Zaka za Kubadwa Kwatsopano. General makhalidwe a Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Epochal nthawi mu mbiriyakale ya chikhalidwe dziko, umene unachitika masiku ano komanso m'malo ndi Zapakati, anapereka dzina la Kubadwa Kwatsopano, kapena chitsitsimutso. mbiri nyengo amabwerera pa chiyambi cha m'ma 14 ku Italy. mazana angapo akhoza yodziwika monga nthawi ya mapangidwe latsopano, anthu ndi view dziko lapansi la dziko lomwe lili analandira boma. malingaliro Progressive ophatikizidwa mu umunthu.

Zaka za Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi maganizo

Ikani yeniyeni nthawi chimango zovuta chokwanira zodabwitsazi m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe dziko. Izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, mayiko onse European agwirizana pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Ena kale, patapita, chifukwa kwanthawi mu chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma. masiku zoyerekeza angatchedwe chiyambi cha 14 ndi zaka za m'ma 16. Zaka za Kubadwa Kwatsopano yodziwika ndi kusonyeza khalidwe yotsala ya chikhalidwe ndi humanization ake, maluwa chidwi mu masiku amakedzana. Ndi iwowa, poyamba amagwirizana dzina nthawi imeneyi. Pali chitsitsimutso cha chikhalidwe wakale, kukhazikitsa mu dziko European.

General makhalidwe a Kubadwa Kwatsopano

potithandiza mu chitukuko chikhalidwe cha anthu chinali chifukwa cha kusintha anthu European ndi ubale izo. Yofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Byzantine, pamene nzika athawa paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi ndi Europe, kubweretsa izo laibulale, mwaluso zosiyanasiyana makedzana, sankadziwika. Kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha mizinda kwachititsa kulimbitsa ndi chikoka cha makalasi wamba a osema, amalonda, osunga ndalama. Mwakhama anayamba kuoneka malo osiyana ndi luso ndi sayansi, ntchito imene mpingo sunalinso ukulamulira.

Zaka zoyambirira za Kubadwa Kwatsopano anapanga kuwerenga ndi amanyansidwa ake mu Italy, ndi gulu limeneli linayamba mu dziko lino. Zizindikiro koyamba kwa iwo anakhala owonekera mu zaka 13-14, koma udindo amphamvu panatenga zaka za m'ma 15. (chaka cha 20), kufika chitukuko pazipita pang'ono kutha. Mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano (kapena kubwezeretsedwa) lagawidwa nthawi anayi. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Protorenessans

Nthawiyi Ming'oma za theka lachiwiri la zaka 13-14. Dziwani kuti masiku onse zokhudza Italy. Ndipotu, nthawi ili mukuimira siteji kukonzekera za Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Iwo salembedwa akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo awiri: isanayambe kapena itatha imfa yake (1137) Giotto di Bondone (chosema zinkaimira), mwininkhani mbiri ya luso Western, mmisiri wake ndi wojambula.

The zaka lotsiriza la Kubadwa Kwatsopano nyengo zokhudza mliri wa makoswe udagunda Italy ndi onse a ku Ulaya wonse. Protorenessans kugwirizana ndi Zapakati, Gothic, Romanesque, miyambo Byzantine. Chithunzi chapakati imatengedwa kuti ndi Giotto, amene anafotokoza motere mumaganiza waukulu kupenta, ananena njira imene chitukuko wapita zina.

Kumayambiriro Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Ndi nthawi anatenga zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu. The m'nyengo yoyambirira ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, amene yodziwika ndi zaka zochepa kwambiri m'njira ziwiri, kunachitika mu 1420-1500 gg. Art Sichinatsitsidwe amasiya kwathunthu ku miyambo akale, koma mwachangu ananenanso zinthu anabwereka yakale zachikhalidwe. Monga pa kuwuka chaka ndi chaka mchikakamizo cha kusintha kwa zinthu za chilengedwe chikhalidwe, pali wolephera aluso kwa okalamba ndi kusintha kwa luso lakale kwambiri mfundo pachimake.

The kholo la nthawi oyambirira Kubadwa Kwatsopano akuti ndi wa zojambula Masaccio, amene anali ku Florence. Kutola maganizo a akalambula wake, wabweretsa ntchito yake pafupifupi palpable akalumikidzidwa sculptural pa chinsalu cha.

Nthawi High Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Ndi chimake, nsonga ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Pa nthawi imeneyi ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano (zaka 1500-1527) wafika pachimake, ndi pakati pa chikoka cha luso Italy wasamuka kuchoka Florence kwa Rome. Izo zinachitika mogwirizana ndi inalowa kwa papa wachifumu Julius II, amene anali ikuyenda bwino kwambiri, maonekedwe mtima, anali munthu wa akhama ndi wofuna. Iye adayandikira mudzi muyaya ojambula zithunzi zabwino ndi Osema kuchokera konsekonse Italy. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi zimphona lenileni la Kubadwa Kwatsopano analenga katswiri awo, amene dziko lonse imakhumbira lero.

mochedwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Limafotokoza za nthawi kuchokera 1530 mpaka zaka 1590-1620. Development chikhalidwe ndi luso nthawi imeneyi ndi sakanikira ndi osiyanasiyana ngakhale mbiri yakale musati kuchepetsa izo pa chimodzi chimene. Malinga ndi asayansi British Kubadwa Kwatsopano potsiriza chimatha pa nthawi imene kunali kugwa kwa Rome, ndicho mu 1527. Europe kum'mwera Inabuka pa kauntala-kukonzanso zinthu, zomwe waika "mtanda" pa freethinking aliyense, kuphatikizapo kuuka kwa miyambo yakale.

Vuto la maganizo ndi zotsutsana m'dzikoli amaona chifukwa cha mu Florence zinachititsa Mannerism. Kalembedwe zomwe zimaonetsa artificiality ndi disharmony, imfa ya bwino pakati m'maganizo ndi m'thupi chigawo chibadidwe Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, mu Venice izo zinkayenera chitukuko yake msewu kumeneko, mpaka mapeto a 1570s m'gulu ambuye monga Titian ndi Palladio. ntchito yawo ndi kukhala kutali ndi vutoli, khalidwe la luso la Rome ndi Florence. Chithunzi chinsalu Titian "Isabella a Portugal."

The ambuye lalikulu la Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Zitatu zazikulu Italy - izo titans ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano, ndi ake ofunika korona:

1. Leonardo da Vinci. Umunthu mu mbiri ya anthu alidi wanzeru ndi wapadera. Iye sanali kokha mmisiri wamkulu ndi ziboliboli, komanso wasayansi, zachilengedwe, zatsopano, wolemba ndipo wamanga. M'nthawi monga zambiri amadziwika kwa zithunzi zingapo, kuphatikizapo lodziwika bwino Mona Lisa Mona Lisa (mu chithunzi), ndi chosamvetsetseka kuti asayansi samenya ya atumwi.
2. Michelangelo Buonarroti. Zaka za moyo ndi zilandiridwenso - 1475-1564. Choyamba, iye akudziwika ngati ziboliboli ndi zojambulajambula. Ndipo woyamba wa nkhope yake zambiri kutchulidwa ndi umaonekera ngakhale zojambula lapansi. ntchito yake yaikulu inali ku Rome ndi Florence. Inde la Michelangelo bwino lomwe anaonetsanso penti ndi Sistine Chapel, chimene chinali chithunzithunzi cha nkhani za m'Baibulo ndipo chimasonyeza zidutswa 300, ndipo palibe ngati wina. Ndipo Zojambula pakhoma "chiweruzo chotsiriza", gulu loyimba wa lalikulu la Capitol, m'tchalitchi wa bungwe Vatican, fano la Davide, zikuchokera "Pieta" (onani chithunzi pamwambapa) ndi zina zambiri.
3. Rafael Santi. umunthu wina phenomenal ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano. mphunzitsi wake anali bambo P.Perudzhino, katswiri. Ndicho kalembedwe wake n'ngwakuti mu ntchito za nthawi oyambirira. Wangwiro kwambiri za ntchito yake imatengedwa kuti ndi Sistine Madonna (onani chithunzi).

Onse katundu wawo - izi ndi zopambana, ngale zabwino kwambiri zojambulajambula, omwe anasonkhana Kubadwa Kwatsopano. zaka zikupita, m'malo m'ma, koma ntchito za ambuye lalikulu - kuchokera nthawi.