Ana a Alexander 1. Alexander P. 1: Mu ulamuliro wa moyo, yonena

Mfumu Alexander I anali chidzukulu cha Catherine Wamkulu ndi mwana wake mmodzi yekhayo Paulo Petrovich ndi German kalonga Sophia wa Württemberg, mu Mpingo Orthodox wa Maria Feodorovna. Iye anabadwa mu St. Petersburg December 25, 1777. Dzina lake polemekeza Aleksandra Nevskogo, khanda korona kalonga yomweyo anachotsedwa kwa makolo awo ndipo analeredwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa agogo achifumu, amene zimadalira maganizo andale a mfumu m'tsogolo.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Onse ubwana Alexander unachitikira kuyang'aniridwa ndi agogo wachifumu, ndi makolo anga, pafupi sankalankhula Komabe, ngakhale iye, monga bambo wake, Paulo ankakonda ndi bwino zochita nkhondo. The utumiki chenichenicho cha korona kalonga anali mu Gatchina, mu zaka 19 iye analimbikitsa kuti msilikaliyo.

The Tsarevich anali kuzindikira mwamsanga kumvetsa zinthu zatsopano ndipo anaphunzira ndi zosangalatsa. Mwa Iye, osati mwana wake Paulo Ekaterina Velikaya anaona tsogolo Russian Mfumu, koma anamuika iye pa mpandowachifumu, anyalanyaza bambo ake sanathe kutero.

Pa zaka 20 anakhala wolamulira wamkulu wa St. Petersburg ndi mkulu wa alonda Semenov Regiment. Chaka chotsatira, anayamba kukhala mu Senate.

Alexander ankatsutsana ndi a malamulo, amene ankachitika ndi bambo wake, Mfumu Paulo, choncho anayamba kukhulupirira chiwembu ndi amene cholinga anali nazo zithandizire pa Mfumu ku mpando wachifumu ndi ulamuliro wa Alexander. Komabe, Korona Prince anali chikhalidwe cha kuteteza moyo wa bambo ake, chotero imfa achiwawa otsiriza Korona Prince anabweretsa kudziona ndi kulakwa kwa moyo.

m'banja

Personal moyo Alexander ndinali wotanganidwa kwambiri. Ukwati Korona Prince m'mamawa - pa zaka 16, wokwatitsidwa kwa khumi ndi zinayi-Baden Mfumukazi Louise Mariey Avgustoy, anasiyira m'dzina la ziphunzitso, anakhala Elizavetoy Alekseevnoy. Angolowa kumene m'banja kwambiri wosakanikirana ndi mnzake, zimene kum'patsa dzina pakati pa ogwira Cupid ndi Psyche. Mu zaka zoyambilira za ubale pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi anali wodzala ndi olimbikitsa, Grand Duchess amakondedwa kwambiri ndi kulemekezedwa ndi onse m'bwalo, kupatula amkazi wa Maria Feodorovna. Komabe, timakhala bwino banja posachedwa anagwetsa yozizira - banjalo ndi zilembo zosiyana, kupatula Alexander Pavlovich kazinji kene akhabera pa mkazi wake.

Mkazi wa Alexander I ankasiyana mwaulemu, osati anakonda mwanaalirenji, chinkhoswe mu chikondi, mipira ndi zochitika zosangalatsa, iye ankakonda kuyenda ndi kuwerenga mabuku.

Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna

Pafupifupi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ukwati wa Grand Duke sanapereke zipatso zake, ndipo okha 1799 ana a Alexander I. The Grand Duchess anabereka mwana wamkazi - Maria Alexandrovna. Kubadwa kwa mwana kwachititsa kwapakati pa-kumuyalutsa mu banja lachifumu. mayi Alexander anali umanena kuti mwanayo anabadwa wa Korona Prince, ndi ku Prince Czartoryski, mu buku limene iye amaganiziridwa mwana wake. Komanso, mtsikana anabadwa ndi loderapo, ndi makolo onse anali tsitsi. Pakuti woukira boma mlongo umanena Mfumu Paulo. Tsarevich Alexander mwiniwakeyo anavomereza mwana wake ndipo sankadzudzulako mwayi kusintha mkazi wake. Chimwemwe ndi utate sunakhalitse, Grand Duchess Maria anakhala chaka zoposa, ndipo anafa mu 1800. mwana Imfa mwachidule Kuombolera anasamukira pafupi ndi banjali.

Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna

Kunena ambiri ayamba otalikirana akazi korona, Alexander, osati kubisala, kuti azigona ndi Maria Naryshkin, ndi Mfumukazi Elizabeth kuyambira 1803 anayamba chibwenzi ndi Aleksiem Ohotnikovym. Mu 1806, mkazi wake anabala mwana wamkazi wa Alexander I - Grand Duchess Elizabeth, ngakhale kuti banja kwa zaka zingapo sanakhale moyo pamodzi, mfumu anazindikira mwana wake wamkazi, amene anapanga mtsikana woyamba mu mzere ufumu. Ana a Alexander I yaitali anakondwera naye. Mwana wachiwiri anamwaliranso ali ndi zaka miyezi 18. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumukazi Elizabeth anakwatira mabwenzi angapo achuluka ozizira.

Chibwenzi ndi Maria Naryshkina

Wokwatiwa moyo ndi Elizavetoy Alekseevnoy kwakukulukulu sizinayende chifukwa kugwirizana khumi wazaka ndi mwana wamkazi wa Alesandro Polish fuko lomveka M. Naryshkina kuti Chetvertinskaya ukwati. Ulalo uwu Alexander sankabisa iye anadziwa banja lake ndi ogwira onse Komanso kwambiri Maria Naryshkin pa mpata uliwonse anayesa anabaya mwamuna wake Mfumu, kunena chibwenzi ndi Alexander. Kwa zaka zambiri zochitika Alexander amataya bambo asanu a ana asanu Naryshkina:

• Elizabeth D., 1803 kubadwa,
• Elizabeth D., 1804 kubadwa,
• Sophia D., 1808 kubadwa,
• Zinaida Dmitrievna, 1810 chaka cha kubadwa,
• Emmanuel D., 1813 kubadwa.

Mu 1813, Mfumu adagawana ndi Naryshkina monga amaganiziridwa wake mogwirizana ndi mwamuna wina. Mfumu amaganiziridwa kuti Emmanuel Naryshkin - osati mwana wake. Pambuyo akutsanzikana pakati okonda zakale kukhala wochezeka. Kwa ana onse a Mary ndi Alexander Ine ndi motalikitsa ankakhala Sofya Naryshkina. Anamwalira ali ndi zaka 16, madzulo a ukwati wawo.

ana apathengo a Alexander I

Kuwonjezera ana a Mary Naryshkina Mfumu Alexander anali ndi ana apathengo ndi okondedwa ena.

• Nikolay Lukash, anabadwa mu 1796 ku Sofii Mescherskoy;
• Maria anabadwa mu 1819 ku Marii Turkestanovoy;
• Maria A. Paris (1814), mayi wake Margaret Zhozefina Veymer;
• Alexandrov Alexandrina Wilhelmina Paulina, anabadwa mu 1816, mayi sakudziwika;
• Gustav Ehrenberg (1818), mayi wa Elena Rautenstrauch;
• Nikolai Isakov (1821), mayi - Karacharova Mariya.

Utate ana anayi omaliza mwa yonena za Mfumu ofufuza amakhalabe maganizo. Olemba mbiri ena ngakhale ndikukayika ngati ana anali Alexander I.

Policy zoweta 1801 -1815 zaka.

Popeza anakwera mpando March 1801, Alexander I Pavlovich ananena kuti apitirize malamulo a agogo ake Catherine Wamkulu. Kuwonjezera pa mutu wa Mfumu Alexander iye lotchedwa mfumu ya Poland kuyambira 1815, Grand Duke la Finland kuyambira 1801 ndi Mtetezi wa Order ya Malta kuyambira 1801.

ulamuliro wake Alexander I (1801 ndi 1825) anayamba ndi chitukuko cha kusintha kwakukulu. Mfumu anathetsa Chinsinsi ulendo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kuzunzidwa ndi akaidi analola inatha akunja, mabuku ndi lotseguka nyumba kusindikiza pawekha dziko.

Alexander anapanga sitepe yoyamba kwa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom, anapereka lamulo "Pa alimi ufulu", nayikapo loletsa pa malonda a osawuka popanda dziko, koma kusintha pang'ono, zinthu izi, sikuti.

mu kusintha dongosolo maphunziro

Alexander anali kukonza yobala mu dongosolo maphunziro. ndi panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira bwino sukulu wakhala anayambitsa malinga ndi mapulogalamu boma maphunziro, kotero panali chigawocho ndi parochial sukulu, sukulu ya galamala ndi masukulu akuzigawo ndi yunivesite. Pa 1804-1810 biennium. ankagwidwa Kazan, Kharkov University, ku St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute linatsegulidwa, ndi mwayi Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, ku likulu la dziko wabwezeretsedwa Academy of Sciences.

Kuyambira masiku choyamba cha ulamuliro wa mfumu iye atazunguliridwa ndi achinyamata ophunzira ndi maganizo patsogolo. Mmodzi wa iwo anali ndi loya Speransky, zinali pansi pa utsogoleri wake anali kusintha College Utumiki Petro. Speransky komanso chinayamba ntchito pa ntchito yomanga ufumuwo, chinati kulekana kwa mphamvu komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa wosankhidwa thupi womuimira. Chotero ufumu akanati lidzasinthidwa malamulo, koma kusintha wakumana kukana kuti elites ndale ndiponso apamwamba, kotero izo sizinali ikuchitika.

Kusintha 1815-1825 gg.

Mu ulamuliro wa Alexander Ine, mbiri ya Russia wasintha kwambiri. Mfumu anasonyeza masitepe mwakhama mfundo zoweta kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wake, koma pambuyo 1815 iwo analowa pansi. Komanso, aliyense kusintha ake adakomana kukana ouma wa anthu otchuka Russian. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kusintha kwakukulu mu Russian Ufumu sizinachitike. Mu 1821-1822, apolisi, anaziletsa gulu chinsinsi ndi Masonic manyumba ogona inakhazikitsidwa asilikali.

The kuchotserapo anali m'zigawo kumadzulo kwa ufumuwo. Mu 1815, Alexander 1 anapereka ufumu wa Poland Constitution, chimene Poland anakhala mafumu cholowa monga mbali ya Russia. Mu Poland, ndi bicameral Zakudya waliteteza, amene pamodzi ndi Mfumu thupi malamulo. The Constitution anali wa aufulu ndiponso m'njira zambiri amatikumbutsa hayala French ndi malamulo a England. Komanso mu Finland izo anaonetsetsa kukhazikitsa lamulo lalikhulu ladziko ya 1772, ndi osawuka Baltic anamasulidwa ku serfdom.

kusintha asilikali

Pambuyo kugonjetsa Napoleonom dzina lake Aleksandr anaona kuti dziko likusowa kusintha asilikali, kotero kuyambira 1815 Nduna ya nkhondo Arakche'ev anali tasked kukhala ntchito yake. Zimatengera chilengedwe cha midzi nkhondo monga wotchuka latsopano asilikali ndi ulimi, umene bwinobwino ndi asilikali momaliziratu. Woyamba wa midzi izi kuyamba mu Kherson, zigawo Novgorod.

mfundo yachilendo

Ulamuliro wa Alexander Ine, wasiya chizindikiro chake, ndi mu mfundo yachilendo. M'chaka choyamba cha ulamuliro wake, anapangana mapangano a mtendere ndi Britain ndi France, ndipo mu 1805-1807 kunali mbali polimbana ndi French Mfumu Napoleon. Kugonjetsedwa pa Austerlitz kukula zinthu ku Russia, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kusaina Mtendere wa Tilsit ndi Napoleon mu June 1807, yomwe ikukhudza chilengedwe cha kumbuyo mgwirizano France ndi Russia.

More unali wopambana Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ya 1806-1812. Amene zinatha kusaina mtendere Brest, imene Bessarabia anali ceded kwa Russia.

Nkhondo ndi Sweden wa 1808-1809 inatha mu chigonjetso cha Russia, mtendere pangano Ufumu muli Finland ndi Islands Åland.

Komanso nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Alexander pa Chirasha Persian nkhondo ufumuwo linagwirizana ndi Azerbaijan, Imereti, Guria, Mingrelia ndi Abkhazia. Ufumu anapambana ufulu ndi ake Caspian zombo. Poyambirira, mu 1801, Georgia anakhala gawo la Russia, ndipo mu 1815 - Duchy wa Warsaw.

Komabe, chigonjetso chachikulu ndi chigonjetso cha Alexander mu kukonda dziko lako Nkhondo ya 1812, kotero izo zinali amene anatsogolera odana French Mgwirizano wa 1813-1814. Mu March 1814 Russian Mfumu analowa Paris pa mutu wa makamu Mgwirizano, iye anakhala mmodzi wa atsogoleri a Congress wa Vienna kukhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano mu Europe. Kutchuka kwa Mfumu Russian anali yaikulu, mu 1819, iye anakhala godfather za tsogolo Mfumukazi Victoria ya England.

mfumu imfa

Malinga ndi Baibulo boma, Mfumu Alexander I Romanov anafa November 19, 1825 mu Taganrog ku matenda a kutupa ubongo. Posachedwa Mfumu imfa anachititsa zambiri mbiri ndi nthano.

Mu 1825, thanzi lafika poipa zikuchepa mkazi wa Mfumu, madokotala akulangizidwa kum'mwera kwa nyengo, ife zopita ku Taganrog, Mfumu anatenga kusankha mkazi wake, amene asapita anakhala ofunda kwambiri m'zaka za posachedwapa.

Kukhala kum'mwera, mfumu anapita Novocherkassk ndi Crimea, pa msewu, iye anagwira koyipa ndipo anafa. Alexander chinasiyana ndi thanzi labwino ndipo sanadwalepo, chotero imfa ya Mfumu 48 wazaka anthu ambiri anakhala Muzisamala, ndipo ambiri ankaganiza chilakolako chake mwadzidzidzi kuti ayende Mfumukazi kukaona Muzisamala kwambiri. Kuwonjezera thupi mfumu pamaso pa manda sanakuchitireni anthu asiyane zinachitika chatsekedwa bokosi. More mphekesera spawned ndi kutha chayandikira cha mkazi mfumu - Elizabeth anafa miyezi sikisi.

Mfumu - Mkulu

Mu 1830-1840 gg. mfumu akufa anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ena mkulu Fedorom Kuzmichom, amene, ndi nkhope yake ngati mfumu, komanso waulemu kwambiri, osati chibadidwe mu stroller yosavuta. Mwa anthu panali mphekesera zoti mfumu anaikidwa awiri, ndi mfumu pansi pa dzina la mkulu moyo mpaka 1864, chimodzimodzi Mfumukazi Elizabeth A. kudziwika monga kudzipatula Vera Molchalnitsey.

Funso ngati mkulu Fyodor Kuzmich ndi Alexander munthu silinakwaniritsidwe elucidated, kuika a ku Korea "ine" angakhoze kokha majini bwino.