu mpatuko, nkhani wakhala zatha mokwanira, ndipo bungwe sichinayambe anadzatchedwa.

Popeza 1955, panali mwambo kuti mayina a ana otchuka mu buku lapadera ulemu. Mu 1958 anasintha pang'ono kapangidwe gulu. Kuyambira chaka chino, magulu atatu a chitukuko, mwana aliyense walandira baji wapadera polima. Pofuna kukwaniritsa gawo lotsatira, mpainiya anali kulimbana ndi pa pulogalamu yapadera payekha. The lonse ntchito upainiya wakhala Integrated mu dongosolo kwa zaka ziwiri, amene anali umalimbana chisamaliro achikulire mu ntchito Achiwembu chawo zisanu ndi ziwiri.

Mu 1962, fano la baji Waupainiya linasinthidwa - kunachititsa mbiri Lenin a. Icho chinali chizindikiro kuti boma amazindikira chopereka yaikulu kwambiri gulu Waupainiya. chochitika ankatchedwa Order la Lenin Onse-Union Waupainiya Organization chifukwa cha kuphunzira mu maphunziro zokomera achinyamata. Phinduza zaka khumi, mu 1972, gulu la ana anali kachiwiri kupereka yemweyo mkulu mphoto.

Ndi nthawi iyi apainiya zigwirizana ana oposa mamiliyoni 23 mu Soviet Union.

Kuchotsa kukhalako

The kusintha woyamba gulu la Apainiya kakusintha nthawi ya kukonzanso ndi chiyambi cha kusintha owolowa manja. Panthawi imeneyi I. N. Nikitin, tcheyamani wa ku Central Union Waupainiya Organization, akufuna kusintha kwa kapangidwe upainiya kwa democratization ake. Ndipo October 1, 1990 ndi 10 Union Waupainiya phwando, umene unachitikira Artek, gulu ana anadzatchedwa Act-SDF (Union of mabungwe mpainiya - Chitaganya cha mabungwe Ana). Wapampando wa bungwe watsopano anaikidwa E. E. Chepurnyh. Komabe, kusintha ndi kukonzanso p-SDF sakanakhoza. chakuti iye anali akadali Committee Central, Komsomol. Choncho, palibe kusintha lofunika anali ikuchitika.

Pambuyo chiletso cha CPSU kulengezedwa September 1991, unachitikira ndi msonkhano waukulu modabwitsa ya Young Communist League, pomwe ananena kuti udindo mbiri ya Komsomol unatha, bungwe Komsomol anali kusungunuka ndipo unatha ndi zonse Union Waupainiya Organization. Kuyambira lero pa May 19, tsiku la bungwe Waupainiya, ndi sanalinso holideyo. Dziko waona kusintha lofunika zomwe zachititsa kugwa kwa mabungwe ambiri boma.

Utatha yomaliza ya USSR, katundu wa bungwe Waupainiya anali anagwira. Onse a Palace ya Apainiya m'chigawo anatembenuka ndipo anakhala "Nyumba ya ana ndi achinyamata." Ambiri a m'misasa mpainiya anali mu manja a eni payekha, amene anawalandira mu m'nyumba zogona alendo ndi hostels. Only mbali yaing'ono ya iwo wasiya udindo wa msasa thanzi ana.

Kodi apainiya?

ntchito za bungwe Waupainiya nthawizonse wakhala kuthandiza Komsomol ndi akulu. Koma sikuti iwo kanthu mtendere. Kumayambiriro 30 ntchentche apainiya anaganiza kubweretsa nkhondo adani a mphamvu Soviet. Iwo ali pabwino monga antchito boma lililonse malangizo anthu lamanja, kuphatikizapo ana. chitsanzo A apainiya onse anasankhidwa Pavlik Morozov. Malinga ndi Baibulo boma, iye anauza akuluakulu a boma bambo ake, omwe anali kuthandiza kulaks, kenako anatuluka kudzamenyana naye kukhoti. Pa Pavlik ndi bambo ake anaphedwa.

Patapita nthawi kotereku a nkhondo yolimbana ndi odana ndi Soviet anatenga maganizo ndi N'NJONGOKOPA.

Komabe, apainiyawo osati maphunziro maganizo. Komanso ntchito zawo panthawi zosiyanasiyana m'gulu:

• Zidutswa zitsulo ndi pepala zinyalala.
• Kuthandiza pa dongosolo review ndi mawu.
• Kuthandiza pa Timur kuyenda.
• Nawo Onse-Union Mpikisano masewera "Chikopa Mpira", "Golden Puck".
• Kuchititsa masewera ndi asilikali "Stozhatry".
• masewera Team ndi mpira "throwball" ndi "Sniper".
• Iwo analowa m'gulu la ogwira achinyamata ochita chipikisheni magalimoto, komanso achinyamata moto odzifunira brigades.
• Anali wamng'ono naturalists.
• Bungwe "Green Oyang'anira" (chinkhoswe chitetezo nkhalango), "Blue Oyang'anira" (chinkhoswe mu chitetezo cha zinthu za m'madzi).
• Makalasi m'makalabu masewera ndi mabwalo.
• Kukula agalu utumiki ndi akavalo.

Ndondomeko chikuonetseratu

Apainiya anatenga ana kwa zaka 9 mpaka 14. Mwalamulo, izo zinachitika pa maziko kwawo. Phwando ikuchitika payekha, Kuvota pa onse bungwe Waupainiya detachment. Analowa m'gulu pa mzere kuti munthu alumbile mpainiya, ndiye amanga tayi ofiira ndi chimanjamanja mpainiya mafano. Kawirikawiri, mwambo unachitikira mu malo kukumbukira zakale ndi chosintha mu nthawi ya zipani chikominisi. Mwachitsanzo, fano la Lenin pa 22 April.

umenewu kapena lumbiro mpainiya, anali okhudza mawu omwe amaphunzira kulowa mtima. Pa kuli gulu zokhudzana ndi chilumbiro kuyamba nthawi ochepa okha ndi sizigwirizana ndi Party. Pa lumbiro mpainiya anamutcha dzina langa ndipo analumbira kuti ndikhale bungwe mpainiya, "pamaso anzanga," kukonda kwawo, mogwirizana ndi malangizo a Lenin, ndi kutsatira malamulo a bungwe Waupainiya.

hayala

The hayala ya Apainiya bungwe, yemwenso amadziwika kuti chilamulo cha apainiya, anali kutsata popanda funso. Iye sanali makamaka yaitali, ndipo ziri zophweka kuloweza. Malinga ndi lamulo, mpainiyayo anayenera:

• Ongochezerapo chikominisi, chipani ndi Mama.
• Konzani kulowa Komsomol.
• Wofanana ngwazi za ntchito ndipo nkhondo.
• Lemekeza asilikali wagwa ndi kukhala okonzeka kukhala kumbuyo Mama.
• Kuchita bwino ntchito, masewera ndi maphunziro.
• Kukhala okhulupirika ndi woona mtima bwenzi, amene nthawi zonse anateteza choonadi.
• Kukhala phungu ndi mnzake mu October.

nyimbo

Nyimbo bungwe mpainiya anali ngati "March ya Young Apainiya." nyimbo iyi Soviet linalembedwa mwachindunji Apainiya mu 1922. ulendo olemba ndi ndakatulo Alexander Zharov ndi walimba Sergei Kaidan-Deshkin. Ena mizere ya nyimbo amadziwa ngakhale anthu amene sanachitepo Apainiya. Mwachitsanzo, "kuuluka chimoto panja, buluu usiku. Ife ndife apainiya - ana antchito "!

Mu May 1922, patapita kulankhula Krupskaya pamsonkhano wa mu Komiti ya Central, anapatsidwa ntchito Zharov: anabwera ndi nyimbo kwa masabata awiri, kuti akhale nyimbo ya gulu la ana ina. Zharov ankafunsira malangizo a D. Furmanov, amene anamulangiza kuti amange pa zikuchokera aliyense alipo. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu "Grand Theatre" anali kuimba nyimbo za opera "Faust". Pa sewerolo Zharov anamva "March wa asilikali," yemwe anakhala maziko a zolemba kunachitika.

ophiphiritsa

Ngati bungwe lirilonse maganizo komanso atapatsidwa makhalidwe awo. Zizindikiro Waupainiya Organization anayenera analamula ulemu, komanso yemwe ali. Izi zinaphatikizapo:

• Mpainiya tayi - ophatikizidwa upainiya wa mbendela inali gawo kuvomerezedwa mawonekedwe. Atatu anasankha mapeto zomangira kugwirizana kwambiri mibadwo 3, T. E. Achikominisi, ndiye mamembala a Komsomol, kenako Apainiya. Zomangira mutu wa gulu lapadera. The oimira kumuwombera pa tayi ofiira anali chikasu manyazi. Nkhondo isanayambe zambiri umatha tayi wotetezedwa ndi kopanira wapadera. Iye anaphedwa mu mawonekedwe a moto, zipika asanu omwe amatanthauza makontinenti asanu ndi atatu chinenero lawi - Chachitatu International. Dulani mofulumira anali chifukwa, choyamba, ndi kuvunda kwa Comintern, ndipo kachiwiri, mfundo yakuti mmodzi wa atsogoleri a Komiti ku Central mabanga izo kufanana ndi zizindikiro Nazi.
• Icon - linalinso zofunika chizindikiro cha mabungwe upainiya mu sukulu. The mawonekedwe ndi maonekedwe a chizindikirochi anatchula mu makonzedwe apadera mabungwe ana. Mu mbiri ya m'banja, anasintha kangapo.
• Mpainiya mbendera - anali nsalu yofiira ndi chifaniziro cha baji upainiya ndipo Mwambi. Mbendera si mpainiya detachments kokha, komanso makalasi sukulu.
• Company kapitawo mbendera - munthu ulemu ndi umodzi wa ana akutumikira kusonyeza amayanjana ena timu upainiya. Ndi ana ichi mbendera kulowa perete, masanjidwe, mitengo, maulendo, kuyenda ulendo ndi ngakhale asapita ntchito. NDA nsalu mbendera womutsata phungu patsogolo drummer ndi bugler.
• Horn - popanda ichi sikutheka amanena moyo upainiya. chida ichi ntchito kupereka zosiyanasiyana chizindikiro. Malo bugler anali wolemekezeka kwambiri, anasankha anyamata zofunika kwambiri ndi kutsimikiziridwa. Iye anayenda pomwepo kumbuyo mbendera.
• Ng'oma - wachiwiri apainiya lofunika kwambiri la choimbira. Panafunika nthawi yomwe, akulowera ndi parades. Drummer anaimba kuwombera ndi ulendo, ndipo anathandiza kugwira njira yaikulu kubowola.

Mphotho ya Apainiya Organization

Apainiya akhoza anayenera kuti tsankho zotsatirazi:

• "Miliyoni kwawo" - ndi kupereka kwa patsogolo pa mndandanda wa zitsulo zotha.
• "Young pathfinder" - chikalata kwa anthu amene akanatha kuyenda mtunda.
• Komanso, panali zosiyanasiyana mendulo mphoto mabaji mpikisano mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana zamasewera.

Apainiya Soviet Union nthawi zambiri zokongoletsa wamba ndi mphoto kwa anthu onse Soviet Mwachitsanzo, Order ya Red mbendela. Mwatsoka, mu nthawi ya nkhondo zambiri mendulo awa anapatsidwa atamwalira kwa ana.