Bosnia nkhondo: Zoyambitsa

zaka 90 ndakhala nyengo yotsatira wokhetsa magazi mu Balkans. Pa bwinja la Yugoslavia anayamba nkhondo angapo mitundu. Mmodzi wa iwo anatembenuka mu Bosnia pakati Bosnians, Serbia ndi Croatia. nkhondo opiringizidwa linathera pokhapo kanthu za mabungwe, makamaka United Nations ndi NATO. nkhondo wakhala wotchuka milandu ake ambiri nkhondo.

prerequisites

Mu 1992, ku Bosnia nkhondo inayambika. Izo zinachitika motsutsa likhale kugwa Yugoslavia ndi kugwa kwa chikominisi mu World Old. Akuluakulu adzamenyane zitsulo Bosniak Asilamu (kapena Bosniak), Serb chikale ndi Catholic Croat. Pankhondoyi anali m'zigawozigawo: ndale, fuko ndi wongodzinenera.

Zonse zinayamba kugwa Yugoslavia. Izi boma zokomera boma anakhala mafuko osiyana kwambiri - .. Serbia, Croatia Bosnians, Makedoniya, Slovenia, etc. Pamene Wall Berlin unagwa ndipo dongosolo chikominisi anataya Cold nkhondo, ing'onoing'ono dziko la Yugoslavia anayamba kukakamiza ufulu. Iwo anayamba pa perete wa sovereignties , ndi kufanizira ndi zimene zinkachitika mu Soviet Union.

Gawo lina Slovenia ndi Croatia. Mu Yugoslavia, kuwonjezera pa iwo, panali Socialist Republic of Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Zinali kwambiri ethnically variegated dera kamodzi dziko ogwirizana. Dziko anali pafupifupi 45% Bosniak, Serb 30% ndipo 16% Croat. February 29, 1992, akuluakulu a boma (ili ku likulu la Sarajevo) anakonza referendum pa ufulu. The Bosnia Serbia akana angapezekeko. Pamene Sarajevo ananena kusadalira Yugoslavia, ndi escalation cha kusagwirizana.

funso Chisebiya

Leni likulu la Serbia Bosnia anayamba Banja Luka. Pankhondoyi anali kukula chifukwa chakuti mafuko awiri akukhala limodzi kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo chifukwa cha izi, panali anthu ambiri ethnically wosanganiza mabanja m'madera ena. Nthawi zambiri, Serbia moyo kwa nthawi yaitali mu kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa dziko. Nkhondo ku Bosnia inali njira yoti iwo pezani ndi muno mu Yugoslavia. Gulu lankhondo la Republic Socialist kumanzere Bosnia mu May 1992. Ndi kutha kwa mphamvu chachitatu kuti mwina zonse mgwirizano pakati pa adani mbisoweka chopinga otsiriza kulepheretsa kuphana.

Yugoslavia (komwe ankakhala ambiri Serb anthu) kuyambira pa chiyambi anathandiza Bosnia Serbia kulenga awo Republika Srpska. alonda ambiri a asilikali wakale logwirizana n'kuyamba kuloŵa usilikali ya boma yosadziwika.

Kumbali Russia mu nkhondo ku Bosnia, zinadziwika yomweyo pambuyo chiyambi cha nkhondo ya. Akuluakulu a boma la Russia anayesetsa kuti akhale ngati mphamvu okhazikitsa mtendere. Choncho anachita ena mphamvu yaikulu ya anthu padziko lonse. Andale kufunafuna kukondera, n'kumaitana otsutsa kukambirana pa gawo ndale. Komabe, ngati tikukamba za maganizo a anthu Russia 90., Tikhoza kunenanso motsimikiza kuti chifundo cha anthu wamba anali kumbali ya ku Serbia. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa anthu awiri chikugwirizana ndi kugwirizana dera la chikhalidwe Asilavo, ziphunzitso, ndi zina zotero. D. Akatswiri lonse, nkhondo ku Bosnia anali kukopa anthu odzipereka 4 zikwi ku USSR amene anathandiza Republic of Srpska.

Inayamba nkhondo

A gulu lina la nkhondo, kuwonjezera ku Serbia ndi Bosniaks, Croatia anayamba. Iwo analenga Commonwealth of Herceg-Bosna, amene panthawi ya nkhondo zinakhala ngati boma yosadziwika. Likulu la Republic unali mzinda wa Mostar. Ku Ulaya, tinaona kuti njira ya nkhondo ndipo anayesa mothandizidwa ndi zoimbira pa kuteteza kuphana. Mu March 1992, tagwirizana walemba pa Lisbon, chimene mphamvu mu dziko anali adzagawidwire pamodzi mizere yosiyanasiyana. Komanso, maphwando anavomera kuti pakati feduro adzagawana mphamvu ndi mizinda yambiri ya m'deralo. Chikalatachi anali yolembedwa ndi Bosnia Alija Izetbegovic, Serb Radovan Karadzic ndi Chikolowesha Naye Boban.

Komabe, kukondera sunakhalitse. Patapita masiku angapo, Izetbegovic ananena kuti revokes pangano. Ndipotu anapereka mundi Blanche kuti chiyambi cha nkhondo. Chomwe chinafunika chabe chowiringula. Pambuyo chiyambi cha adani mwazi otchedwa nkhani zosiyanasiyana zimene anali ngati kutsogolera wakupha choyamba. Zinali lalikulu maganizo mfundo.

Mpaka kufika poti palibe kubwerera kwa Serbia anali kuwombera wa ukwati Chisebiya ku Sarajevo. Ambanda anali Bosniaks. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Asilamu ananena Serbia mu nkhondo swagger. Iwo ananena kuti choyamba Bosnians akufa amene anatenga gawo mu msewu ziwonetsero. Mu kupha ya amaganiziridwa omulondera Republika Srpska Pulezidenti Radovan Karadzic.

Kuzinga Sarajevo

Mu May 1992, ku mzinda wa ku Austria wa Graz, pulezidenti wa Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadzic, ndi pulezidenti wa Chikolowesha Republic of Herceg-Bosna Naye Boban zinasaina pangano amgwirizano, amene anali chikalata chofunika kwambiri gawo loyamba la nkhondo. Awiri Asilavo limati yosadziwika anavomera kusiya kumenya nkhondo ndi kuyanjana pofuna kusonyeza kulamulira madera Muslim.

Pambuyo nkhani imeneyi Bosnia nkhondo zinachitika mu Sarajevo. Likulu la mtundu kukuchitika nkhondo mkati, linadzazidwa makamaka ndi Asilamu. Komabe, mu mzinda ndi midzi yozungulira, ukhale Serb ambiri. chiŵerengero Izi anatsimikiza njira ya nkhondoyo. April 6, 1992 anayamba kuzinga Sarajevo. asilikali Chisebiya anazungulira mzindawo. Mzindawu unazingidwa yonse ya nkhondo (zaka zoposa zitatu) ndi adapachikidwa pokhapokha kusaina omaliza a Dayton Chogwirizana.

Pa kuzinga Sarajevo, mzinda chinaperekedwa ku shelling kwambiri. Nyuzi, amene anatsalira ku zipolopolo, mu yamtendere anadzazidwa ndi analinso wapadera wa resins, mapulasitiki ndi inki yofiira. "Zolembera" Awa womkanikizawo aitanidwa "Sarajevo maluwa". Lero iwo ali mmodzi wa zipilala otchuka nkhondo oipa.

okwana nkhondo

Tikumbukenso kuti Serb-Bosniak nkhondo anathamanga zikufanana ndi nkhondo Croatia, komwe chofuna mkangano Croat m'dera ndi Serb. Ndi chisokonezo ndi zovuta zinthu. Mu Bosnia kunapezeka nkhondo, ndi nkhondo zonse ndi zonse. Makamaka maganizo anali malo a Croatia m'deralo. Ena mwa iwo anathandiza Bosnians, ena mbali - ndi Serbia.

Mu June 1992, dziko ali ndi UN mphamvu okhazikitsa mtendere. Poyamba, analengedwa nkhondo Chikolowesha, koma chakachi mphamvu ake anawonjezera kuti Bosnia. Izi ankhondo anatenga ulamuliro pa ndege Sarajevo (asanafike anatenga Serbia, iwo anayenera kusiya izi zoyendera likulu zofunika). peacekeepers UN pano kupulumutsa thandizo akuwonjezerekabe, umene uyenera kufalitsidwa kudutsa dziko, monga Bosnia, osati m'dera limodzi osafikiridwa ndi kuphana. othawa wamba ankalimbikitsa Red Cross ntchito, ngakhale khama la chimadalira wa bungwe sikunali kokwanira.

milandu nkhondo

Nkhanza ndi zopusa za nkhondo wakhala wodziwika padziko lonse. Izi anali ntchito ndi chitukuko atolankhani, TV ndi njira zina kufalitsa nkhani. Yaikulu Kuphunzira anali yomwe akutchulidwa umene unachitika mu May 1992. Mu mzinda wa Tuzla olowa mphamvu Bosnia-Croat kumenyana ndi brigade wa Yugoslavia Army anthu, kuti abwerere kwawo chifukwa cha kugwa kwa dziko. kuukira panafika snipers, anawombera makina chotero oletsedwa msewu. Nkhondo coolly anamaliza pa ndiwobvulazidwa. Iwo anapha asilikali oposa 200 wa Yugoslavia Army. nkhani imeneyi, pakati ena ambiri anasonyeza chiwawa pa nkhondo ku Bosnia.

Pofika chilimwe cha 1992 la Republic of Srpska Army anali kupeza kulamulira madera dziko kum'mawa. wamba Local Muslim anazunzidwa. Pakuti Bosniaks zinalengedwa zozunzirako. Tsiku ndi tsiku anali nkhanza akazi. Chiwawa ankhanza pa nkhondo ku Bosnia chiyani osadzuka mwangozi. The Balkans nthawizonse zakhala keg ndi zachiwawa a ku Ulaya. Akumeneko limati dziko akhala sakhalitsa. Loloseredwa anthu akuyesera kukhala moyo mu Ufumu, koma njirayi ndi "mnansi wabwino" kenako chinawononga atagwa chikominisi. madandaulo mwagwirizana ndi madandaulo anapulumutsidwa kwa mazana a zaka.

chosadziwika tsogolo

Complete anatseka misewu ya Sarajevo anabwera m'chilimwe cha 1993, pamene asilikali Chisebiya anakwanitsa malizitsani ntchito "Lugavats 93". Zinali wopita kuukira, lomwe limayendetsa ndi Ratko Mladic (lero ndi mayiko kuweruza oweruza). Pa opaleshoni, Serbia wotanganidwa mipita pamalo abwino zofunika zikubweretsa Sarajevo. Pafupi likulu ndi zambiri za dziko - ndi wolimba lamapiri mtunda. Mu malo amenewa mipita ndi m'zigwa kukhala malo ankhondo zoopsa.

Yolanda Trnovo, Serbia anatha kuphatikiza Mabuku awo mu zigawo ziwiri - Herzegovina ndi Podrinje. asilikali kenako kumadzulo. Bosnia nkhondo Mwachidule, inkakhala ayendetsa ambiri ang'ono chikumenyana magulu okhala ndi zida. Mu July 1993, ku Serbia anatha kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa mipita ya Mount Igman. Uthenga umenewu mantha pa anthu padziko lonse. oimira Western anayamba kuthamanga pa utsogoleri wa Republic ndi panokha Radovan Karadzic. Pa nkhani Geneva, ku Serbia momveka bwino kuti mu nkhani chokana kutapa iwo kukhala okondwa airstrikes NATO. Karadzic apangidwe pansi zikachitika. August 5, 1993 Serbia kumanzere Igman, pamene kugula otsala ku Bosnia akhali nduli mwawo. Pa phiri pamalo abwino zofunika n'kuyamba peacekeepers ku France.

Bosnians unagawanika

Pa nthawiyi n'kuti msasa panali Bosniak mkati kugawanika. Wa Asilamu mokomera kukhalabe boma unitary. Ndondomeko Firet Abdic ndi otsatira atagwira mfundo ina ya view. Iwo ankafuna kuti boma boma, ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti kokha kudzera mwa kukondera Idzatha Bosnia nkhondo (1992-1995). Mwachidule, izi zachititsa kuti zikamera akuguba kwakukulu. Kenaka mu September 1993, Abdic mu Velika Kladusa analengeza chilengedwe cha Western Bosnia. Zinali Republic wina yosadziwika anatsutsa boma Izetbegovic ku Sarajevo. Abdic anakhala angakuthandizeni wa Republic of Srpska.

Western Bosnia - ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha mmene panali onse latsopano yochepa maphunziro a ndale, omwe wafunsira ku Bosnia nkhondo (1992-1995). Chifukwa medley imeneyi inkakhala ndi nambala yaikulu zinthu zotsutsana. Western Bosnia wakhalapo kwa zaka ziwiri. m'gawo lake anali wotanganidwa pa ntchito "Amabereka 94" ndi "mkuntho." Mbali yoyamba ndi Abdic anapanga ndi Bosnians okha.

Mu August 1995, chomaliza cha nkhondoyo, pamene lithe otsiriza maphunziro Odzipatula, kuti asilikali aboma Izetbegovic m'gulu la Croatia ndi chimadalira zochepa NATO. nkhondo yaikulu zinachitika mu dera Krajina. An chifukwa zotsalira za ntchito "Mphepo" anali kuthawa mwa Chikolowesha-Bosnia midzi malire pafupifupi 250 zikwi Serbia. anthuwa anabadwiramo ndiponso umene anakuliramo mu Krajina. Pamene palibe zachilendo sanali emigrant otaya. Ambiri kuchotsedwa kwawo ku Bosnia nkhondo. A mafotokozedwe yosavuta otaya anthu ali motere: mkangano sakanakhoza anamaliza opanda tanthauzo bwino malire mitundu ndi zipembedzo, kotero zonse kunja kwa Palestina ang'ono ndi mizinda pa nkhondo anawononga mwadongosolo. Kugawa gawo anakhudza Serbia, Bosnians ndi Croatia.

Yoona kuweruza

milandu nkhondo anachita onse Bosnians ndi Serbia ndi Croatia. Onse anafotokoza nkhanza awo kubwezera kwa ŵanyake. Bosnians kwa choopa anthu wamba Serb analenga magulu "speculators." Anachita anawazunza mtendere m'mudzi Asilavo.

Upandu kowopsya wakhala kuphedwa Chisebiya ku Srebrenica. Malinga ndi chigamulo UN mu 1993, mzinda uwu ndi oyandikana ozungulira anatsimikizidwa malo achitetezo. othawa Muslim anali nditadzipatula ochokera m'madera onse a Bosnia. Mu July 1995 Srebrenica analanda Serbia. Iwo anachita kuphedwa mu mzinda, kupha malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, za 8000 wamba a anthu Muslim - ana, amayi ndi okalamba. Masiku ano, padziko lonse Bosnia nkhondo zaka 92-95. wotchuka kwambiri ndi nkhani imeneyi nkhanza.

Kuphedwa mu Srebrenica akadali kuti ankafufuza ndi la International Wachifwamba Khoti la Yugoslavia kale. March 24, 2016, Pulezidenti wakale wa Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadzic, kuti akakhale zaka 40 m'ndende. Iye upainiya ambiri a milandu amene amadziwika kuti Bosnia nkhondo. Photo Wolakwayo kachiwiri anafalikira m'dziko atolankhani dziko, monga yapita 90. Karadzic ndi udindo pa zimene zinachitika mu Srebrenica nayenso. mabungwe Intelligence anamugwira iye patapita moyo zaka khumi mwachinsinsi pansi pa dzina chonyenga Belgrade.

Asilikali phukusi la anthu m'mayiko

Chaka chilichonse Bosnia Serb-Croat nkhondo ndi kutenga nawo mbali pa anayamba wachisokonezo ndi zosokoneza. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti palibe magulu mkangano sadzakhala kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo kudzera kuphana. Mu US, momwe zinthu zikusinthira, akuluakulu a boma anayamba kutenga nawo mbali mu ndondomeko kukambirana. Chinthu choyamba kuthetsa mikangano panali mgwirizano kuti inatha nkhondo ya Croatia ndi Bosnians. zikalata zogwirizana anali Mukalowa mu March 1994 ku Vienna ndi Washington. The Bosnia Serbia anaitanidwa ku gome positi ofesi, koma iwo alibe kutumiza akazembe awo.

Bosnia nkhondo, chithunzi m'minda amene amagwa mu atolankhani akunja zonse chisoni West, koma mu Balkans zinaoneka ngati wamba. Mu zinthu izi, ndinu manja awo anachita NATO. Achimereka ndi anzawo, ndi thandizo la United Nations anayamba kukonza dongosolo ndege mabomba Serb maudindo. Ntchito ya usilikali "kuganiza za mphamvu ya" anayamba pa August 30. Mabomba anathandiza Bosnians ndi Croatia kudzikanikizira Serbia mu zigawo pamalo abwino ofunika kwa yachonde Ozren ndi Western Bosnia. Zotsatira yaikulu ya alowererepo NATO anali zochotsa kuzinga Sarajevo, yomwe inatenga zaka zingapo. Kenako, nkhondo Chisebiya-Bosnia atatsala pang'ono kutha. magulu onse nkhondo akhala unakhetsedwa woyera. Mu boma anasiya lonse zogona, nkhondo ndi mafakitale zomangamanga.

Dayton

zokambirana Final pakati pa otsutsa anayamba m'gawo ndale. Tsogolo la asiye-moto anavomera pa US asilikali m'munsi mwa Dayton. Kusaina mwamwambo chabe sheya inkachitika mu za Elysee Palace ku Paris December 14, 1995. Zochita waukulu wa Pulezidenti wa Bosnia nkhope za mwambo Alija Izetbegovic, Pulezidenti wa Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic ndi Chikolowesha Pulezidenti Franjo Tudjman. nkhani kuyambirira inachitika pansi pa zothandizira mipingo yawo ya mayiko akuona - UK, Germany, Russia, USA ndi France.

Malinga ndi pangano lawo, kupanga boma latsopano - Chitaganya cha Bosnia ndi Herzegovina ndi Republika Srpska. m'malire Internal akhala akuchita mwa njira yakuti aliyense phunziro ali mbali wofanana dziko. Komanso, Bosnia anayambitsa NATO okhazikitsa mtendere mphamvu. Mphamvu zimenezi akhala guarantor ya kusunga mtendere mu zigawo makamaka mantha.

Akusiyana maganizo kwambiri pankhani chiwawa pa nkhondo ku Bosnia. umboni zopelekedwa milandu nkhondo akhala umasamutsidwa ku kuweruza lonse, amene umagwira lero. Iwo aweruzidwa ngati asangalatsi wamba ndi initiators mwachindunji nkhanza "pamwamba". Andale ndi asilikali amene bungwe chiwembuchi la anthu amtendere, zachotsedwa ku mphamvu.

Malinga ndi Baibulo boma chifukwa cha nkhondo ku Bosnia anali nkhondo mafuko a Yugoslavia linagawanika. Dayton anatumikira monga kukondera chilinganizo kwa anthu kugawanika. Ngakhale Balkans kukhala gwero la mavuto lonse la Europe, chiwawa lotseguka pamlingo wa nkhondo kumeneko, potsiriza ndinayima. Zinali bwino zokambirana mayiko (ngakhale belated). Bosnia nkhondo ndi ziwawa, chimene iye akutchedwa, anasiya chizindikiro chachikulu tsoka am'deralo. Masiku ano palibe Bosniak kapena Serb, amene banja sakanati anakhudzidwa ndi nkhondo yoopsa analandira makumi awiri zapitazo.