Abwanamkubwa - ndi ... Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "kazembe"

m'ma XIII ku Russia zinali zodzaza ndi mgwirizano maukulu kumpoto chakum'mawa. Likulu, limene kalonga anakhala, anasankhidwa Moscow. Pa msonkhano, iye anali ambiri boyars, ena amene ankachita utumiki ndi kupereka zonse zofunika mwachindunji kalonga ndi nyumba yake (butlers) kutsatira kudzazidwa ndi Zachuma (msungichuma), chifukwa ntchito yokonza asilikali omenyana-wokonzeka, ndi ena ambiri. Komabe, kalonga chimodzimodzi chidwi moyo mu mzindawu ndiponso umoyo wa anthu townships, kapena, koposa chabe, pa periphery ya boma. Zinali ndiye kalonga adaganiza zolenga maudindo monga akazembe ndi volosteli. ganizo limeneli cholinga chake chinali osati kuti kutsatira dongosolo mu chikhalidwe, komanso kuti aziona malire a Russia. Amene mfumu apatsidwa nsanamira zimenezi? Kodi ntchito nawuyika pa akazembe ndi volosteley? udindo wawo waukulu chiyani? Pa izi ndi zambiri zina, nkhaniyi idzafotokoza.

Mawu "kazembe"

Kulankhula chilankhulo cha sayansi, chiwerengero cha abwanamkubwa monga anthu amene mkulu wa Prince anapita kumzinda waukulu wa Russia, kuimira zofuna zake kumeneko. kazembe woyamba anayesedwa mu Novgorod, ndipo poyamba anali anthu, kumachita mfumu, "pa malopo", ankatchedwa "Knyazhye mwamuna." Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 13, Anthu nkoyenera kulikonse ankatchedwa "nduna". zodabwitsazi zathandizira kulimbitsa mphamvu ya mtsogoleri dzanja limodzi, koma pa nthawi yomweyo anakumasulani manja a akuluakulu ena oipa amene nthawi zina akhoza kuswa kumbali ya zofuna zawo. Komabe kazembe chinakhalapo mpaka chitunda mpando wachifumu Ivana Groznogo, amene ali pafupifupi 4 zaka.

Masiku ano mawu "kazembe" anabwera kwa zinthu. Choncho kuitana anthu a mpingo, amene apatsidwa ndi kuphedwa kwa ntchito ya bishopu akachokapo.

Ndondomeko kupeza malo

Monga tinaphunzilila, abwanamkubwa - iwo ali oimira kalonga, kumene Ndizachidziwikire kuti kupeza udindo uwu ndikanakhoza kokha munthu wa m'banja la boyars, makamaka anapita mafumu. Prince si n'komwe maganizo a anthu okhala mu makamaka chigawo kapena ukulu, natsogozedwa ndi zofuna zawo. Mu mzinda uliwonse yaikulu Kalonga wa Moscow anali "awo" akazembe. Izi zikhoza sikungawononge lamanja la ntchito zina, pofuna udindo zinafika tinatengera kwa atate mwana. Chitsanzo cha ichi atha kutumikira ngati zoona: mu Meshchera pafupifupi 2 zaka akazembe oimira banja lina boyar.

Ntchito yaikulu ya bwanamkubwa

Nanga ntchito ndi akazembe? Choyamba, iwo akanakhoza kuchita malamulo ndi zina zomwe cholinga kubwezeretsa kuti madera awo. Mu ulamuliro wa kazembe ali onse milandu boma ndi zigawenga. Chachiwiri, iwo anali onse akazembe ndi katundu adindo kalonga mu backyards zawo. Komabe, ntchito yaikulu ya kazembe anali kusonkhanitsa misonkho awa ndi levies mokomera kalonga:

• requisitions zodziwitsa (Christmas, Petrovsky ndi Great);
• chindapusa khothi;
• malonda ndi banja levies;
• Kuyamba Tax ankawoloka ngolo ukulu ndi katundu.

Dziwani kuti analandira mwa njira imeneyi zikutanthauza kuti pali osati kalonga, koma abwanamkubwa okha. Chochitachi kawirikawiri pamwamba ntchito zina, chifukwa cha zimene amafunsa nkhawa pakati pa anthu wamba.

Abwanamkubwa ndi volosteli: kodi pali kusiyana?

Abwanamkubwa ndi volosteli - mfundo ziwiri zimene inextricably zogwirizana. Ngakhale kufanana lalikulu la ntchito anachita, volosteli nthawizonse ankaima pa mapazi pansipa abwanamkubwa. Poyerekeza ndi dongosolo amakono a boma, volostelya akhoza ukugwira mutu wa boma kakang'ono, ndipo kazembeyo - kwa mutu wa mzinda kapena dera lonse. Ngati kazembe akhoza kuyesedwa kwa mulandu malamulo, volostelyam anatilola kuchita milandu yochepa boma. Kuwerenga ndi kulemba "kudya" kutanthauza kutolera misonkho levies, volosteli analandira kwa kazembe kapena kuchokera Duke. Komanso akazembe, volosteli zambiri agwiritsa ntchito molakwika mphamvu zawo, ndi chifukwa chakuti ndi kubera Ivana Groznogo maudindo onse awiri anathetsa.