Banknote - ndi ... Monga zolemba otchedwa ndi anthu?

Taganizirani moyo wamakono popanda ndalama lero sangathe. Ngakhale otsutsa ambiri odzipereka a chuma kuthana nawo. Mukhoza amakana malipiro a pakompyuta, musagwiritse ntchito makhadi, koma moyo Palibe amene ayenera kulephera popanda ndalama pepala.

zolemba Lingaliro

Awo ndi angapo. Mophweka kwambiri kwa iwo kudziwa kuti banknotes ndalama, anapanga pepala ndi utoto. Kumbali ya chiphunzitso chakale zachuma, bilu - ndi mtundu wa ngongole ndalama. Iwo wosindikiza chapakati banki la dziko, omwe nthawi zambiri ndi chimodzi mwa mabungwe a mphamvu ya boma.

Komabe, wokhutira chuma, ndalama si lofanana mtheradi ndalama pepala. mfundo ziwirizi ndi chiwerengero kusiyana kwambiri.

1. Banknotes ndi chikalata kokha mwa gombe, pamene ndalama pepala akhoza kupelekedwa ndi Zachuma kapena Unduna wa Zachuma.
2. Banknotes ndi golide kapena ngongole kuwombola mapulogalamu. Paper ndalama, nthawi zambiri sasamalira.
3. banknote The akatulutsidwa kupereka zolowa. Cholinga cha nkhani ya ndalama pepala ndi kuphimba kuchepekedwa bajeti.

mitundu ya ndalama

Banknote - ndi mtundu wa kuli ndalama. Wina, koma osati yekha. Pa nthaŵi zosiyanasiyana komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Ndalama akhoza kugawidwa mu mkulu amasankha ndi otsika. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo amene ali zawo mtengo weniweni - mitengo ya zinthu, ndipo ndi ofanana ndi maonekedwe ake akunja. Umenewu ndi chofunika ndalama, ankagwiritsa ntchito tsintho pa chiyambi cha kufalitsidwa kwa ndalama ndi zitsulo ndalama, siliva ndi golide.

Mu devalued ndalama mwadzina mtengo kwambiri kuposa weniweni. Kuti monga pepala ndi ngongole. Banknote - izi ndi imodzi mwa mitundu ya masika.

Mbiri ya zosayembekezereka wa banknotes

Akubwereketsa ndalama kugula chilichonse ndi kugulitsa katundu pa ndondomeko ngongole. Pachiyambi Mwaichi wogula ndazilemba ndalama dzina wogulitsa a. Ichi ndi udindo chopanda malire cha wokongolayo kulipira wogwira pepala wina kuchuluka kwa ndalama patapita nthawi zina.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, ngongole amakhala chinthu mgwirizano pakati pa ngongole ndi ngongole. mabanki malonda anayamba kulemba malisiti awo wotetezedwa mwa zolemba promissory. Iwo anali banknotes choyamba. Iwo ntchito kwambiri chikhulupiriro kwa amalonda poyerekeza ndi maudindo a Issuers ena. Zimenezi zalongosoledwa makamaka chifukwa chakuti gombe panthawiyi mabungwe ambiri zosungunulira.

The banknotes woyamba kwambiri anaonekera China pofika m'zaka za m'ma 8. Iwo anali pepala thonje. Paper banknotes mu Europe anatuluka mu Sweden mu 1661. England anayamba amvekere notsi 1694, Denmark - mu 1713, France - mu 1716.

Paper ndalama Tsarist Russia

issuance wa banknotes kupezeka lingaliro monga yotchuka wotchedwa banknotes mu Tsarist Russia panali akadali mu ulamuliro wa Elizabeth, mu zoyambirira za m'ma 18. Komabe, wakhala m'gulu kukanidwa ndi Senate, omwe sakanakhoza kapadera kuti pempho m'malo ndalama "lenileni" adzapita ena "pepala". Pamene Petro III chuma cha boma mulibe kanthu. Motero, nkhani ya zolemba banki kale m'malo zitsulo ndalama kupezeka inayamba mu May 1762. Komabe, mankhwala iwo sanalandire konse. Chinalepheretsa kulanda boma, imene anakwera wachifumu wa Catherine II.

Komabe, lingaliro la opereka pepala ndalama kale akuyendera mu 1769, pamene mwa lamulo la Mfumukazi magombe awiri anakhazikitsidwa mu St. Petersburg ndi Moscow. Analandiridwa makope banknotes Russian anali ulemu 25, 50, 75 ndi 100 rubles.

Banknotes USSR

Kukwera kwa 1905 ndi 1917 kwakhudza wautali kwambiri pa dziko lonse la ndalama za dziko. Ndipo kodi n'zomveka ayi, pamene zasintha njira yonse ya moyo wa dziko lonse? Pa nthawi imeneyo, bajeti dziko linali akamakonda kwathunthu: mbiri ya boma Russian pa mlingo padziko lonse lilibe ndi unapangitsa kusintha lonse mu dongosolo boma. Mkati zinali choncho, nayenso, dziko palokha ndi njira yabwino ayi. KULI kuti, pomaliza, anadza ola awo abwino. Iwo anamufunsa kuti kufupikitsa nthawi ya tsiku ntchito, kuwonjezera malipiro, kuchuluka kwa ubwino osiyana, kukakamiza boma udindo kupereka mafakitale chakudya. Motero, boma latsopano anakakamizika ntchito pepala ndalama osati ndalama yaikulu ndalama asilikali, komanso gwero kwa zofunda ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti.

zoposa biliyoni 9,5. rubles anamasulidwa mu makope. Pofika November 1, 1917 ndalama pepala anakwana biliyoni 19.5. Opaka., Pamene kugula mphamvu ya ruble anali chabe 8 kopecks. Boma wogwirizira anakakamizika kuti apereke banknotes mu zipembedzo 250 ndi 1000 rubles. "Kerensky anati", monga Anthu ambiri wotchedwa banknotes, yokhala chipembedzo mu rubles golide zoona, musaganizire analibe. Iwo anayenda mu dziko mpaka mapeto a Civil nkhondo.

Mkubwela kwa mphamvu Soviet m'dziko anayamba kumanga chikominisi. Ndipo chikominisi ndi ndalama, monga mukudziwa - zinthu ziwiri ali osayenerana n'komwe. Koma aliyense akumvetsa izo popanda iwo, boma sangaonekerenso chabe. Ndi boma latsopano wapeza njira: iwo anamasulidwa "Kamangidwe zizindikiro". Kwenikweni ake, zinali ndalama yomweyo, koma "ndi msuzi osiyana."

kusintha Monetary wa USSR zaka mazana makumi awiri

Pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, dongosolo ndalama ya dziko anali kokhazikika, ngakhale onse. Izi anali mwana'yo yoika khadi ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitengo lokhazikika kwa katundu. Koma kuchepetsa kwambiri ndi unyinji wa uphungu amatipeza zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa kufalitsidwa wambirimbiri ndalama yokwanira. Komanso, mu zaka zovuta unawonongedwa, dziko linamizidwa ndi zolemba achinyengo. Izi kwambiri complicates ndondomeko kuchira zachuma. Choncho, mu 1947 anaganiza akugwira kusintha ndalama zomwe zinachititsa rubles 10 chitsanzo wakale umasinthanitsidwa 1 ruble latsopano.

kusintha lina ikuchitika pakati pa zaka mazana makumi awiri. Ndi pamene madandaulo a analandiridwa, "Khrushchev wrappers", kapena "wrappers", monga otchedwa banknotes 1961. dzina A iwo tiri kukula kwake, mofanana ndi maswiti wrapper. ndalama chinatenga mpaka '90s, ndi unatha pamodzi ndi dziko lonse, ndipo ndi chizindikiro, kuphatikizapo anali.

Banknotes Modern Russia

An vuto kwambiri zachuma ndi kufufuma mkulu 1991-1993 anatsogolera chakuti anaganiza kuti amasule zolemba 50 100 ruble. Koma zimenezi zinachititsa kulumpha zina mitengo. Pang'onopang'ono, "rubles matabwa", monga banknotes wa nyemba aliyense anaitanidwa ndi anthu kusanduka pepala m'lingaliro loona mawu. mphamvu zawo pogula kunali kugwa ngati roketi a.

Kusintha ikuchitika 1998, ankatenga ruble kamodzi mu nthawi 1000. Izo zinali kuchitikira bwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kusintha kwa 40s ndipo 60s. Choyamba, panalibe deadlines bwino anapereka kuti anthu ayenera umasinthanitsidwa ndi pa dzanja ndalama. Chachiwiri, "lakale" ndiponso "latsopano" mabilu anali kuyenda chomwecho mu dziko lonse 1998.

Modern Bank of Russia banknotes ndi banknotes, chopangidwa ndi zapamwamba kwambiri m'munda wa chitetezo cha umisiri awo lodalirika. Pofuna kupewa forgeries Bank chapakati ndi nthawi zonse makope Mabaibulo atsopano a zanyengo alipo, ntchito zoteteza amene kumatheka nthawi.

Today kupezeka ndi banknotes mu zipembedzo 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ndi 5000 rubles.

US dola - ndalama dziko

Dola US wachita kale anazindikira mwa njira lonse la malipiro. Iye mbe mwa ndalama malo dziko. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti United States otsiriza anathetsa golide muyezo wa ndalama zake. Izi zinachitika yekha mu 1971, pamene a ku Ulaya ankachitira izo mu m'ma makumi awiri, pa Great Depression.

Ntchito ya Bank ku Central wa Federal Reserve System United States amachita. Kuti ali ndi ufulu kuti apereke banknotes ndi ndalama anamasulidwa mu makope. US dollar mu makope, ali ndi phindu mwadzina la 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 100. Palinso zolemba za 500 1,000, 5,000 ndipo ngakhale $ 10 000, koma iwo akugwiritsidwa kokha kwa kuwerengetsera mkati Kukhuta ndi Zachuma US.

Zosangalatsa za banknotes ndi

Kufalitsa ndalama akubwerera, zaka zambirimbiri. Panthawi imeneyi, ine anasonkhanitsa kwambiri mfundo chidwi ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri kugwirizana ndi ndalama. The zolemba chidwi kwambiri a dziko - nanga?

Lalikulu nkhope mtengo banknote unayambitsidwa Hungary mu 1946. limathandiza - biliyoni biliyoni (ie 1021). M'mimba mwake wa chilengedwe chonse, mwa njira, ndi 1023 Km.

Waukulu mwa kugula mphamvu Bill wakhala apilo ku UK. nkhope yake phindu la 1 miliyoni. mapaundi. Amadziwika kuli zolemba ziwiri zoterezi.

Chipembedzo zing'onozing'ono banknote anali kupezeka mu USSR. Izi cheke 1 khobidi, lomwe linaperekedwa ndi Bank boma kuwerengetsera mkati.

Banknote - mawonekedwe kuli ndalama, popanda zomwe dongosolo ano ndalama sitingapeze kulibe. Ngakhale chitukuko cha malipiro cashless, kusiya kwathunthu pepala ndalama posachedwapa, ndife chodziwikiratu kuti apambane.