Kuuza: kufunika limaoneka lokongola. The akaphatikiza kufunika limaoneka lokongola. Chithunzi kufunika pamapindikira

Chuma cha dziko ndi mafoni kwambiri ndi mavuto a kusintha likulu, ntchito ndi patsogolo sayansi. Koma nthawi zina kampani sangathe kugulitsa buku lonse la linanena bungwe, zomwe zingatithandize kukhala slowdown kupanga ndi kuchepetsa GDP. Izi zikhoza kufotokoza chitsanzo chuma kufunika akaphatikiza ndi okwanira. chitsanzo ichi kuyankha mafunso chifukwa chake mitengo kwanthawi, amene amasankha leni kupanga zoweta, chifukwa chingasinthe mu leaps ndi malire ndi zina zotero. D. wosalira ndi kusanthula njira chuma cha dziko, ife timathandiza malingaliro a kapezedwe akaphatikiza ndi kufunika akaphatikiza, komanso lonse mlingo mtengo.

Kodi atawalamula?

Lingaliro la "ankafuna akaphatikiza," akusonyeza mwa Iye yekha zinthu zonse yomaliza ya chuma cha dziko, limene ankafuna ku misika ya m'dzikolo ndi zinthu zina mu nthawi inayake imeneyi. Malinga ndi kudzazidwa zamalankhulidwe lingaliro ili ndi ofanana lalikulu mankhwala dziko. Mtengo wake zingadziŵike ndi Fischer chilinganizo:

M * V = P * Q,

kumene:

• M - okwana ndalama okwanira;
• V - mathamangidwe la zolowa;
• P - mlingo avareji mitengo chofunika;
• Q - misa okwana uphungu pa misika ya dziko.

Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, pali kusiyana pakati pa magulu awa:

1. GNP anatsimikiza kwa chaka, kufunika akaphatikiza - kwa utali uliwonse wa nthawi.
2. GNP zikuphatikizapo, pamodzi ndi katundu, pamene kufunika lili mankhwala enieni.
3. GNP chifukwa cha ntchito za makampani a boma. Ndi nzika za kufunika akaphatikiza monga:

• anthu - kufunika kwa katundu ogula (C);
• Company - ndalama kufunika (I);
• State - mwa dongosolo zogula anthu (G);
• khoka wolowa - wolowa opanda imports State (Xn).

Tikutsata ndondomeko za kuwerengetsa kufunika akaphatikiza (AD) adzakhala:

AD = C + Ine + G + e.

Izo zikusonyeza kufunika pamapindikira?

Komanso, ntchito Zithunzi, mungasonyeze kufunika okwana. Kufunika pamapindikira (AD) pa olamulira kukhazikitsa chimasonyeza msinkhu mtengo (P), ndi abscissa - weniweni (mitengo ya nthawi m'munsi) mankhwala.

Chithunzichi chikusonyeza kusinthasintha mu ndalama boma, makampani, mayiko onse ndi achilendo, amene amayamba ndi kusintha mlingo mtengo. The akaphatikiza kufunika pamapindikira amasonyeza azimuth kunsi ku kufunika kwa katundu monga ukuwonjezeka mtengo. Komanso, kuchepetsa izi zimakhudza mwamtheradi muzochitika zones za moyo zachuma: ndalama, mowa wolowa (ukonde) ndi ndalama boma.

zinthu Price yaikulu kufunika

Kusanthula ndi AD pamapindikira ya Zithunzi, inu mukhoza kuwona izo osefukira chilengedwe zomwe anafotokoza chifukwa zotsatira izi:

1. chiwongola dzanja. Pa zinthu zonse, ndi apamwamba mlingo, m'munsi buku akufunika akaphatikiza. Great mtengo wa chizindikiro ichi kumachepetsa sankakhala ndi moyenera, kugula. Kusintha kufunika pamapindikira kwa mitengo otsika - zosiyana, ndi chuma analimbikitsa.
2. zogula Tengani (kusinthitsa ndalama ya ndalama fuko). Kutha mu mtengo wachibale wa ndalama national kumabweretsa katundu mtengo opangidwa mu dziko. Choncho, kuchuluka mpikisano awo m'misika dziko wolowa kuchuluka, ndipo chotero, umachuluka ndi kufunika akaphatikiza. Kufunika pamapindikira amasintha otsetsereka.
3. Real chuma. Kukwera mitengo kukhala ndi kuchepa mu mtengo zofunika za ndalama mu pepala ndipo anapindula mawonekedwe ofanana. Kugwa mu mitengo M'malo mwake, umachuluka kugula mphamvu, ndipo anthu kwenikweni ndi yofanana kumva watanthauzo, ndi kufunika ndi kukula.

Masomphenya zikuchitika izi zimabweretsa chakuti otsetsereka akufunika pamapindikira ndi negative. Izi zimapangitsa ndi mtengo, ndipo zimakhudza awo imatengedwa pamene chikhalidwe cha ndalama okwanira nthawi zonse chuma cha dziko.

amadza Non-mtengo

The kusintha kosangalatsa akufunika limaoneka lokongola ili ndi bwino zimayamba ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kusintha ndalama banja, ntchito ndi boma.

Tikaganizira mowa

• ogula moyo. Kuchepetsa phindu lenileni la ndalama ndi ndalama zofanana kumapangitsa ndalama. Chifukwa, kuchepa ntchito kugula ndi kumanzere kosangalatsa a pamapindikira (ndi mosemphanitsa).
• Ogula Zoneneratu ndi ziyembekezo. Ngati kasitomala akufuna kuonjezera revenues m'tsogolo, izo kale amawononga (ndi mosemphanitsa).
• "Mbiri Mawu" ogula. Mkulu kwako kwa zogula yapita ngongole amakakamizidwa kugula zochepa lero ndi ndalama pa alipire wa ngongole alipo. The pamapindikira wa kufunika msika kamodzinso kuloza lamanzere.
• State misonkho. Kuchepetsa mlingo msonkho ndalama kumatanthauza kukula kwa mfundo wamoyo ndi kuonjezera kugula mphamvu yake nthaŵi zonse mlingo mtengo.

Msungidwe ndalama

• Mlingo wa chidwi. Anapereka wosasinthika mavuto azachuma, kuphatikizapo mlingo wa mitengo, kuwonjezeka aliyense mu mphamvu yake kuchepetsa ndalama, ndipo izi kumawachititsa chakuti atawalamula adzakhala ndichepe. Kufunika pamapindikira kosangalatsa lamanzere kachiwiri.

• Kuyembekezera kubwerera pa ndalama. Yabwino ndalama nyengo ndi Zoneneratu wabwino kwa phindu accruing m'tsogolo kwenikweni zingawonjezere kufunika kwa kulowetsedwa a ndalama. Choncho khalidwe ndi ndandanda. Kufunika pamapindikira kudzasiya kumanja.
• Tax kuthamanga. The apamwamba phindu, chindichepere phindu zisudzo zachuma, zomwe ndi kuwalimbikitsa amphamvu kuchepa ndalama ntchito ndalama ndi kufunika ambiri.
• Msinkhu overcapacity. The kampani, kugwira ntchito mphamvu zonse, sindikadaganiza wa yophunzitsa iliyonse. Ngati mphamvu adzakhala yafupika, padzakhala chingatilimbikitse kuonjezera m'madera kutsegula maofesi atsopano, ndi zina zotero. Choncho, kuchuluka chizindikiro ichi kumachepetsa kufunika mankhwala ndalama, motero ndichepe ndi kufunika akaphatikiza. Kufunika pamapindikira kudzasiya lamanzere.

ndalama pagulu

Zoperekedwa wosasinthika mitengo, chiwongola dzanja ndi amachotsera msonkho kuonjezera zogula adzatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu ankafuna akaphatikiza. Ndiko, ubale magulu awa chuma mwachindunji njila.

ndalama katundu

kukula kumabweretsa anasintha ndandanda lamanja, yafupika - lamanzere. M'pake kuti kuchepetsa cha kuchuluka kwa katundu kumawonjezera kufunika zoweta zopangidwa zoweta. The akaphatikiza kufunika pamapindikira akugwiritsa nawonso anakopeka ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi zokhudza wolowa:

• Ndalama chuma mitundu m'mayiko ena. The kwambiri ndalama-Ogula zakunja katundu, m'pamenenso katundu wathu iwo kugula. Izi mlingo wa wolowa ukonde wa dziko lathu ndi kuonjezera kufunika akaphatikiza.
• Kusinthana mitengo. Kuchepetsa dziko kusinthitsa ndalama ndalama ndi ndalama ya dziko lina akutitsogolera kuti kuchepa mu ankafuna zoweta kwa imports ndi zogulitsa kunja achulutse m'dzikolo. Choncho, kuchuluka wolowa ukonde ndi kufunika akaphatikiza. Kusintha kumeneku, ndithudi, adzakhala ndi kukopa kwake pa nthawiyo. Kufunika pamapindikira kudzasiya kumanja.

Mwagwirizana kusakanikirana chuma chikuyendera dziko okwanira. N'chifukwa chake kusintha zizindikiro zazikulu za citukuko ndi sanjira kachitidwe zambiri zimavuta.

mmene ndalama

Kufunika pamapindikira - ndi likutipatsa kuwonetsera kwa mumaganiza chuma chuma cha dziko. Chinthu china chofunika cha mphamvu pa kusamutsidwa ake ndi propensity mmphepete kuwapulumutsa kufalitsidwa ndalama chizindikiro pa mowa ndi yakupulumutsa.

Pamene mapeto, ayenera anawonjezera kuti kufunika pamapindikira limasonyeza kudzera mwa kuchepetsa lamanja kapena kuti khalidwe kumanzere wa chikoka cha zinthu sanali mtengo kuchuluka okwana.

Kodi magulidwe okwana?

Lingaliro la kotunga okwana mwachidule katundu yense komaliza ndi ntchito zoperekedwa pa misika ya dziko mu nthawi ina ya nthawi m'mikhalidwe zonse. chithunzi Izi zikhoza kukhala wolingana GDP, monga akuimira buku lonse la kupanga enieni.

Mu macroeconomics akaphatikiza kotunga ndandanda malingana ndi msinkhu wa ntchito (chosakwanira akuyandikira wathunthu ndi wamphumphu) ali m'magawo atatu:

• Keynesian manambala (yopingasa).
• Wapakatikati manambala (kukwera).
• Chakale manambala (ofukula).

Atatu bwana gawo

Keynesian gawo (Keynesian manambala) kotunga pamapindikira amakhalabe yopingasa pa wina mlingo mtengo, kusonyeza kuti kampani kupereka buku lililonse kupanga pa mlingo chomwecho.

Chakale likutipatsa chigawo (Zokhwimirapo manambala) nthawi zonse choimirira. Akuimira mosalekeza voliyumu ya kumasulidwa kwa zinthu pa mtengo ena osiyanasiyana.

Mbali wapakatikati (Chakale manambala) amadziwika nkhani pang'onopang'ono kwa zinthu ufulu kupanga malire ena. KUGWIRIZANA NDI zina mapeto, kuonjezera ndalama, motero mtengo. Pang'onopang'ono kumawonjezera mtengo wa utumiki ndi katundu ndi maziko a chotero kukula mofulumira kupanga.

amadza Non-mtengo

Onse zinthu sanali mtengo wa chilengedwe zimene zimakhudza pa mlingo wa mowa, ogaŵikana:

1. kusinthasintha mu mitengo ya zinthu:

• mkati - ndi kuchuluka kwa chuma mkati, mwa kundipatsako pamapindikira mosinthana lamanja;
• inatha mitengo - apitirira zingawonjezere okwana kotunga (ndi mosemphanitsa).

2. Kusintha chilamulo:

• Misonkho ndi ang'onoang'ono. Kuwonjezeka katundu msonkho kumawonjezera ndalama kupanga kutsitsa, motero, mwa kundipatsako okwana. Ndalamachi M'malo mwake, kuthandiza jekeseni ndalama mu malonda ndi kutsogolera ndi kuchepetsa ndalama ndi kuonjezera okwanira.
• State lamulo. Kugwiritsa boma ulamuliro kumawonjezera mtengo kwambiri ndipo akugwiritsa ntchito yobweretsa pamapindikira lamanzere.

anapezazo

Kuphunzira yochepa kusinthasintha zazikulu za citukuko ntchito chitsanzo cha kufunika akaphatikiza ndi okwanira. The tenet yaikulu ya chiphunzitso chimenechi ndi mlingo wa ulimi wa zinthu za mowa, komanso mitengo yawo yasinthika m'njira moyenera kotunga akaphatikiza ndi kufunika.

Izi zikachitika, kufunika ndandanda adzakhala ndi otsetsereka negative. Izi amakwiya njira zotsatirazi:

1. Kugwa mitengo zimayambitsa kuwonjezeka phindu lenileni la chuma chuma mabanja, umene uli mowa kukondoweza china.
2. mitengo Low kuchepetsa kufunika kwa ndalama, kuchuluka mtengo ndalama.
3. Kutsitsa mlingo mtengo amakwiya kuchepa chiwongola dzanja. Chotsatira ndi kugwa kwa ndalama ya fuko kusinthitsa ndalama ndi yotithandiza wolowa ukonde.

Akaphatikiza kotunga pamapindikira ndi ofukula pamapeto pake. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti chiwerengero cha ntchito ndi katundu zimadalira luso ntchito, ndi likulu la zachuma, osati pa mlingo ambiri mtengo. Yochepa pamapindikira ali otsetsereka positive.

Kumvetsa System "akaphatikiza kufunika - akaphatikiza mowa" ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa kamvedwe ka njira zazikulu za citukuko. Komabe, masukulu ambiri chotsutsana ndi mfundo yomweyo, ndipo n'zovuta kukwaniritsa mapeto ambiri pa kusiyana kwa kutanthauzira kwa zochitika zofanana. Mtundu wa mfundo zachuma ndi mavuto chifukwa ndi mwachindunji amadalira zolinga ndi zolinga za anthu amene angakuthandizeni mwachindunji pa njira zako zachuma ndi chikhalidwe.