Biopolymers - ndi ... Chomera ma polima

A yaikulu zosiyanasiyana osiyana mankhwala chikhalidwe cha mankhwala anali wokhoza kuti lithe munthu zasayansi. Komabe, akadali zofunika kwambiri ndi kwambiri pa moyo wa machitidwe onse wamoyo akhala ndipo adzakhala ndendende zachilengedwe, zinthu zachilengedwe. Ndiko kuti, mamolekyulu kuti mukugwira nawo zikwi zochita amuzolengedwa mwa thupi ndipo ali ndi udindo kugwira ntchito zawo.

Ambiri a iwo uli gulu la anthu limene lili dzina la "kwachilengedwenso ma polima."

Mfundo ambiri biopolymers

Chinthu choyamba kunena kuti kugwirizana awa - High, okhala misa, kufika mamiliyoni Daltons. Izi zinthu - nyama ndi masamba ma polima, omwe amagwira nawo ntchito yofunika kwambiri yomanga maselo nyumba zawo, kupereka kagayidwe, photosynthesis, kupuma, chakudya ndi zinthu zina zonse zofunika chilichonse chamoyo moyo.

Musaone tanthauzo la mankhwala zovuta. Biopolymers - ndi zinthu zachilengedwe chiyambi zachilengedwe, zomwe anapanga ku zamoyo ndipo maziko a moyo zonse padziko lathuli. Kodi kwenikweni kugwirizana zikuphatikizapo chiyani?

biopolymers selo

Ambiri a iwo. Choncho, biopolymers zazikulu izi:

• mapuloteni;
• polysaccharides;
• zidulo mkati (DNA ndi RNA).

Kuwonjezera izi, pano n'zotheka monga ma polima ambiri wosanganiza amene anapanga kuchokera osakaniza kale zidalembedwa. Mwachitsanzo, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, glycoproteins ndi ena.

katundu Common

Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimachitikira mamolekyulu onse funso. Mwachitsanzo, awa katundu ambiri biopolymers:

• chachikulu maselo kulemera chifukwa mapangidwe macrochains wautali kwambiri ndi ramifications mu dongosolo mankhwala;
• mitundu ya kulumikizana mu macromolecules (wa hydrogen, amaayoni ankachita, electrostatic kukopeka, kulumikizana disulfide, peputayidi kumangidwa, etc.);
• structural unit wa M'dera lililonse - monomeric wagawo;
• stereoregularity kapena sanamwe mu kapangidwe ka unyolo.

Koma ambiri, onse biopolymers akadali kusiyana kwambiri mu kapangidwe ndi ntchito, osati kufanana.

mapulotini

Chofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu onse okhala ndi zedi. Chotero biopolymers - ndi maziko a zotsalira zazomera. Ndipotu, ngakhale pa chiphunzitso cha moyo Oparin-Haldane padziko lapansi linachokera ku m'malovu coacervate, ndilo mapuloteni.

Kapangidwe ka zinthu zimenezi imvera zonse okhwima mu dongosolo la. Chifukwa cha aliyense mapuloteni akupanga zatsalira asidi kwa amino kuti angathe kulumikiza ndi mzake mu unyolo kutalika wopandamalire. Izi zachitika ndi kupanga ubale wapadera - peputayidi. Chotero ubwenzi aumbike pakati pa zinthu zinayi: mpweya, mpweya, asafe ndi wa hydrogen.

Kapangidwe ka mapuloteni molekyulu zikuphatikizapo kwambiri wa zatsalira kwa amino asidi monga chomwecho kapena zosiyana (a makumi angapo a zikwi kapena zambiri). Zonse zikuchitika mu zikuchokera mitundu izi kwa amino asidi wa mankhwala, pali 20. Komabe, ma osiyanasiyana amalola mapuloteni kuti zikule mu kuchuluka ndi mitundu zikuchokera.

mapulotini, biopolymers ndi osiyana okhudza malo conformation. Mwachitsanzo, nthumwi angathe kukhala mu mawonekedwe a pulayimale, sekondale, ukachenjede kapena quaternary dongosolo.

The ambiri kumodzi ndi liniya chimodzi - yaikulu. Ndi chabe chiwerengero cha mbali kwa amino asidi pamodzi.

conformation Secondary ali ndi dongosolo zovuta kwambiri, kuyambira mapuloteni okwana macrochains ndi kumayamba helical, kupanga coils. Awiri ili pafupi macrostructures ikuchitikira pafupi wina ndi mnzake chifukwa hydrogen ndi covalent ankachita pakati pa magulu a maatomu. Kusiyanitsa Alpha ndi beta helix dongosolo yachiwiri ya mapuloteni.

Kapangidwe ukachenjede ndi koyilo youmba mu macromolecule (polypeptide unyolo) mapuloteni. zovuta zopezera ankachita mkati globule imeneyi zimathandiza kuti akhale ndi mfundo zokwanira khola ndi kusunga analandira mawonekedwe.

Quaternary conformation - kwambiri unyolo polypeptide ndi youmba spirally swirled koyilo omwe motero pamodzi kupanga maulalo angapo a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zovuta kwambiri globular dongosolo.

Ntchito ya zedi

1. Mayendedwe. Iwo ikuchitika gawo la plasma Kakhungu mapuloteni maselo. Iwo apanga njira ion, okhoza pochitika tinthu tina. Komanso, mapuloteni ambiri ali mbali ya gulu la organelles wa mogwirizana ndi mabakiteriya Choncho amagwira ntchito m'gulu lawo.
2. Ntchito mphamvu anaphedwa deta ndi tinthu wokangalika. galamu imodzi ya mapuloteni mu kagayidwe chimapanga 17,6 KJ. Choncho, kumwa zomera ndi nyama mankhwala okhala ndi mankhwala amenewa, m'pofunika kuti zamoyo.
3. Yomanga Mbali ali nawo zedi pomanga ambiri a nyumba ma ya maselo okha, zimakhala, ziwalo, ndi zina zotero. Pafupifupi selo iliyonse kwenikweni anamanga ku mamolekyulu awa (cytoplasm cytoskeleton, plasma Kakhungu, ribosome, mitochondria ndi nyumba zina zofunika mu mapangidwe mankhwala mapuloteni).
4. Ntchito othandizira ikuchitika ndi michere, umenenso chikhalidwe chawo mankhwala, ndi kanthu monga mapulotini. Popanda michere sizikanatheka kwambiri zochita amuzolengedwa m'thupi, popeza - catalysts kwachilengedwenso mu zamoyo.
5. Cholandilira (komanso chizindikiro), kugwira ntchito kumathandiza maselo kwa kuyenda ndi kuwathandiza iliyonse chilengedwe, onse mawotchi ndi mankhwala.

Ngati mapuloteni mu funso mwakuya kwambiri, n'zotheka kuonetsetsa ena ntchito kwambiri sekondale. Komabe, tatchulazi zofunika.

zidulo mkati

biopolymers amenewa - ndi mbali yofunika ya yonse yochepetsetsa, kaya prokaryotic kapena eukaryotic izo. Ndipotu zidulo mkati monga DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ndi RNA (asidi ribonucleic), omwe ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa zamoyo.

Ndi chikhalidwe chawo mankhwala DNA ndi RNA zinayendera ndi nucleotides zogwirizana ndi nsinga hydrogen ndi milatho mankwala. The zikuchokera tichipeza nucleotides DNA monga:

• adenine;
• thymine;
• guanine;
• cytosine;
• pyatiuglerodisty shuga deoxyribose.

RNA amakhala mu thymine kuti ayamba uracil, ndi shuga - ribose.

Chifukwa wapadera structural gulu la DNA wokhoza kuchita angapo ntchito yofunika. RNA nalonso yofunika kwambiri mu selo.

Nchito zidulo ngati

zidulo mkati - biopolymers kuti ali ndi udindo ntchito zotsatirazi:

1. DNA ndi woyang'anira ndi chopatsilira wa uthengawu ku maselo maselo a zinthu zamoyo. Mu prokaryotes, molekyulu ndi anagawira mu cytoplasm lapansi. The foni eukaryotic ndi mkati ngale anapambulwa karyotheca.
2. -Kawiri Shackleton DNA lagawidwa m'magawo - majini amene amapanga kapangidwe ka khromozomu lapansi. Chibadwa aliyense kukhala wapadera mawonekedwe malamulo opanga khalidwe lomwe zizindikiro zonse encrypted chamoyo.
3. RNA ndi a mitundu itatu - masanjidwewo, ribosomal ndi zoyendera. Ribosomal nawo kaphatikizidwe ndi khamu la zedi pa nyumba ya ziwalo. Masanjidwewo ndi ndikufikitsa mudziwe kuwerenga kuchokera DNA ndi kumvetsa tanthauzo lake kwachilengedwenso.

polysaccharides

mankhwala awa - ndi makamaka ma polima masamba, ndiko kuti, opezeka mu maselo a zomera. Makamaka wolemera polysaccharides wa pakhoma selo, yomwe limapangidwa mapadi.

Ndi chikhalidwe chawo mankhwala, polysaccharides - ndi macromolecule zovuta Kapangidwe ka chakudya. Kodi kukhala liniya, magawo conformations crosslinked. Monomers ndi zisanu yosavuta, nthawi zambiri asanu mpweya shuga - ribose, shuga, fructose. Kodi chofunika kwa zamoyo, kuyambira mbali ya maselo a zomera michere malo ndi lamamatira kumasula yambiri mphamvu.

Zimene oimira osiyana

ma polima zofunika kwambiri kwachilengedwenso monga wowuma, mapadi, inulin, glycogen, chitin ndi ena. Kuti iwo ali magwero zofunika mphamvu ku zamoyo zina.

Choncho, mapadi - ndi kuvomerezedwa zikuluzikulu za makoma chomera selo mabakiteriya ena. Iwo amapereka mphamvu, ndi mawonekedwe ena. Makampani, munthu ntchito yopanga pepala, ulusi nthochi.

Wowuma - yopuma michere chomera, amenenso lofunika chakudya mankhwala kwa anthu ndi nyama.

Glycogen, kapena nyama mafuta, - malo zakudya nyama ndi anthu. Iwo amachita ntchito ya kutchinjiriza ikukhudzana gwero mphamvu, chitetezo makina.

biopolymers obwerawa mu zikuchokera zamoyo

Kuwonjezera amene takambirana, pali ma zosiyanasiyana za mankhwala apamwamba maselo. Chotero biopolymers - losakanizika zovuta dongosolo mapulotini lipids (lipoprotein) kapena polysaccharides ndi mapuloteni (glycoproteins). osakaniza lipids ndi polysaccharides (lipopolysaccharides) komanso zitheka.

Aliyense wa biopolymers awa ali mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti achite mwa zinthu zamoyo angapo ntchito zofunika: zoyendera, kusonyeza, lilime, zolimbana, enzymatic, zomangamanga ndi ena ambiri. Kapangidwe awo ndi mankhwala zovuta osati nthumwi zonse decrypted, kotero ntchito si kwathunthu kumatanthauza. Pakali pano, amadziwika okha ambiri, koma zambiri zotsalira za malire a nzeru za anthu.