Ancient Lazaro: zamanja, mitundu, kupanga

Chiwonongeko ubale limodzi-mafuko ndi zikamera wa akatswiri Boma yopapatiza - kuti kusintha yodziwika mu chitatu ndi chinayi zaka Ancient Lazaro. Timatheriyali kungadzutse m'mizinda, kulekanitsa anthu pa ntchito pa nthaka. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha kubwera kwa akatswiri choyamba - ambuye mu mitundu ina ya luso, amene anali anaikira mu malo mafuko - mizinda.

Cities - Ufiti Center

Tinayesetsa kumanga mzinda kotero kuti zimene Hrs amalola malonda akhoza kuchita bwino kuposa ndipo nthawi yomweyo bwinobwino kuteteza adani. Mwachitsanzo, mu malo mitsinje awiri, kapena kuzungulira phiri. M'mizinda, anakakhala ndi akuluakulu. Chotero, otetezedwa bwino. Pang'onopang'ono, ndi chitukuko cha zamanja, mzinda anayamba kuimira osati malinga usilikali ndipo inasanduka m'sitolo.

The mzinda ndi boma la Russia, chimene chidayamba kukhala Prince. gawo ili unazunguliridwa ndi khoma mpanda wolimba ndi ozungulira zadothi chiunda chomenyerapo nkhondo. Komanso, kuzungulira kukumba ngalande zozama wodzala ndi madzi. kusamalitsa zonsezi anafunika kuteteza adani. Kunja, kuzungulira boma la Russia anali kuthetsa amisiri, otchedwa Pamudzi. Ndinaitana gawo ili la mzindawo Posad. M'midzi yambiri, ndipo mbali imeneyi unazunguliridwa ndi khoma kumbuyo.

Moyo mu mzindawo unali pachimake, ndi amisiri kupanga, luso ndi malonda ku Russia mwachangu otukuka. Pofika m'zaka akhumi panali pa makumi asanu Chotsimikizika kudzinenera. Ambuye makamaka kupanga zovala, ziwiya ndi zida ofunika Lazaro akale. Timatheriyali Ancient Russia kutukuka kwambiri ndipo mwamsanga. M'midzi ndipo tinkagwira ntchito akatswiri aluso a m'madera osiyana: mbuye wosula, zodzikongoletsera, mbiya, shoemakers, tailors, weavers, mwala-cutters, oimira zamanja ena. Manja a amisiri izi kulenga chuma chuma ndi mphamvu ya boma wakale Russian, chuma chake m'mwamba ndi chikhalidwe chauzimu.

Popanda chitsulo - kulikonse

Apainiya akatswiri anali blacksmiths. Mlandu wawo wakhala mwa malo ofunika kwambiri amene zidzasankhidwa Timatheriyali Ancient Lazaro 9-12 atumwi. ntchito umenewu ikutchulidwa epics dziko ndi folklore: epics, nthano ndi nthano, kumene wosula nthawi zonse chitsanzo cha kulimba mtima komanso mokoma mtima. Pa nthawi imeneyo, chitsulo akamagwira kusungunuka kwa bog miyala. Ncho chake nyengo yopuma, zouma ndiyeno kusamutsidwa zokambirana komwe mwa ng'anjo wapadera isungunuke. Choncho analandira zitsulo. ofukula Modern pa ntchito yomanga mizinda yakale nthawi zambiri amapezeka slags amene ali mukhale chopondapo yadothi ndondomeko zitsulo, ndi zidutswa ankafalitsa mwakhama linapanga ya misa chitsulo. Anapeza mafupa a masitolo wosula ndasunga mbali ya phiri ndipo ng'anjo pafupi imene pa nthawi ina ntchito amisiri.

Pezani chinthu wosula: zonse asilikali ndi tillers

Ndi chitukuko cha ulimi zitsulo akuyamba wozungulira atsopano chitukuko cha malonda, amene poyamba sanali kudziwa yemwe ankakhala ulimi ang'onoang'ono dziko. Timatheriyali kwa Russia wakale, makamaka blacksmithing, anasonyeza kuloza othandiza. mankhwala opangidwa ndi blacksmiths, zonse zofunikira. Iwo ayenera asilikali amene analamula chida - arrowheads, nkhwangwa nkhondo, malupanga, mikondo, malupanga - ndipo chovala zoteteza - makalata unyolo ndi zisoti. yopanga zida anafika ku Lazaro wakale makamaka mlingo wa luso kuti angatchedwe luso. Wapadera zida anapezeka ku manda ndi manda a Kiev, Chernigov ndiponso mizinda ina.

zipangizo Mundinyamule chitsulo anafunika alimi: zikwakwa chitsulo, zikwakwa, openers, zolimira anali sangaganize processing dziko. Mu chuma chilichonse chofunika masingano, mipeni, macheka, maloko, makiyi, ndi zinthu zina banja chopangidwa mu safanana amisiri aluso. Opezeka ambuye maliro a blacksmithing wasonyeza kuti ngakhale m'manda pamodzi ndi blacksmiths anapita zida zawo - nyundo ndi anvils, tchizulo ndi mbano.

Mbiri yakale amati oposa 150 mitundu ya mankhwala zitsulo wodziwika mu atumwi khumi Ancient Russia. Timatheriyali Ancient Russia anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa malonda pakati pa midzi.

Luso polenga zodzikongoletsera

blacksmiths Master ndipo nthawizina kuchita ntchito zabwino, polenga katswiri pang'ono - miyala yamtengo wapatali. Pang'onopang'ono ntchito goldsmithery ndi allocated mu nthambi zosiyana. Choncho panali miyala yamtengo wapatali luso mu Russia wakale. ambuye Russian bwino anali zipangizo kupanga zodzikongoletsera, amene akanakhoza kokha kudabwa momwe iwo anapambana. Bwerani kuno kwa nthawi yathu mochenjera zinthu - mkuwa mphinjiri, pakhosi zosonyeza, buckles, ndolo ndi mikanda - chodabwitsa suoneka zotsimikizira. Zodzikongoletsera analengedwa ndi luso granulation, pamwamba pa iwo soldered chitsanzo ozikidwa pa kuchuluka kwa mipira zitsulo. njira ina kupanga zibangili anali filigree. Izi njira amakhala mu kuti woonda waya zojambula analengedwa amene soldered pamwamba pa zitsulo, ndi mipata chifukwa adagwidwa ndi enamel a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Katswiri jewelers ndi maonekedwe kuponyera, komanso zofuna wapadera luso mafoni makina pamene pamalo wakuda maziko chitsanzo cha mbale siliva. Kuti anapulumuka wokometsedwa chabwino ndi golide ndi siliva pa chitsulo ndi mkuwa. Chotero njira chipangizo amasonyeza mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko anafika zamanja mu Russia wakale. Choncho, manja a amisiri wakale analenga mkulu mtengo zodzikongoletsera, anapanga njira ya cloisonne enamel. Icho chinali chizindikiro achilendo a Russian goldsmithery luso. Luso Russian jewelers zinali zovuta kwambiri njira, ndipo ntchito zawo anagawanika lonse ndipo nthawi yomweyo kulikonse chikuzika ndi mu ankafuna kwambiri.

Ndi njerwa, ndi mbale sculpted kulikonse

Mbiya ya Russia wakale wodziimira nthambi ina wosula. gudumu woumba anaonekera makolo athu m'nthawi khumi. Izi zinathandiza kuti amisiri akale kupanga okongola. makina chipangizo linali losavuta, anasamukira ndi galimoto phazi, koma mbale amakwanitsa polenga oumba nthawi Akumenya luso chilengedwe ndipo zosiyanasiyana. Poyamba, ulimi wa mbiya anali amagwira amai. Komabe, mabuku a pamanja a Kievan Yairo pali kungotchulapo wa woumba-amuna.

Iwo ntchito dongo kuti malonda awo, amene mwapadera kuchizidwa akuwukha madzi ndi yogwira anatambasula. Anthu ankafuna kwambiri kwa onse miphika mbiya ntchito ndipo muli ena, omwe anapangidwa zosiyana kukula ndi ntchito zolinga zosiyanasiyana, akhoza anathira madzi kapena sitolo mankhwala, zipatso. miphika The anayikidwa mu uvuni ndi chakudya yophika. mbale amenewa umapulumuka lero.

Ndiye kodi Old Ambuye?

Pofotokoza luso wakale Lazaro 9-12 atumwi, mwachidule dziwani kuti Russian Asilavo Chikristu chisanayambe nthawi anatha kuchita embossing popanga ziwiya zadothi, katswiri luso la nsalu zabwino, wotchuka chifukwa akhale mmisiri enamels awo. Kuti anapulumuka ntchito Kiev ojambula zithunzi. Wapadera kusema dongosolo pa mafupa, blackening, mochita pa zitsulo. Anali wotchuka padziko lonse wakale Russian ambuye wa glassmaking ndi matailosi.

Various luso katswiri Ancient Lazaro, koma mwaluso ambiri a iwo anali nkhuni processing. Wa nkhaniyi kumanga nyumba banja, nyumba, zitseko ndi milatho, misikiti ndi mpanda. maboti matabwa anali, onse ziwiya zachuma azigometsa ndi kukutidwa ndi matabwa. Ndi palibe chinsinsi kuti kachikumbutso waukulu personifying Tirhana na Timatheriyali mu Lazaro wakale matryoshka - zokongola zolochedwa chidole matabwa ndi wachabechabe mkati. Kwa izo accrue wina ndi mnzake monga kukongola, ndipo aliyense pang'ono zing'onozing'ono kuposa m'mbuyomu.

Art zojambula

Kukongoletsa ndi ntchito luso lokhudza wa Russia wakale anali wotchuka akutali malire ake. Kuyambira nthawi makedzana makolo athu anamusilira onse pa dziko zojambula ake luso kupenta. A zosiyanasiyana amajambulapo maluwa okongola unatengera mu chokongoletsera Russian zinachititsa kuti zikamera sukulu osiyana ndi masitayilo luso wowerengeka. Pakuti aliyense wa iwo yodziwika ndi mtundu yake ndi mzere.

Gzhel

Bright buluu cobalt kupenta pa woyera maziko zadothi otchedwa Gzhel komwe kunachitika mu dzina la mudzi pafupi Moscow, kumene kukuchititsa zimenezi anabadwa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba amatchulidwa hayala wa Ivan Kalita. Choyamba, mbuye anachita mbale ndi zidole, kenako chitukuko cha ulimi, osiyanasiyana ali kukodzedwa kwambiri. Makamaka otchuka moto matailosi. Gzhel zoumbaumba unakhala wotchuka padziko lonse. Zojambula zina makolo athu analandira maudindo kwa malo awo a chilengedwe ndi kugawa.

mitundu Bright pa maziko mdima

kupenta Zhostovo - Tirhana na Timatheriyali mu Russia wakale, amene anadza m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu ku mudzi pafupi Moscow ndi dzina lomweli. Ndi mafuta kupenta pa trays zitsulo. N'zosavuta kuphunzira kwa maluwa owala zokongola, zipatso, mbalame, yomwe ili pa maziko mdima. Pantchito chinaperekedwa ndiye yokutidwa ndi varnish wapadera, kotero ndi maonekedwe chonyezimira. Izi njira kujambula zovuta kwambiri, fano analengedwa mu magawo angapo.

mitundu mokondwera kwambiri mmaso, kotero trays ali otchuka kwambiri Russia ndi adakali chinthu kukongoletsa mu nyumba zambiri ndi maudindo.

Palekh

Kuchokera pakati chigawo m'dera Ivanovo anabwera Palekh kakang'ono. Mtundu wa luso ndi lacquer chitsanzo pa mankhwala. Allocated pa maziko wakuda zokongola nthano zoweta, nkhani zachipembedzo kukometsera caskets, zifuwa ndi zinthu zina. Akukhulupirira kuti Palekh lacquer kakang'ono anaonekera m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, pamene matauni kukula ndi malonda osiyana Ancient Lazaro. Timatheriyali anabadwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, malangizo amenewa lokhudza akale, monga Palekh ankapenta, analenga wakale amisiri Russian mafano. Mu Palekh amisiri aluso moyo, amene analandira kalata zochokera m'madera onse ku Russia ntchito zojambula mu akachisi ndi matchalitchi. Zinali iwo amene anayamba kujambula mabokosi ndi mitundu yonse ya nkhani wosangalatsa ndi mbiri yakale. Zithunzi zonse chagwiritsidwa yowala tempera utoto pamwamba pa wakuda maziko.

Sayansi ya mtundu wa luso imavuta kwambiri, kwambiri nthawi yambiri ndondomeko ya kulenga tizithunzi ndi Mipikisano gawo. Phunzirani ndi kuchidziwa zimatenga nthawi yaitali, koma chifukwa nthawi zambiri bokosi mdima ndi lidzasinthidwa zapadera za chinthucho.

Khokhloma

mtundu wina wa dzanja kupenta pa mtengo - ndi Khokhloma, amene anaonekera zaka oposa mazana atatu zapitazo. Ziwiya ndi katundu wa m'nyumba, penti yowala-chofiira maluwa kukopa tcheru kuti apadera. Dongosolo, zikupiringizikira mu zodzikongoletsera wokongola, mmaso ndi m'masiku athu. Polenga mankhwala Kokhloma ndi chinsinsi chimene kuli kangapo varnished, ndiye mtima mu ng'anjo. Chifukwa cha kuwombera ❖ kuyanika chikasu, ndipo mankhwala analenga mitengo, gilded ngati ziwiya zamtengo wapatali. Komanso, chifukwa cha tableware processing amenewa amakhala olimba. pachikuto pake amalola ntchito Khokhloma zikho, mbale zolowa, spoons pa cholinga - kusunga chakudya chakudya.

zipsera otchuka

Lubok - mtundu wina wa luso wowerengeka, kuimira zamanja la Russia wakale. Gawo kukhazikitsidwa ndi munamutcha kusindikiza pa mapepala ntchito mbale matabwa. zithunzi amenewa wowerengeka anagawidwa mu zamalonda mwamsanga m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndipo mpaka chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri anali wotchuka kwambiri ndi wamba mtundu wa Russian zojambulidwa bwino. Zithunzi anasonyeza lubok ali yosiyanasiyana: achipembedzo ndi khalidwe mitu, epics wowerengeka ndi nthano, mbiri yakale komanso mankhwala zambiri, zomwe nthawi zonse limodzi ndi malemba ang'onoang'ono, chimene chingalowe zingakhale zothandiza kapena zoseketsa ndipo anamuuza za miyambo ndi nthawi yake ndi nzeru kwake anthu.

Timatheriyali kwa Russia wakale, zaka za m'ma 18: Russian samovar

Luso la amisiri wathu Russian, ife ayenera kunyadira. Masiku ano, ntchito zawo Tingaone osati zakale, komanso m'nyumba zathu. Koma mitundu ina ya ntchito zamanja mu Russia wakale anali wotchuka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu dziko lathu ndipo mpaka pano Tula samovar. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu panali mitundu oposa mazana awiri osiyana mankhwala awa. Mu nthawi yathu mu mzinda wa Tula, pali ngakhale Museum samovars.

Amene anali ambuye poyamba, yemwe ali wotchuka chifukwa Ancient Lazaro? Zamanja, mwatsoka, simudachisunga maina a Mlengi wawo. Koma ife kuti zinthu yatsikira kwa ife kuchokera nthawi makedzana. Ena mwa iwo ndi wapadera ndipo kawirikawiri katundu, ziwiya za m'nyumba, koma aliyense mankhwala akuona luso ndi zinachitikira amisiri akale.