Alpha, Popanga madzi a gamma, cheza beta. The katundu wa Alpha particles, Popanga madzi a gamma, beta

Kodi radionuclide? Usaope mawu awa: zikutanthauza chabe isotopes nyukiliya. Nthawi zina mungathe kumva mawu a mawu "radionuclides" kapena ngakhale zochepa zolembalemba njira - ". Radionucleotide" Olondola akuti - ndi radionuclide. Koma kodi oipa nyukiliya? ndi katundu wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana cheza ndi momwe iwo amasiyana chiyani? Chirichonse - kuchokera pachiyambi.

Matanthauzo mu Radiology

Popeza nthawi imeneyo, ambiri mwa malingaliro a Radiology zasintha pamene panali kuphulika kwa bomba loyamba atomiki. M'malo 'mulu atomiki "kunena" riyakitala nyukiliya ". M'malo mwake, mawu akuti "kuwala nyukiliya" ndi chionetsero cha "ionizing cheza". Mawu akuti "nyukiliya isotope" m'malo mwa "radionuclide".

Long yaitali ndi sakhalitsa radionuclides

Alpha-, beta- ndi ndondomeko Popanga madzi a gamma-cheza limodzi kuvunda wa phata atomiki. ndi nyengo zimene theka moyo? mtima radionuclides si khola - kuti iwo ndi osiyana isotopes ena khola. Panthawi ina, ndiye ndondomeko ya kuvunda nyukiliya. Radionuclides Choncho lidzasinthidwa isotopes ena omwe panamveka pa alpha-, beta- ndi Popanga madzi a gamma-ray. Radionuclides ndi magulu a Kusakhazikika - ena a iwo kugwera mu mamiliyoni ndi mabiliyoni a zaka. Mwachitsanzo, ureniamu isotopes zonse zimene zimachitika m'chilengedwe, nthawi yaitali. Pali anthu radionuclides kuti kuwola masekondi, masiku, miyezi. Iwo amatchedwa sakhalitsa.

Umuna wa Alpha, beta ndi Popanga madzi a gamma particles silipita si kuwola iliyonse. Koma kwenikweni, kuwola nyukiliya limodzi ndi umuna okha Alpha kapena beta particles. Nthawi zina, ndondomeko imeneyi limodzi ndi Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira. Koyera Popanga madzi a gamma-ray umuna zimachokeradi mwachibadwa. Kwakukulu liwiro kuvunda kwa radionuclide, ndi apamwamba mlingo wa mpweya wa poizoni. Ena amakhulupirira kuti m'chilengedwe pali Alpha, beta, Popanga madzi a gamma ndi ankadziwana kuwonongeka. Izi siziri zoona. Delta kuwola kulibe.

mpweya wa poizoni muyeso wagawo

Komabe, zimene kuyeza mtengo uwu? Mpweya wa poizoni Muyeso amatilola kusonyeza mphamvu ya kugwa mu manambala. Unit ya muyeso wa ntchito radionuclide - Becquerel. 1 becquerel (Bq) zitanthauzanso kuti 1 kuwola amapezeka 1 mphindikati. Kamodzi miyezo awa ntchito unit wokulirapo wa muyeso - curies (CI) 1 CI = biliyoni 37 becquerels.

Mwachibadwa, kufunika zikugwirizana misa chomwecho chuma, mwachitsanzo 1 mg 1 mg ureniamu ndi thorium. Ntchito pa wagawo misa ya radionuclide anatengedwa amatchedwa ntchito yeniyeni. Ikuluikulu theka moyo, ndi mpweya wa poizoni machindunji.

Amene radionuclides kuimira ngozi yaikulu?

Izi ndi mwachilungamo funso zachiwerewere. Pa dzanja limodzi, sakhalitsa n'zoopsa kwambiri chifukwa ali mbali. Koma pambuyo kugwa vuto kwambiri cheza wotaya kufunika, pamene nthawi yaitali ndi mavuto otani kwa zaka.

Ntchito yeniyeni ya radionuclides angayerekezedwe ndi chida. Kodi chida Zingakhale zoopsa kwambiri: chimene chimapangitsa zipolopolo makumi asanu pa mphindi, kapena kuti moto kamodzi mu theka la ola? Funso ili n'kosatheka kuwayankha - izo zidalira pa zida zimene likungosonyeza kuposa wapatsidwa, kaya chipolopolo lidzafika cholinga, kodi kuwonongeka.

Kusiyanitsa mitundu cheza

Alpha, Popanga madzi a gamma ndi cheza beta mitundu akhoza zimachitika "likungosonyeza" chida. mpweya izi n'zofanana ndi zosiyana. Mfundo yaikulu ya - onse a iwo a kuopsa ionizing cheza. Kodi tanthauzo limeneli? Mphamvu ionizing cheza ali ndi mphamvu mwadzidzidzi. Kupeza Mu atomu wina, ndigogoda ma elekitironi ndi kanjira kake. Pamene umuna wa particles mlandu zimasiyanasiyana pachimake - Motero anapanga chinthu chatsopano.

Chikhalidwe cha Alpha kunyezimira

wamba A pakati pa iwo ndi kuti Popanga madzi a gamma, beta ndi Alpha cheza ali ndi chikhalidwe ofanana. Woyamba kwambiri cheza Alpha ankagwidwa. Zinapangidwa ndi oipa wa zitsulo - ureniamu, thorium, radon. Kale pambuyo anadza anapeza Alpha cheza, wafotokoza bwino chikhalidwe chawo. Iwo anali akuwuluka pa liwilo helium mtima. M'mawu ena, waukulu "Eureka" wa mapulotoni awiri ndi neutrons awiri ndi mlandu positive. Mu mlengalenga, Alpha cheza ndi waufupi kwambiri mtunda - osaposa masentimita angapo. Paper kapena Mwachitsanzo, pa khungu kwathunthu kusiya kuwala kwa mtundu umenewu.

cheza beta

particles beta, kutsegula lotsatira, anali ma elekitironi wamba, koma ali liwiro lalikulu. Iwo ali ndi zochepa kwambiri kusiyana particles Alpha, ndipo ali aang'ono mlandu magetsi. particles beta lekgo kudutsa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Mu mlengalenga, iwo kuthetsa mtunda wa mamita angapo. Am'manga iwo mulole zipangizo zotsatirazi: zovala, galasi, chitsulo pepala woonda.

The katundu wa Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira

Mtundu cheza ndi a chikhalidwe chomwecho monga ultraviolet poizoniyu, cheza infuraredi kapena mphepo. Popanga madzi a gamma cheza ndi fotoni cheza. Komabe, pa liwiro fotoni kwambiri mkulu. Mtundu wa poizoni mwamsanga likulowerera kudzera nkhaniyo. Kuzengereza izo, chotchuka ntchito otsogolera konkire. Popanga madzi a gamma cheza amatha kuyenda zikwi makilomita.

Mfundo za kuopsa

Poyerekeza Alpha, Popanga madzi a gamma ndi cheza beta, anthu amaganiza za Popanga madzi a gamma cheza ndi owopsa. Ndipotu, iwo amapangidwa mabomba nyukiliya, kugonjetsa mazana makilomita ndi kuyambitsa matenda poizoniyu. Zonse izi ziri zowona, koma si mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi mavuto cheza. Kuyambira mu nkhani iyi, kunena ndi mphamvu zawo zopweteka mmakutu. Kumene, alpha-, beta- ndi Popanga madzi a gamma-ray ndi osiyana pa nkhani imeneyi. Komabe, chiopsezo ndi imawunikidwa osati ozama ndipo anatengera mlingo. index Izi masamu mu joules pa kilogalamu (J / kg).

Choncho, mlingo wa poizoni chosakanikirana ndi nusu la mpandawo. numerator ake si kuchuluka kwa Alpha, Popanga madzi a gamma ndi beta particles, ndicho mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, Popanga madzi a gamma cheza kungakhale kovuta kapena zofewa. Yotsirizira ali ndi mphamvu m'munsi. Popitiriza chitsanzochi ndi chida, tinganene kuti: si okhawo ochita maseŵera a chipolopolo, ndipo ndikofunika kuti kumene mpirawo - ndi legeni kapena mfuti.