Chemical katundu wa alkanes

Methane ndi homologs ake otchedwa malire (zimalimbikitsa) chimasanduka paraffinic kapena alkanes. Otsiriza dzina zinthu organic (ndi ambiri mankhwala chilinganizo CnH2n + 2, omwe amasonyeza machulukitsidwe wa mamolekyulu ndi, maatomu omwe zogwirizana ndi nsinga covalent yosavuta kaboni wa hydrogen kapena kaboni mpweya) akapatsidwa malinga ndi Nomenclature mayiko a mankhwala. Iwo ndi zinthu ziwiri zikuluzikulu: mafuta ndiponso gasi. Katundu wa alkanes mu mndandanda magazi ndi kuwonjezeka mu molekyulu chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya zonse zinasintha.

Woyamba mamembala anayi mndandanda magazi kuti mbiri anakhazikitsa maina. Chimasanduka, kumbuyo iwo amaimira mawerengero Greek mathero kutanthauza. Wachibale maselo kulemera aliyense hydrocarbon motsatizana wosiyana kwa wapitawu 14 amu thupi katundu wa alkanes, monga mfundo limatsogolera (solidification) ndi kuwira (condensation), osalimba ndi refractive index kuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kulemera maselo. Ndi dziko byuteni - mpweya ndi pentane pa pentadecane-madzi, kenako zina zosafunika. waxes zonse opepuka kuposa madzi ndipo si kupasuka mu izo. Pakuti alkanes monga:

• CH4 - dziko;
• C2H6 - ethane;
• C3H8 - propane;
• C4H10 - byuteni;
• C5H12 - pentane;
• C6H14 - hexane;
• C7H16 - heptane;
• C8H18 - octeni;
• C9H20 - nonane;
• C10H22 - Dean;
• C11H24 - undecane;
• C12H26 - dodecane;
• C13H28 - tridecane;
• C14H30 - tetradecane;
• C15H32 - pentadecane;
• C16H34 - hexadecane;
• C17H36 - heptadecane;
• C18H38 - octadecane;
• C19H40 - nonadecan;
• C20H42 - eicosane ndi zina zotero.

Chemical katundu wa alkanes ndi ntchito otsika. Ichi ndi chifukwa mphamvu wachibale wa sanali kumalo ozizira C-C ndi otsika-C-H nsinga, ndi machulukitsidwe wa mamolekyulu lapansi. maatomu onse ogwirizana ndi umodzi σ-nsinga ndi ovuta kuwononga chifukwa cha polarizability awo otsika. Chophukacho wa iwo akhoza anazindikira akamaziwononga, ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ndi kupangidwa, ndiwo mayina a mankhwala paraffinic ndi m'malo kutsekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, propane - propyl (C3H7-), ethane - ethyl (C2H5-), dziko - methyl (CH3-) ndi zina zotero.

Chemical katundu wa alkanes kunena za inertness mankhwala awa. Iwo sangathe zochita Kuwonjezera. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi M'MALO anachita. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni (kuyaka) kumachitika kokha chimasanduka paraffinic pa kutentha okwera. Iwo akhoza oxidized kuti alcohols, aldehydes ndi zidulo. Chifukwa kreginga (ndondomeko matenthedwe pogawanikana pamawere wa chimasanduka) alkanes apamwamba kutentha 450 kwa 550 ° C akhoza kupanga zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka ndi kulemera m'munsi maselo. Ndi kuchuluka kwa ikukhudzana kuwonongeka kutentha amatchedwa pyrolysis.

Chemical katundu wa alkanes zimadalira osati chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya mu molekyulu, komanso pa kukonza. paraffins onse zimaikidwa anapambulwa (wina C atomu akhoza chokhudzana ndi oposa awiri maatomu mpweya) ndi ISO-kapangidwe (C atomu akhoza chikugwirizana ndi zinayi zina C-maatomu kudzera molekyulu uyu ali ndi dongosolo okhudza malo). Mwachitsanzo, pentane, 2,2-dimethylpropane chimodzimodzi maselo kulemera ndi mankhwala chilinganizo C5H12, koma mankhwala ndi thupi katundu zosiyana: mfundo limatsogolera opanda 129,7 ° C ndi opanda 16,6 ° C, 36,1 ° C otentha ndi 9,5 ° C, motero. Isomers mosavuta kulowa zochita mankhwala kuposa kapangidwe wabwinobwino wa chimasanduka ndi nambalayi maatomu C.

Chitsanzo mankhwala katundu wa alkanes - ndi M'MALO anachita, monga halogenation kapena sulfonation. Zimene chlorine ndi paraffin ndi limagwirira kwakukulu mchikakamizo cha kutentha kapena kuwala kwaiye chlorinated dziko: chloromethane CH3Cl, dichloromethane CH2Cl2, CHCl3 trichloromethane ndi mpweya tetrachloride CCl4. Pamene alkanes sulfonation pansi UV kuwala, chlorides sulfonyl analandira: R-H + SO2 + Cl2 → R-SO2-CL + HCl. zinthu zimenezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulimi surfactant.