Yonseyi Padziko Moscow: magawo kuyambira, akamaliza

Chinsinsi mbiri ya Russian mgwirizano wa mayiko padziko Moscow inayamba mu zaka zoyambirira za m'ma XIV ndipo zinatha kumayambiriro kwa zaka XV-XVI. Nthawi imeneyi wakale ang'onoang'ono kuti ndi panali mphamvu boma centralized anawonongedwa.

Center wa ukulu ang'onoang'ono

Kwa nthawi yaitali Moscow anali wosaoneka achitetezo pa Vladimir-Suzdal mu kumpoto cha kum'mawa kwa Russia. tawuni yaing'ono imeneyi palibe chuma osiyana ndi kufunika ndale. Omwe Prince anawonekera kumeneko mu 1263. Iwo anakhala Daniil Aleksandrovich - mwana wa wotchuka Aleksandra Nevskogo. Monga mwana wamng'ono wa Prince, iye anali osauka ndi cholowa ting'onoting'ono.

Atatsala pang'ono Russia anapulumuka nkhondo Chitata Mongol. Anawononga mdani asilikali dziko analipira msonkho kwa Golden gulu. Khan anavomereza kalonga mkulu wa Vladimir mzinda wolamulira. achibale ake onse Rurik, omwe ankakhulupirira cholowa, anafunika kumumvera. Pa nthawi yomweyo Vladimir wachifumu zapita chizindikiro Khan pa akufunira wake. Madalitso sanathe kukumana mfundo lililonse akale mafumu, pamene mwana ali maudindo bambo ake.

Monga pachiyambi zabwino, dziko kuphatikiza padziko Moscow kutha chisokonezo ichi, koma mpaka akalonga Muscovite anali ofooka ndipo analibe chuma kwambiri, iwo anayenera kukwaniritsa ena olamulira otchuka. Daniel ankathandizana kapena abale ena akale (Andrew ndi wotchedwa Dmitry) amene anamenyera wachifumu wa Vladimir.

Choyamba Moscow kupambana ndale zachitika ndi osangalala mwangozi. Mu 1302, iye anamwalira wopanda mwana mphwake Daniila Ivan Dmitrievich, yemwe anali mutu wa Prince wa Pereslavl-Zaleski. Wamng'ono ang'onoang'ono mphatso anali pafupi m'tauni ndipo inasanduka ambuye sing'anga. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow. Komabe, Daniel analibe nthawi kuti ndizolowere udindo wake watsopano. Moscow yoyamba ang'onoang'ono kalonga anafa 1304.

Kulimbana Vladimir

malo bambo adagwidwa ndi Yuriy Daniilovich, amene analamulira mu 1303-1325 gg. Iye ayamba wa ukulu Mozhaisk, kuwayika mwini ting'onoting'ono oyandikana cholowa m'ndende. Choncho Moscow wapanga zinthu ziti zofunika kuti kuyamba akangane ndi mphamvu yaikulu za ndale ku North-East Russia - Tver. Mu 1305, iye Prince Michael analandira kuchokera Khan Simungachite pa Vladimir wachifumu.

Zinaoneka kuti Moscow analibe mwayi kumenya waphindu ndi akuluakulu otsutsa. Koma vuto linali chakuti nthawi imeneyi ya mbiri Russian, osati onse anathana ndi mwankhondo. Yonseyi Padziko Moscow zinachitika chifukwa cha kuchenjera ndi luso atsogoleri ake ngati Chitata.

Gulu anapereka Prince Vladimir, amene anali ndi mwayi ndalama zambiri. The vuto la ndalama Tver anali ndinasintha kuposa Moscow. Komabe, motsogozedwa ndi Khans ndi ulamuliro wina. Iwo akhoza monga "kugawaniza ndi kugonjetsa" anafotokoza. Leveraging ukulu wina, Chitata anayesa kuti adzampatsa kwambiri, monga ngati tsogolo anali kukhala zamphamvu kwambiri, baskaks chifundo ikhonza m'malo ndi mkwiyo.

Moscow ndi Tver

Atafa kwa Michael mu 1305 mu clinch zamtendere, Yuri sanali kukhadzikika. Choyamba anabweretsa nkhondo yapachiweniweni, kenako, pamene iye anabwera kwa kanthu patsogolo, anayamba kudikira mpata kuti akanthe pa mbiri ya mdani. Chotero kuthekera yaitali kubwera zaka zingapo. Mu 1313 Khan Tokhta anamwalira, ndipo malo ake anatengedwa ndi Chiuzibeki. Michael anali kupita chiguluchi ndi kupeza chitsimikiziro cha chizindikiro Grand. Komabe, Yuri patsogolo pake.

Kamodzi Chiuzibeki pamaso Goliyati, mkulu wa Moscow anachita zonse kuti kukhulupirira ndi mtima wa Khan latsopano. Kuti tichite zimenezi, Yuri anakwatira mlongo wa Chitata wolamulira Konchak asanduke Orthodoxy ndipo analandira ubatizo dzina Agafia. Komanso, mdani waukulu Michael anatha kunena mgwirizano ndi mabwalo a Novgorod. Anthu a m'mudzimo akhagopa kalonga wamphamvu wa Tver, amene m'mayiko anali m'malire awo.

Kukwatira, Yuri anapita kwawo. Iye anali limodzi ndi Chitata fuko lomveka Kavgady. Michael, masuku pamutu chakuti gulu anaima msasa osiyana, anaukira Goliyati. Kalonga wa Moscow anagonjetsedwa kachiwiri ndipo anapempha dziko. Otsutsa anavomera kupita Khan ku khoti. Pa mfundo imeneyi ya Michael anayamba thicken mitambo. Mu chigonjetso, anagwira Konchak. Iwo lili Prince wa Tver Yuri msasa mkazi ndi mlongo wa Chiuzibeki anafa pa zifukwa bwinobwino.

Tsoka anakhala kunasintha mkangano. Yuri modekha anatenga nkhaniyi. Anabwerera ku Uzbeks, kuika Michael mu maso ake Konchakov wakupha. Kavgady, kapena ziphuphu, kapena kungoti sanali Michael, ndi zabodza zokhudza iyeyo. Posachedwa Tver kalonga anafika pa bwalo Khan a. Iye akusowa opatsidwa ndi mwankhanza anaphedwa. wolamulira Vladimir mutu ankadutsa Yuri. Chiyambi cha kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow inatha, ndipo tsopano Moscow olamulira kunali kofunika kusunga mphamvu analandira mu manja awo.

mapanganowo Kalita

Mu 1325 Yuriy Daniilovich kamodzinso anabwera kwa gulu, kumene anadula imfa mwana wa Michael wa Tver, wotchedwa Dmitry Black Maso, ndibwezera imfa ya bambo ake. Mphamvu mu Moscow m'malo ndi mchimwene wamng'ono wa womwalirayo Ivan Kalita. Adadziwika kwa luso lake kupeza ndi kusunga ndalama. Mosiyana ndi kuloŵedwa m'malo, wolamulira zatsopano zinthu mochenjera ndipo anagonjetsa adani kuchenjerera kuposa kuchenjera kwa.

Atamwalira Yuri Chiuzibeki, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsimikizika, anakhala castling. Waukulu Russian ukulu anapatsa atsogoleri atsopano Tveri Aleksandru Mihaylovichu. Zinaoneka kuti Ivan Danilovich anatsala ndi kanthu, koma ndi chidwi pa anthu a m'nthawi yake kunapezeka kuti kusokeretsedwa. Kulimbana Tver Sichinatsitsidwe itatha, chinali chiyambi chabe. Yonseyi Padziko Moscow anapitirizabe nayenso lakuthwa wa mbiri.

Mu 1327 Tver mowiriza odana Chitata kugalukira kunabuka. Anthu a mumzindawo, ndatopa mopitirira muyezo levies alendo anapha okhometsa msonkho. Alexander sanali bungwe ntchito Komabe, anabwera n'kumakhala naye ndipo kenako anatsogolera Zionetsero anthu. Pokwiya Chiuzibeki analangiza Kalita kulanga osamvera. Tverskaya dziko lawonongeka. Ivan Danilovich anapezanso Vladimir, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, akalonga a Moscow, kupatula intervals yochepa kwambiri, sitinaziphonye m'manja mwa likulu ofunda wa North-East Russia.

Ivan Kalita, amene analamulira mpaka 1340, anawonjezera kuti Mphamvu (kapena kani, anagula) ndi m'mizinda ikuluikulu oyandikana monga Uglich, Galich ndi Beloozero. Kumene iye anali ndi ndalama kugula onsewa? Gulu anapanga Prince wa Moscow okhometsa msonkho boma ku Russia. Kalita anali kulamulira utuluke lalikulu ndalama. Mwanzeru ndi mochenjera yosamalira chuma, iye anali wokhoza kupanga dongosolo limene anakakhala Moscow, mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zopereka. ukulu wake mwadongosolo ayamba bwino ndi maziko a zomwe zikutsalirazi mu chuma umoyo wa m'madera oyandikana nawo. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri causal kugwirizana, chimene panali yogwirizanitsa mwapang'onopang'ono Padziko Moscow. Lupanga Anagonjera m'chiuno chikwama. Mu 1325 chinthu china chofunika chimene chinapangitsa kugwirizana kwa Padziko Moscow, anayamba kusamukira metropolitans mudzi, poyamba ankaona nyumba yake Vladimir.

mavuto atsopano

Pambuyo Ivan Kalita mmodzi kulamulidwa ndi ana ake awiri: Simeon (1341 - 1353) ndi Ivan (1353 - 1359). Pa pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri wa Grand Duchy anali linalanda gawo la Duchy Novosilsky (Zabereg) ndi malo ena Ryazan (Vereya, chithaphwi, Borovsk). Simeon kasanu anapita ku gulu, anayesa tiweramitse ndi kusangalatsa Chitata, koma m'pofunika kuti zinthu kunyumba. Pa m'nthawi iyi (ndipo pambuyo pake ndi mbiri yakale) amanenela monyadira. Simeoni Ivanovich ena akalonga ka kumpoto Russia anayamba ake "podruchnik". Main Goliyati, Tver, anali kusamala ndi chiyani satsutsana ndi ukulu wa Moscow.

Zikomo ubale wabwino ndi gulu Simeon, ndi wongosamukasamuka sanali kusokoneza Lazaro anawazunza. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo onse mosachotsera maukulu ankayenera kudutsamo kuukira wina. Iwo wakhala mliri wakupha wa "Makoswe" imene inali mkati pa nthawi yomweyo ndi World Old. Chilonda anabwera Russia kudzera Novgorod, omwe kale anali ambiri amalonda kumadzulo. matenda zoopsa anatembenuzira moyo bwino, anasiya njira zabwino zonse ndiponso ndale, kuphatikizapo kugwirizana kwa Padziko Moscow. A womdziwa mwachidule ndi lonse zovuta kumvetsa kuti zinali zoipa kwambiri kuposa aliyense wa kuwukira Chitata Mongol. Cities ankafa ndi theka, midzi ambiri anathawira mpaka nyumba yomaliza. Iye anafa cha mliri, ndi Simeoni ndi ana ake. N'chifukwa chake mpando wachifumu, m'malo ndi mng'ono wake.

Ivan, amene ulamuliro anali colorless ndithu, anakumbukira mbiri Russian kokha chifukwa cha kukongola amene anali dzina Red. Yapadera kokha nthawi imeneyi tinganene kuti mphatso ya Khan Moscow kazembe woweruza akalonga ena. Kumene, ndondomeko zatsopano yekha inapita patsogolo m'dziko kuphatikiza padziko Moscow. Quick mu ulamuliro wa Ivan anamaliza imfa yake mosayembekezeka zaka 31 zakubadwa.

Awiri Moscow kumuthandiza

Olandira Ivan Yofiira anali mwana wake Dmitri, wopambana tsogolo la asilikali Chitata Mongol pa Kulikovo kumunda ndi moyo imeneyi dzina lake. Komabe, zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wake mwadzina wa kalonga anali ana kwambiri. Iwo anayesera kuti atenge ntchito Rurik ena, amene anavomereza mwayi kaya kupeza ufulu wodzilamulira kapena kupeza Simungachite pa Vladimir. Wotchedwa Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal anakwanitsa kampani masika. Atamwalira Ivan Yofiira, iye anapita ku likulu Khan wa Sarai, kodi kupeza Simungachite kulamulira Vladimir.

Moscow mwachidule anataya likulu mwamwambo chabe Russia. Komabe, zinthu situational sangakhoze kusintha azimuth. ANAKULIRA kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow anali osiyana: chikhalidwe, chuma ndi ndale. Pamene ukulu wakula ndi kukhala lamphamvu kwambiri, atsogoleri ake kuti walandira thandizo ziwiri zofunika, Musalole boma kugwa kwa ndalama. zipilala awa anali olemekezeka ndi mpingo.

Olemera ndi wakhala otetezedwa pa Kalita Moscow anakopeka utumiki wa boyars onse atsopano. The ndondomeko ya ziwathera mu duchy chachikulu chinali pang'onopang'ono, koma osaleka. Chifukwa, pamene wachifumu wa zazing'ono adawonekera wotchedwa Dmitry mozungulira pomwepo anapanga boyar akulu, amene adzatenga ogwira ndi zothandiza zothetsera, limakupatsani kupulumutsa olimbika anapeza bata.

Achifumu anathandiza Orthodox. Zimayambitsa kuphatikiza dziko padziko Moscow ndi kuthandiza metropolitans mzinda. Mu 1354-1378 gg. zinali Alexy (yakale Elevfery Byakont). Onyamata wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy, Metropolitan ndipo anali de A facto mutu wa mphamvu wamkulu mu Moscow ukulu. Uyu amphamvu anayambitsa yomanga boma la Russia. Alex komanso watsimikiza nkhondo ndi gulu.

Machitidwe wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy

masiteji onse kuphatikiza dziko padziko Moscow wogwidwa makhalidwe ena. Poyamba, akalonga analibe kwambiri kuchita ndale monga njira intriganskimi. Izi zinali Yuri, izi zinali mwina Ivan Kalita. Koma anali adakhoza kuyala maziko a moyo wa Moscow. Pamene 1367 anayamba kulamulira chenicheni cha achinyamata wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy, amene kuyamika akalambula mwake, anali zida zonse kumanga wogwirizana Russian boma lupanga ndi zokambirana.

Monga Muscovy akhakula pa nthawi imeneyo? Mu 1360 iye anali Ufumuyo Dmitrov, mu 1363 - pa Klyazma ndi Starodub (kale definitively), Vladimir, mu 1368 - Rzhev. Komabe, mwambo kiyi wa mbiri ndiye Russian anali sanali kutsatira Moscow maukulu, koma ndi chiyambi cha kulimbana lotseguka motsutsa Mongol-Chitata goli. Centralization mphamvu ndi phindu ake sakanakhoza kuyambitsa zoterezi mapeto.

ANAKULIRA dziko kuphatikiza padziko Moscow anali anamaliza osachepera mtundu wa chibadwidwe chakufuna kukhala boma limodzi. kuzichita izi (makamaka anthu wamba) anakumana dongosolo ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, iwo ali penapake mu mochedwa Ages Middle ndipo zinatha. Similar njira ya kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo ang'onoang'ono ndi ena pasadakhale zinachitika kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, kumene kuchuluka kwa duchies ndi zigawo kumanga boma mtundu wawo.

Tsopano kuti ndondomeko ya kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow wakhala sizingasinthe, vuto latsopano adanyamuka: zoyenera kuchita ndi goli la gulu la? Msonkho kwa ananyema pa vuto la zachuma ndi kunamizira pansi ulemu dziko. Kumene, wotchedwa Dmitry Ivanovich, ngati ambiri a akalambula wake akulakalaka ufulu wonse wa kwawo. Pambuyo chikutenga mphamvu zonse, anayamba dongosolo.

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Kulikov

The ndondomeko yaitali kugwirizana kwa mayiko padziko Moscow sanathe kutha popanda kumasulidwa kwa Russia kuchokera Chitata Mongol goli. Don anadziŵa zimenezi ndipo anaganiza iyo inali nthawi kuchita. Pankhondoyi kunabuka m'ma 1370 ndi. Kalonga wa Moscow anakana kupereka msonkho Baskakov. Zolotaya Orda zida. Talunjika wachikunja asilikali anaima Temnik Mamay. Ine anasonkhana maalumali ndi wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy. Anamuthandiza akalonga ambiri a pachikhalidwe ndi. Nkhondo ndi Chitata anali onse Russian chibwenzi. White khwangwala anaonekera yekha Ryazan kalonga, koma asilikali Don kupirira popanda thandizo lake.

September 21, 1380 panali nkhondo pa Kulikovo munda, umene wakhala mmodzi wa akuluakulu a karate zochitika m'mbiri yonse dzikolo. Chitata anagonjetsedwa. Patapita zaka ziwiri, gulu mmbuyo, ndipo ngakhale anatentha Moscow. Komabe, kulimbana lotseguka ufulu anayamba. Anapitiriza ndendende zaka 100.

Don anafa 1389. Pa gawo lotsiriza la ulamuliro wake, iye limodzi ndi Grand Duchy wa Meshchersky m'mphepete Medyn ndi Ustyuzhna. Mwana wa wotchedwa Dmitry Basil, amene analamulira ku 1389 - 1425 zaka. Anatsiriza mayamwidwe wa Nizhny Novgorod ukulu. Komanso pa kucheza m'mayiko Moscow padziko Moscow unali wotchuka ndi Kuwonjezera Moore ndi Tarusa kudzera chizindikiro kugula Khan a. Kalonga wa asilikali wakumanitsa ndi Novgorod Republic of Vologda. Monga cholowa ku Rostov Moscow mu 1397 ali Ustyug. Kufutukuka kumpoto anapitiriza Kuwonjezera Torzhok ndi Bezhetsk Cuernavaca.

Pafupi kugwa

Pamene Basil II (1425 - 1462) Muscovy anapulumuka waukulu nkhondo yapachiweniweni mu mbiri yake. ufulu encroached wolowa yovomerezeka amalume ake Yuri Dmitrievich, amene ankakhulupirira kuti boma sayenera wadutsa kuchokera mwana wamwamuna, ndipo malinga ndi kuleza ubwenzi mfundo ya "ndi ufulu wa mkulu." Civil nkhondo kwambiri mochedwa kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow. Mwachidule ulamuliro wa Yuri unathera pa imfa yake. Ndiye nkhondo limodzi ndi ana a womwalirayo: Dmitri Shemyaka ndi Basil Diagon.

Nkhondo ankasiyana ferocity wapadera. Ndinali wakhungu ndi Basil II, ndipo kenako analamula poizoni Shemyaka. Chifukwa chifukwa cha mwazi monga zotsatira za magawo a m'mbuyomu a kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow, kodi kumira mu chisokonezeko. Komabe, mu 1453 Vasily II Mdima momveka anagonjetsa zonse adani ake. Sinthani sikukukolana ndi ngakhale khungu lake. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mphamvu zake kwa Moscow ukulu panaoneka Vychegodskaya Perm, Vologda ndi malo ena Romanov.

Novgorod ndi Tver inalowa

Koposa zonse kwa reunification wa Moscow akalonga anachitira mwana wa Basil II, Ivan III (1462-1505). Akatswiri ambiri amamuona woyamba zonse Russian wolamulira. Pamene Ivan anayamba kulamulira, mnansi wake waukulu anali Novgorod Republic. okhalamo kwa nthawi yaitali anathandiza Moscow akalonga. Komabe, mu theka lachiwiri la XV m'ma mabwalo lolemera Novgorod ankatembenukira kwa Lithuania, umene ankaona counterweight waukulu Grand Duke. Ndipo maganizo anali yomveka.

Grand Duchy la Lithuania anatenga gawo la Belarus zamakono Ukraine. Linali boma Kiev, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk ndi aakulu Russian mizinda. Pamene Ivan III anazindikira kuopsa mgwirizano wa Novgorod ndi Lithuania, analengeza nkhondo pa Republic. Mu 1478, nkhondo wakhala kuthetsedwa. dziko Novgorod kwathunthu limodzi ndi Moscow State.

Ndiye anadza kwa lina la Tver ukulu. Nthawi akhoza kupikisana pa mawu ofanana ndi Moscow, ndi kale. Last Prince wa Tver Mikhail Borisovich, komanso anthu a Novgorod, anayesera kupanga mgwirizano ndi Lithuania, ndiye Ivan III akusowa mphamvu yake, anagwirizana Tver mphamvu yake. Izi zinachitika mu 1485.

The zifukwa kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow kwagona kuti chomaliza ndondomeko imeneyi, Russia potsiriza anamuchotsa wa Mongol-Chitata goli. Mu 1480 Han Ahmat anayesa kupeza Prince wotsiriza wa Moscow kugonjera ndi kupereka msonkho kwa iye. Full a nkhondo sizinachitike. Moscow ndi Chitata asilikali anaima pa gombe lina la mtsinje Ugra, koma amakumana ndi nkhondo. Achmat anali atapita, ndipo posakhalitsa Zolotaya Orda unasweka mu ulus angapo.

Kuwonjezera pa Novgorod ndi Tver, Ivan III linalanda ku Grand Duchy wa Yaroslavl, Vaga, Vyatka ndi Perm dziko, Vyazma ndi Ugra. Pambuyo Chirasha Chilituyaniya nkhondo 1500 - 1503 gg. Moscow anasamukira ku Bryansk, Toropets, Pochep, Starodub, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky ndi Putivl.

kukhala Russia

Wolowa wa Ivan III pa mpando wachifumu ndi mwana wake, Vasily III (1505-1533 gg.). Pamene izo zinachitika akamaliza kuphatikiza dziko padziko Moscow. Basil anapitiriza ntchito bambo ake, chinthu choyamba potsiriza anapanga gawo la mphamvu zake Pskov. Republic of izi kuyambira kumapeto kwa XIV atumwi anali mu m'manja boma la Moscow. Mu 1510, Vasily akusowa kudziyimira pawokha ake.

Pambuyo kuchiyambi otsiriza yodziwika Russian ukulu. Ryazan kalekale wodziimira kum'mwera woyandikana Moscow. Mu 1402, pakati maufumu anali mgwirizano umene uli pakati pa zaka za m'ma XV anagwetsa vassalage. Mu 1521, Ryazan linakhala cholowa cha Grand Duke. Monga Ivan III, Vasily III sanaiwale za Lithuania, omwe anali ambiri Russian mzinda mbadwa. Chifukwa cha nkhondo ziwiri ndi dziko kalonga anawonjezera kuti Mphamvu Smolensk wake, Velizh, Roslavl ndi Kursk.

Pakutha wachitatu loyamba la XVI m'ma Moscow "anasonkhanitsa" dziko lonse Russian, chotero anapanga umodzi mtundu boma. Zimenezi analola mwana wa Ivanu Groznomu Vasily III kutenga mutu wa mfumu ya chitsanzo Byzantine. Mu 1547, iye sanali kalonga wamkulu wa Moscow, ndi Russian Tsar.