Zomangamanga Gothic ku Germany: History ndi mbali

A chinyezimiro cha mbiri German pa zomangamanga ndi chizindikiro cha dziko lino. Kwenikweni iliyonse siteji ya chitukuko mbiri anali limodzi ndi zikamera wa mumaganiza latsopano mapulani ndi malingaliro. N'chifukwa chake alendo zamakono ndi chidwi kuyendera zokopa wamba wokonzeka kutsegula munthu wodziwa kwambiri za zinthu zosangalatsa za dziko ndi anthu ake. Kalembedwe Gothic a zomangamanga ku Germany ndi lofunika kwambiri ndi choyambirira. Iye anayamba ina kuposa mu France, koma kotero ophatikizidwa ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe ya dziko limene kwa zaka zambiri ankaona ana ake. Today ife angakuuzeni mfundo zosangalatsa kwambiri za zomangamanga a Germany, kusonyeza German kalembedwe Gothic, wotchuka padziko lonse chifukwa cha akachisi ake zazikulu.

mawu ochepa A za cholowa chikhalidwe

Germany zomangamanga zinapangidwa anayamba mchikakamizo cha mbali Hrs ndi mbiri yakale. chakuti ambiri a dziko kwa nthawi yaitali ankalamulidwa ndi akalonga, lirikulimbana pakati pawo.

Izi zachititsa kuti chitukuko zosiyanasiyana malangizo zomangamanga ku Germany. Mzinda uliwonse inamangidwa kalembedwe yake, zomwe kunali kosatheka kuti motsanzira m'madera ena. Zonsezi zimathandiza ife kulankhula zomangamanga a mtundu wa Germany, sitayilo imene opangidwa ndi zaka amisiri anali ophunzitsidwa ku France ndi Italy.

N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World dziko anataya ambiri zipilala zake mbiri. Iwo anali ikhalenso posachedwapa, kotero ena kuona ndi sanabwerere kwa maonekedwe ake akale. zomangamanga zamakono Germany pafupi kalembedwe Art Nouveau, iye ndiye anatengedwa monga maziko kumanga mizinda theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri. Kufikira tsopano, ambiri a nyumba yatsopano amatanthauza kalembedwe imeneyi.

Gothic: kufotokoza mwachidule

Gothic kalembedwe anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe kalembedwe osiyana ndi yeniyeni mozungulira kwa zaka za m'ma akhumi. Nthawi imeneyi, malemu Middle Ages anthu zinali zitachitika kale zinachitikira ndithu ndi chidziwitso kuti maonekedwe atsopano kwa erection nyumba. mapulani kwambiri omasuka ntchito zinachitikira wakale masamu, ndi nzeru zawo za Masamu kunapangitsa kuti yesezera malo osiyana. Izi pang'onopang'ono anatsogolera chakuti kalembedwe Romanesque ankakhalira ku Ulaya, anayamba kupereka njira yatsopano, zochokera mfundo chosiyana.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mawu akuti "Gothic" inatulutsidwa mochedwa kwambiri. Iye anawonekera ngati chikhazikitso ananyozedwa wa kufanana kwambiri pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi cholowa cha Roma ndi azimuth watsopano, amene adadzifula Europe akunjawo. Ambiri a iwo anali ndi dzina lakuti "Goths", choncho kalembedwe latsopano anakonza yemweyo dzina woyankhula mwanzeru.

Gothic zomangamanga: kufotokoza onse

Gothic kumaphatikizapo pomanga nyumba imene inkaoneka kuti akwate malingaliro wofunitsitsa ndi kuuluka kumwamba, umboni za ukulu wa munthu. Pakuti nyumba ngati ankafuna zojambula woyenera kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zomangira. Wood m'malo ndi mwala, amene amalola kugwiritsa maganizo onse mapulani ndi chinali kugonjetsedwa pamene pafupipafupi m'mizinda European moto.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti palokha zomangamanga Gothic anakhala kutsogolera kwa kufufuza mwaukatswiri ambiri. Ndithudi, pomanga anali ayenera kukwezedwa kwa apamwamba okwera chonse midadada mwala omwe amafunika chithandizo ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana chitsulo. Mu yomweyi, omanga anali kulenga kasakaniza latsopano pamaziko a mandimu ndi mchenga, angathe kutsimikiza ogwirizana ndi miyala mzake.

Kupambana kwakukulu wa Gothic ambuye Kutulukira imatengedwa dongosolo nkhanza. Iye analola kuwerengera mfundo za nyumba zikuluzikulu thandizo kuti kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mizati, kwezani mazenera ndi tiyeni mu dongosolo monga mmene kuwala zotheka. njira zimenezi wakhala dalitso lenileni kwa makonsolo, amene anatha zimagwirizizirana ndi zipinda mzake kuti malo yapamwamba kwambiri ndi chidwi.

Mwachibadwa, sitayilo yatsopano chapeza zochititsa uliwonse dziko European. Izi bwino kwambiri wasonyeza yokha zomangamanga Gothic ku Germany. mbali zonse chachikulu cha kalembedwe anali lidzasinthidwa yatsopano wakhala chizindikiro cha dziko. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale dziko la Germany okha kwa zaka zambiri ankakhulupirira kuti Gothic anabadwa mu dziko kwawo kenako yekha kufalitsa ku Ulaya. Kuyang'ana tchalitchi zazikulu anamanga amisiri German, zingaoneke kuti iwo sanali kutali ndi choonadi - Aroma anali chithunzithunzi chenicheni cha chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya Germany.

Gothic ku Germany: Zomangamanga

Dziwani kuti pali chizolowezi zatsopano analanda maganizo aluso German msanga kuposa izo zinali mu England ndi France. M'mayiko amenewa, Gothic unakhazikitsidwa pofika m'zaka za m'ma akhumi ndi Germany dongosolo loyamba ndi zinthu otengedwa kalembedwe kuperekedwa, anaonekera okha kumapeto kwa khumi ndi chitatu wa.

Great chikoka pa zomangamanga a Germany anali France, kuchokera pano anabwera mbuye, anauziridwa ndi akutama malingaliro Gothic. Chifukwa cha iwo, panali nyumba yoyamba ndi zinthu za kalembedwe latsopano. Iwo ali ovuta amanena kuti kumaliza nyumba ya zomangamanga Gothic ku Germany, koma akhala ngati gawo Transitional kwa kalembedwe Romanesque. Nthawi imeneyi panali katswiri monga Mpingo St. Michael, Chapel wa Cathedral St. Bartholomew ndi St. Kilian.

M'tsogolo, nyumba yaikulu anayamba kunena kuti Romanesque-Gothic kalembedwe, linasiiratu kufunika kwake kwa zaka za m'ma khumi ndi chitatu.

Development ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa German zomangamanga Gothic

Ndi chiyambi cha m'ma cinai German zomangamanga mu kalembedwe Gothic, amamuonera payekha ake owala, mphamvu ndi kulemera mbali anaitenga ku France. Patapita nthawi, unatengedwa kuchokera m'mayiko ndi zikhalidwe zina, lidzasinthidwa zingapo zochititsa amene tikambirana mu gawo lina nkhaniyo.

M'nthawi ankakhulupirira kuti nyumba chidwi kwambiri kalembedwe Gothic anakhala mpingo woona Lady athu. Anayamba adzamangidwa mu mukapeza za mu chaka thirtieth za m'ma khumi ndi chitatu. Maonekedwe ake amadziwika chifukwa linali dongosolo la mtanda zonse. nyumba ofanana kale kapena Germany kapena m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya. Kumathandiza imakonzedwa mu mpingo akachisi aŵiri symmetrically mu dongosolo zonse yopingasa. chaluso Izi amalemekezedwa mapulani padziko lonse.

Ndi nthawi ya maluwa a Gothic Mwina mulinso Magdeburg Cathedral ndi mpingo wa St. Elizabeth.

NKHANI zomangamanga German

German Gothic anagula mbali yake yapadera kuti akhala amadziwika ake. Mwa chidwi kwambiri ndi zotsatirazi:

• Okhwima zojambula. Akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti zomangamanga German nyengo yodziwika ndi kuphweka zosaneneka za mizere. Nthawi zambiri poyerekeza ndi matchalitchi ndi malinga aakulu analenga kuteteza m'mizinda.
• Kupanda ornamentation pa wapakamwa kumadzulo. The French mosamala kwambiri cholinga zinthu zokongoletsera, pamene dziko la Germany ndi kupewa nambala yambiri pa zinthu zina ndipo amakonda mizere yoyera.
• Kudzipereka imodzi kapena nsanja anayi. M'mayiko onse European kumangira kalembedwe Gothic anali lililonse la synods ya nsanja ziwiri. ambuye German apita zina - kumanga awo korona nsanja yayitali kapena anayi symmetrically mozungulira kukafika kutsogolo kwa tchalitchi.
• Anasamutsa pakhomo pa mbali wapakamwa. Pakuti nyumba Gothic bwino kukonzekera kulowa patsogolo chapakati, koma anali mbali polowera ku Germany ambiri a nyumba. Izi zinathandiza kuti tikhale ndi kukongola kwa nyumba chathunthu.
• Njerwa Gothic. malangizo amenewa anayamba chifukwa cha anthu a Germany nakhala ambiri kumpoto kwa dziko.

Izi ife angakuuzeni zambiri.

njerwa Gothic

Kalembedwe atsopano a zomangamanga malinga zinthu zina posankha zomangira. The sangathe ndi anthu m'madera amene ali madipoziti yaikulu ya miyala ndi mchenga, koma Germany mavuto aakulu. Makamaka osauka chikutanthauza anali madera kumpoto, amene anayambitsa chinthu chotero monga "njerwa Gothic".

Iwo amakhala ndi ntchito yomanga nyumba yaikulu zopangidwa njerwa. Nkhanizi sakanakwanitsa kulenga nyumba ngati wokongola, amene ali chithunzithunzi cha kalembedwe Gothic, koma magawo ena onse ali ndi zogwirizana ndi kachitidwe ankafuna.

Model njerwa Gothic akhoza Mwachitsanzo, tchalitchi cha St. Nicholas. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kumadera kumene kumanga ntchito njerwa, nyumba Gothic wodzilemekeza holo mzinda, nyumba munalidi gulu ndipo ngakhale nyumba.

Cologne Cathedral

Ndi nthawi ya maluwa a zomangamanga Gothic ku Germany monga pomanga Cologne Cathedral. Yomanga anayamba mu m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, inatha pambuyo zaka zana. Nyumba iyi anakhala chizindikiro chachikulu cha dziko, kaphatikizidwe woona German ndipo French Gothic. Mlembi wa polojekiti odzitukumula anali Gerard Von Rila, amene ankagwira ntchito pa izo kwa zaka zoposa ziwiri. The wamanga abverana kuti amange tchalitchi chachikulu pa malo a kachisi wakale wa nyengo ya Roma, ntchito maziko ake. Ndi nthawi ya imfa yake, ndi wojambula luso anatha kuona mbali ya tchalitchi, adayima mu mawonekedwe yosatha mpaka cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

Anamaliza yomanga injiniya Ernst Friedrich Zwirner, anatenga monga maziko asilikali a kuloŵedwa m'malo, koma m'malo zipangizo chakale atsopano. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu a mzinda anaonekera pa bwalo la akulu, amene ali nsanja ziwiri wapamwamba pa mamita zana ndi makumi asanu, ndi patsinde pa mamita eyite sikisi lonse.

Ngakhale kuti Cologne Cathedral sangathe kwathunthu amati ndi zomangamanga Gothic, iwo amaona azambiriyakale wotchuka kwambiri umunthu wake mu mbiri ya Germany.

Gothic zana lakhumi

Tikhoza kunena kuti ndi pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chinayi, ambiri nyumba yaikulu imene chidwi cha m'nthawi, anali kale anamanga. Mu mizinda ndi midzi yaing'ono anayamba kuoneka nyumba chosiyana kalembedwe Gothic.

Mafanizo zinachitikira zaka ziwiri, amisiri anayamba kumanga maofesi a boma ndi nyumba cholinga nzika olemera. Monga cholowa chikhalidwe cha ana tinatengera holo mzinda, holo mzinda ndi munalidi gulu nyumba.

Pa nthawi, ambiri a iwo zakale, padzuwa amene ali wa chidwi kwa alendo padziko lonse.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano zomangamanga ku Germany

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za chakhumi ndi chisanu, dziko kulowa mu chikhalidwe cha Kupititsa kugawikana. A nambala yaikulu maukulu anachita yaitali motero nkhondo, amene kwambiri angaletsedwe chitukuko cha latsopano kalembedwe mapulani.

Dziwani kuti khalidwe nyengo kuchokera chakhumi ndi chisanu m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Panthawi imeneyi, kutalika bwino ndi okhwima n'kuyamba wochuluka wa ulemerero ndi onyenga ena a masiku amakedzana. chitsitsimutso anali limodzi ndi chitukuko cha umisiri watsopano kuti n'zotheka kuti ntchito zipangizo zina.

Kwa lothandiza anapatsidwa amakhala ndi kumanga loko, chifukwa zinthu za nkhondo ndi zovuta zimene zingafunike pa ntchito yomanga chinachake chadzaoneni.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano zomangamanga anapereka dziko nyumba ku Dresden, City Hall ku Leipzig, mpingo wa St Michael ndi nyumba zina zambiri.

A mawu ochepa pomaliza

Ife timaganiza kuti ndi bwino kwa nkhani ino monga mmene bwino pa zomangamanga a panyengo zosiyanasiyana limafotokoza mbiri ya dziko. Alendo ambiri kuti Germany akhoza kuphunzira pa matabwa ake, omwe ndi lofunika chikhalidwe chipilala.