Ali makinawa waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse?

Kuchoka amangokhala ali pikitipikiti ndi nyali za chitukuko, mu zipululu bwinja ndipo pa nsonga mapiri ziphona otchuka, amene maso nthawi zonse amalandira nyenyezi. Ena kuyima kwa zaka zambiri, pamene ena kokha kuona nyenyezi chawo choyamba. Today ife tikupeza kumene 10 telesikopu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse ndipo timudziwe bwino aliyense wa padera.

10. Large Zofanana Survey Telescope (LSST)

zakutali ili pamwamba pa mapiri Chile Gray-Pachon pa msinkhu wa mamita 2682 pamwamba pa nyanja. Malinga ndi mtundu limakhudza amasonyeza kuwala. The awiri a galasi chachikulu 8.4 m. Kuwala poyamba (a akuti kutanthauza ntchito loyamba zakutali pa cholinga anafuna) LSST kuona m'chaka 2020. A mokwanira ntchito makina akuyamba ndi 2022. Ngakhale kuti makinawa ndi ili kunja kwa US, kumanga ake ndalama ndi America. Mmodzi wa iwo anali Bill Gates, amene padera madola 10 miliyoni. Okwana polojekiti ndalama 400 miliyoni.

Home zakutali ntchito - akujambula zithunzi za kumwamba usiku uliwonse mausiku angapo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, chipangizo ali ndi kamera ya 3.2 gigapixel. LSST ali lalikulu kuonera ngodya - 3.5 madigiri. Mwezi ndiponso ya dzuwa, mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe imene ganizirani padziko lapansi zatenga yekha digiri theka. nthawi imene ali chifukwa ndi awiri chidwi zinthu zakutali ndi kamangidwe kake wapadera. mfundo ndi yakuti apa m'malo alipidwa-kalirole awiri ntchito atatu. Si makinawa lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse, koma iye sangakhoze kukhala mmodzi wa asonyeza.

Zolinga za sayansi polojekiti: kufufuza tayamba nkhani mdima; asayansi Milky Way; kupeza chatsopano ndi mabomba supernew; kutsatira zinthu zazing'ono mu dongosolo dzuwa (asteroids ndi comets), makamaka iwo amene ali umakhala pafupi Dziko Lapansi.

9. Southern African Large Telescope (mchere)

makina Komanso imaonetsa kuwala. Iwo lili Republic South Africa, pamwamba pa phiri, m'dera theka chipululu pafupi ndi kuthetsa Sutherland. Telescope kutalika ndi 1798 mamita The awiri a galasi chachikulu -. 11 / 9.8 m.

Si makinawa lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse, koma yaikulu mu Chigawo cha kum'mwera. Ntchito yomanga wagawo pa mtengo wa $ 36 miliyoni. A atatu alionse anatsindika boma la South Africa. Kuchuluka otsala anawagawira pakati Germany, Great Britain, Poland, United States ndi ku New Zealand.

Woyamba MCHERE unsembe chithunzithunzi chinachitika mu 2005, pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo pambuyo akamaliza ntchitoyo. Koma telesikopu kuwala, kamangidwe kake ndi nzeru ndithu. Komabe, anthu ambiri inabuka mwa oimira zatsopano wa telesikopu lalikulu. Main galasi 91 chili mbali hexagonal, omwe ali ndi awiri a 1 mita. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga zina ndi kuonjezera aone wanu kalirole zonse zikhoza kusintha mu ngodya.

MCHERE lakonzedwa spectrometric ndi kusanthula zithunzi cheza panamveka mwa zinthu zakuthambo zimene zili pamaso wa telesikopu mu kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Telescope antchito kusunga quasars, kutali ndi pafupi nyenyezi, komanso mungawononge zamoyo wa nyenyezi.

Iwo ali zakutali ofanana mu America - chizolowezi-Eberly Telescope. Ndi ili mu mzinda wa Texas, ndipo pafupifupi ofanana zomangidwa ku unsembe wa mchere.

8. Keck Ine ndi II

Awiri Keck telesikopu olumikiza dongosolo, amene amalenga fano ngakhale limodzi. Iwo zili Hawaii m'phiri la Mauna Kea. The okwera ndi 4145 m. Malinga ndi mtundu wa telesikopu nawonso amasonyeza kuwala.

Keck Observatory lili mmodzi wa yabwino kwambiri (kwa maganizo a astroclimate) malo Padziko Lapansi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kusokonezedwa mpweya wa mu anaziika ndi kochepa. Choncho, Keck Observatory anali mmodzi wopambana mu mbiri. Ndipo ngakhale kuti makinawa yaikulu m'dziko muno ayi.

Main kalirole telesikopu Keck kwathunthu zofanana. Iwo, ngati zakutali mchere, zigwirizana ya zinthu m'manja. Pano iwo ali pa 36 Aliyense wa zipangizo. Mawonekedwe a galasi ndi hexagon. The Observatory angaone kumwamba mu kuwala ndi infuraredi. Keck amachititsa osiyanasiyana kafukufuku zofunika. Komanso, ndi lero chimodzi cha zabwino telesikopu nthaka ofotokoza kufufuza mapulaneti extrasolar.

7. Great Canary Telescope (GTC)

Ife kupitiriza kumvera funso ali makinawa waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Panthawi imeneyi, chidwi watibweretsa ife ku Spain, Canary Islands yeniyeni pachilumba cha La Palma, kumene GTC zakutali. kamangidwe okwera 2267 mamita awiri chachikulu galasi - .. 10,4 mamita Izi ndi imaonetsa kuwala. Popanga makinawa anamaliza mu 2009. Oyamba anapita Juan Carlos I - Mfumu ya Spain. polojekiti ndalama zokwana 130 miliyoni mumauro. 90% ya ndalama allocated ndi boma la Spain. Otsala 10% anali mofanana wogawanika pakati Mexico ndi University of Florida.

Makinawa angaone nyenyezi mu kuwala ndi mu osiyanasiyana m'ma infuraredi. Zikomo kuti zipangizo ndi Osirisi CanariCam iye akhoza kuchititsa polarimetric, spectrophotometric ndi koronograficheskie kuphunzira zinthu dziko.

6. Observatory "Arecibo"

Mosiyana ndi kale, Observatory izi radioreflektorom. The awiri a galasi chachikulu (tcheru!) Mamita 304,8. Kodi chozizwitsa cha luso mu Puerto Rico pamalo okwera mamita 497 pamwamba pa nyanja. Ndipo izo siziri makinawa lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Dzina la mtsogoleri, mudzaphunzila pansipa.

Chimphona zakutali kangapo Anapezeka yekha kanema kamera mandala. Kumbukirani nkhondo yomalizira pakati James Mgwirizano ndi mdani wake mu filimu "Golden Diso"? Kotero iye anapita kumeneko. zakutali wakhala ophatikizidwa mu yopeka filimu Karla Sagana "Contact" ndi mafilimu ena ambiri. Makinawa wailesi komanso nkhani masewera kanema. Makamaka, wopanda khalidwe Kufala Map zidole Nkhondo 4. zipolowe za pakati pa asilikali akupita mozungulira dongosolo, kwathunthu kutsanzira Arecibo.

Kwa nthawi yaitali ankaganiza kuti Arecibo - makinawa waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Photos of chimphona ayenera aona aliyense wokhala yachiwiri ya Earth. Izo zikuwoneka zachilendo ndithu: mbale ya kukula yaikulu, anaikidwa zachilengedwe sinkholes, yokutidwa ndi aluminum ndiponso atazunguliridwa ndi nkhalango zowirira. Pa bwalolo lili m'manja irradiator yomwe imachitika pa zingwe 18. Nawonso, ali wokwera pa atatu ndi nsanja zazitali anaika pamodzi m'mbali mwa apo ndi apo. Ndi miyeso awa "Arecibo" aigwire osiyanasiyana (timaganiza - 3 masentimita kwa mamita 1) cheza mu atomu.

Makinawa wailesi anaikidwa mu ntchito mwamsanga 60s lapansi. Iye anawonekera mu maphunziro ambiri, mmodzi amene anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize. Mu Observatory malemu 90 anali mmodzi wa zida kiyi wa kufufuza ntchito ya moyo zakuthambo.

5. A lalikulu osiyanasiyana mu Atacama chipululu (Alma)

Ndi bwino kuganizira kwambiri mtengo wa telesikopu alipo pansi ofotokoza. Ndi wailesi interferometer, limene lili mu za Atacama chipululu (Chile) pamalo okwera mamita 5058 pamwamba pa nyanja. The interferometer tichipeza telesikopu 66 wailesi amene awiri a mamita 12 kapena 7. polojekiti ndalama madola 1.4 biliyoni. Ndalama wake America, Japan, Canada, Taiwan, Europe ndi Chile.

Alma lakonzedwa kuphunzira millimeter ndi submillimeter mafunde. Pakuti zida za mtundu uwu ndi yabwino kwambiri phiri youma nyengo. Telesikopu analowezedwa malo pang'onopang'ono. Woyamba wailesi mlongoti unayambitsidwa mu 2008, ndipo mmodzi wotsiriza - mu 2013. Waukulu sayansi cholinga cha interferometer wa - kuphunzira zamoyo wa chilengedwe ndi, makamaka, kubadwa ndi zamoyo wa nyenyezi.

4. Magelanov chimphona zakutali (GMT)

Kwa kum'mwera kumadzulo, mu chipululu chimodzimodzi monga Alma, pamalo okwera mamita 2516 pamwamba pa nyanja, anamanga zakutali ndi awiri a 25,4 mamita GMT. Ndi mtundu limakhudza amasonyeza kuwala. Iyi ndi ntchito anzake a America ndi Australia.

Galasi zazikulu monga lalikulukulu zisanu ndi chimodzi ozungulira zigawo yokhota kumapeto. Kuwonjezera imaonetsa kuti, zakutali ndi okonzeka ndi Optics dziphunzitsiranso wa kalasi watsopano, amene amalola kuti tikwaniritse mlingo osachepera kupotoza mumlengalenga. Chifukwa, zithunzi ndi zina 10 ndendende kuposa ndi danga zakutali "Hubble".

Zolinga sayansi GMT: kufufuza mapulaneti extrasolar; kuphunzira Nyenyezi, galactic ndi mapulaneti kusanduka; phunziro mabowo wakuda ndi zambiri. pa ntchito yomanga ntchito makinawa ayenera kutha pofika mu 2020.

Makumi atatu Meter Telescope (TMT). polojekitiyi ali mu magawo ake ndi zolinga zofanana ndi telesikopu ndi Keck GMT. Adzakhululukidwa ili pa Hawaii phiri la Mauna Kea, pamalo okwera mamita 4050 pamwamba pa nyanja. The awiri a galasi waukulu zakutali ndi mamita 30. Mu imaonetsa kuwala ntchito TMT galasi magawo kuchuluka kwa mbali hexagonal. Only poyerekeza ndi Keck wagawo kukula katatu kwambiri. Ntchito yomanga zakutali akadali Sichinatsitsidwe anayamba chifukwa mavuto ndi utsogoleli m'deralo. Popeza kuti phiri la phiri la Mauna Kea ndi wopatulika kwa Native Hawaiians. Mtengo ntchito ndi $ biliyoni 1.3. ndalama adzatenga mbali makamaka India ndi China.

3. 50 mita ozungulira zakutali (IZI)

Apa, makinawa waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse. September 25, 2016 mu China unayambitsidwa Observatory (IZI), anaikira kufufuza malo ndi kafukufuku zizindikiro izo za moyo wanzeru. The awiri a chipangizo ndi mochuluka monga 500 meters, choncho analandira udindo wa "makinawa lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse." China anayamba kumanga Observatory mu 2011. polojekiti ndalama dziko US $ 180 miliyoni. Makonsolo ngakhale analonjeza kuti adasamutsidwa 10 zikwi anthu amene amakhala mu zone 5 wa makilomita padziko zakutali, kuti kulenga zinthu yabwino kwa polojekiti.

Motero, "Arecibo" salinso makinawa waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse. China anatenga mutu mu Puerto Rico.

2. Square kilometre Zungulirani (SKA)

Ngati ntchito ya interferometer wailesi anamaliza bwino, ndi SKA Observatory adzakhala nthawi 50 kuposa mphamvu ya telesikopu waukulu wogwila. Ndi tinyanga chawo kuphimba malo pafupifupi 1 lalikulu kilometre. Malinga ndi kapangidwe kakufanana telesikopu Alma ntchito, koma kukula kwake kwambiri kuposa mbewu Chile. Pakali pano, pali zitsanzo ziwiri: yomanga telesikopu ndi 30 tinyanga mu mamita 200 ndi kumanga 150 telesikopu 90 mita. Mulimonsemo, asayansi pakati pa Observatory adzakhala ndi kusakwiya 3,000 Km.

SKA adzakhala ili mwachindunji m'mayiko awiriwa - South Africa ndi Australia. polojekiti ndalama za $ 2 biliyoni. Uwerenge unagawidwa mayiko 10. Ndi 2020, ntchitoyi inyamuka chifukwa chokwanira.

1. lalikulu kwambiri European zakutali (E-ELT)

Mu 2025, zonse mphamvu kuwala zakutali adzamasulidwa, umene upambana kukula kwa TMT ndi mamita monga mmene 10 ndipo udzakhazikitsidwe mu Chile pamwamba pa phiri Cerro Armazones, pamalo okwera 3060 m. Zidzakhala waukulu kuwala zakutali ku dziko.

chachikulu pafupifupi 40 mita galasi adzaphatikizapo pafupifupi 800 mbali kusuntha, ndi mita theka awiri lililonse. Ndi miyeso awa ndi masiku ano Optics dziphunzitsiranso, E-ELT adzatha kupeza mapulaneti Lapansi, komanso kuphunzira zikuchokera atmospheres awo.

Yaikulu kuwalitsa zakutali ku dziko nayonso amaphunzira ndondomeko mapangidwe za mumlengalenga ndi nkhani zina ofunika. mtengo wa polojekiti ndi 1 biliyoni mayuro.

Yaikulu danga zakutali ku dziko

Space telesikopu osafunika mu miyeso monga dziko lapansi, monga chifukwa chosowa zochita za m'mlengalenga, iwo akhoza kusonyeza zotsatira zabwino. Choncho, mu nkhani iyi, ndi bwino kuti "amphamvu kwambiri," osati "lalikulu" zakutali ku dziko. "Hubble" - danga zakutali, wotchuka padziko lonse. awiri ake mamita pafupifupi ziwiri ndi theka. Pankhaniyi, chigamulocho chipangizo nthawi khumi kuposa ngati iye akanakhala padziko lapansi.

M'malo mwa "Hubble" mu 2018 akubwera amphamvu kwambiri zakutali, "Dzheyms Vebb." awiri wake wa 6.5 m, ndi galasi adzakhala zigawo zingapo. Anaikidwa pa maganizo oyambitsa ndi, "Dzheyms Vebb" adzakhala mu Lagrange mfundo L2, mu mthunzi wa Dziko Lapansi zonse.

Pomaliza

Today tinakumana ndi dazeni kwa telesikopu kwambiri wofuna mu dziko. Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe kuonetsetsa danga kufufuza ndi zina zamakono chimphona akhoza kupanga, komanso ndalama zingati ntchito pa ntchito yomanga telesikopu izi.