Chomwe chimasiyanitsa nyama yachiwiri ndi nyama yoyamba

Pofotokoza za chitukuko cha zamoyo, nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mawu akuti "achikulire" ndi "nyama yachiwiri". Zonsezi zilipo ma multicellular, kupatula ma coelenterates, omwe amasiyana pa chimbindikiti.

Kukula kwa zosokoneza

Chordates amaimiridwa ndi magulu atatu a zamoyo:

• Zitsamba, kapena larva-chordal (Tunicata, Urochordata), zomwe zili ndi thumba lokhala ndi chipolopolo;
• Mtsinje, Acrania, kukhala m'nyanja zakuya, nsomba-ngati zopanda kanthu;
• Zinyama - oimira nsomba, amphibians, njoka, mbalame, nyama ndi anthu.

Mbiri ya chiyambi cha zovuta zimakhala zinsinsi ndipo zimayambitsa malingaliro ambiri. Ndipo pofuna kufotokozera iwo, nkofunikira kumvetsetsa omwe ali nyama yachiwiri ndi yoyamba. Zidziwika bwino kuti zaka zoposa 500 miliyoni zapitazo, pankakhala kale zopangira. Zitsanzo zomwe zisanachitike zimakhalabe zinsinsi, choncho zifukwa zosiyana zimayambira pa chiyambi cha zamoyo.

Chofunika kwambiri cha zinyama zoyambirira ndi zakutali

Multicellular amaimira ufumu wa zinyama. Zakale komanso yachiwiri - makolo awo enieni. Mawu awo otchulidwa Protostomia ndi Deuterostomia amapangidwa kuchokera ku mapangidwe a kamvekedwe ka mazira. Kalekale, amapangidwa kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa intestine (blastopore), yomwe imapangidwa m'mimba. M'chiwiri - mu blastopore mphukira yotsegula (anus) ikukula, ndipo pakamwa pamatsekedwa kudula pamalo atsopano.

Chiwerengero cha zamoyo zofanana

Zinyama zapachilumba ndi zoyambirira zimakhala ndi zizindikiro. Woyamba akuphatikizapo:

1. Ma Mollusc.
2. Zikodzo.
3. Zipulullides - nyama zam'madzi monga nyongolotsi, zomwe zimakhala ndi mavitamini oyenda m'mabuloni, m'matumbo ndi m'matumbo omwe ali ndi matumbo omwe ali ndi mbali ya kumbuyo.
4. Ehiurids ndi zamoyo zomwe zimakhala m'madzi a m'nyanja. Iwo ali ndi thupi lamakina ndi proboscis. Kutsegula pakamwa kumapezeka pa peritoneal side. Kuchokera kwa ena oimira iwo amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa dongosolo losasinthika la maselo ndi matumbo a tubula, omwe amathera ndi anus.
5. Pyatoustkov kapena bango, omwe ali ovomerezeka parasitic ziwalo ndi linguiform thupi, ofanana ndi arthropods.
6. Onihoforov kapena tracheal oyambirira - amaimiridwa ndi nyama zakutchire, pamtunda wautali womwe uli ndi miyendo 43 ya miyendo.
7. Pacific - tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene tili ndi magawo anayi a miyendo.
8. Matenda a nyamakazi.

Zinyama zakutchire, kapena deuterostomes, zikuyimiridwa ndi mitundu yotsatira ya nyama:

• Bristle-mandibular;
• Zosokoneza (nadal ndi vasculitis);
• Mawu;
• Pogonophores;
• Chithunzi;
• Graptolites (mafupa).

Miyeso ya chitukuko deystorostom chosamvetsetseka. Zimaganiziridwa kuti kusinthika kwawo kunayamba ndi nyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zoyambazo. Ena amakhulupirira kuti makolo a nyongolotsi zapachiwiri ndi mphutsi zapansi, zomwe zimatchedwa mitundu yoyamba yamagetsi.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa pulayimale ndi yachiwiri?

Kuwonjezera pa kukhazikitsa pakhomo loyamikiridwa ndi pakamwa, nyama yachiwiri ndi yoyamba-zinyama imasiyanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro zina:

1. Kugawidwa kwa mazira angapo: m'nthawi yoyamba imakhala yozungulira, imayendetsedwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo yachiwiri (osati yunifolomu).
2. Njira zowonongeka (kukula): Kukula kwakukulu, kukula kwa makoma achiwiri kumayamba ndi kugawidwa kwa selo, ndipo m'zaka zachiwirizi zimapangidwa kuchokera ku protuberances m'matumbo a m'mimba.
3. Zomwe zimayambitsa ubongo: pachiyambi - zimayamba ku dziko lachikulire, ndipo chachiwiri - zimachepa ndipo zimayikidwa pamalo atsopano.

Chifukwa chake, nthawi yachiwiri imatchedwanso zachiwiri-cerebral.

Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti nyama yachiwiri ndi yoyamba yakhala ndi kholo limodzi, okhala mu Edicar Sea zaka zoposa 500 miliyoni zapitazo. Malo okhala cholengedwacho anali nyanja, yomwe idasunthira, kugwira ntchito ndi cilia, inali ndi mimba pamimba, ndipo idadyetsedwa kudzera muzitsulo, zomwe zinasankha chakudya. Pambuyo pake gawo lomaliza la thupi linalekanitsidwa ndipo makolo a nthawi yachiwiri anagwiritsa ntchito kamodzi kake kukumba pansi.

Zinyama zapakati ndi zoyamba zimakhala zofanana pa chitukuko ndi mawonekedwe. Koma amakhalanso osiyana, kotero kuti osiyana nawo amasiyana.