Chaka maziko a Irkutsk. Maziko a mzinda wa mbiri Irkutsk, tsiku

Irkutsk sikuti ankaona mudzi waukulu wa kum'mawa Siberia, komanso zakale, zomwe mozizwitsa anapulumuka romanticism akale. Apa mogwirizana zapiringizana kukongola amalonda 'zachifumu, chakale Russian ufumu ndi yaikulu Baroque. Tsopano ndi mzinda zazikulu ndi zambiri angathe ndi yaikulu sayansi ndi luso m'munsi.

Irkutsk mbiri ya maziko

Achokera dzina ili? Dzina la mzinda uwu anapereka mtsinje Irkut. Ponena za funso lakuti: "Kodi ndi chaka maziko a Irkutsk" asayansi pali malingaliro angapo. Ena wochirikiza chiphunzitsochi kuti mwambo umenewu zinachitika pa chiyambi, ena otsimikiza kuti cha m'ma XVII. Malinga ndi nkhani zina, chaka chimene chinali chiyambi cha Irkutsk - 1652 TH, pamene malo awa anabwera Cossack detachment Ivana Pohabova, abverana kuti amange kanyumba. Zinali m'dera limene mitsinje awiri - ndi Angara ndi Irkut - ophatikizidwa. Koma anthu kuno silinakhalitse n'kupita kwa cholinga cha Baikal Yasaka Levy (msonkho mu mtundu) la anthu onse amene alibe kulipira msonkho.

Malinga ndi zina, tsiku la maziko a mzinda wa Irkutsk - July 6, 1661. Kuti amaona boma. Ndiye, pa gombe lamanja la Angara Mtsinje idamangidwa mwa ndende ina Pokhabov - Yakobo. Pamudzi The dzina lake Irkutsk. Malo osankhidwa n'zosadabwitsa, monga izi ndi pamene dzikolo linali lachonde, madzi lokhala ndi nsomba komanso nkhalango - masewera. Komanso, malo amenewa anali pa mphambano ya njira zikuluzikulu malonda pakati East ndi West. Ndi kuthetsa ikukula mofulumira, ndi kale mu chaka 9 cha maziko a Irkutsk kudzera ku China anatsatira woyamba Moscow mtumiki. Pambuyo zaka 5 China ndinapita ku Russian kazembe Nikolai Spafary.

Udindo watsopano

Mpaka lero, kupulumutsa chikalata, wasenza pa 23 chaka TH maziko a Irkutsk, T. E. Inalembedwa Liti 1684 chaka, limene limafotokoza mapeto mudzi wa atumwi XVII. Limanena kuti mzinda panthawi imeneyo kunali mpingo, nsanja asanu ndi bwalo mfumu, kumene abwanamkubwa ankakhala Irkutsk. Komanso, anamanga malo osambira, hotelo, zing'onozing'ono kwa Cossacks wosakwatiwa, kosungira ndi nkhokwe. Nsanja ndi slits kumene mfuti zinali, ndi imodzi mwa makoma anali otchedwa onga kanyumba zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito kusunga zida zosiyanasiyana ndi munitions.

M'chaka cha 25 cha maziko a Irkutsk lomaliza kupereka udindo mzinda. Chochitika ichi chinachitika mu 1686. Pa nthawi yomweyo ali malaya yake ya manja ndi chisindikizo. mofulumira kwambiri, mphekesera za mzinda watsopano anabalalika osati Siberia, komanso mu gawo lonse la Russia. malo yabwino ndi lachonde anaupatsa likulu la dera ulimi, kotero pano kuchuluka kwa anthu ku madera ambiri a dziko. Pa chaka 36 ya maziko a mzinda wa Irkutsk panali mabanja mazana asanu alimi Tillage amene allocated ziwembu za dziko ndi meadows. Malinga ndi zikalata wakale, anthu awa ndi mipando payekha chuma cha mzinda chuma anapereka khasu, mahatchi, ngolo, komanso ziweto ndi nkhuku. Koma chifukwa cha chuma lonse linali ndi chakudya. Iwo kupereka Cossacks, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya amalonda ndi ofufuza amene anasamuka mu mtima wa Siberia pofunafuna nthaka yachonde.

Pafupifupi chaka cha maziko a mzinda wa Irkutsk mu Office analengedwa ndi otchedwa mkate dipatimenti, amene ankachita nawo kutenga nkhani yobweretsa, chiphaso, yobereka, yosungirako ndi kugulitsa tirigu, rye ndi Mapila. Kuti tichite zimenezi, ngakhale mwapadera kukodzedwa ndodo, imene m'gulu abwanamkubwa, atsogoleri, alembi Podyachev, akapitawo, ndi zina zotero. D. Dziwani kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chawonjezeka kwambiri pambuyo Tsar Peter ndinayamba ukapolo pano oponya mivi amene anagalukira nawo ndi mfumu . Choncho, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII Irkutsk munali anthu oposa 3400, ndipo miyezo ya nthawi imeneyo anali munthu wodziwika kwambiri mzinda Siberia.

pofuna

Pofika cha m'ma XVIII, apa panabwera wotchuka Moscow khwalala. Ndipo pambuyo pa zaka 100 maziko a Irkutsk anali pano zitsulo chaka kuchita chachikulu chilungamo. zinthu izi anathandiza kwambiri chitukuko mofulumira malonda ndipo mumzindawo, pamene iwo anayamba kumanga mafakitale ambiri, moŵa ndi mphero.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, anaonekera mu Irkutsk ndi makhalidwe ake pabwalo ndi masitolo ndi makola. malonda ntchito yomanga anayamba kupanga ndi Giacomo Quarenghi - wotchuka wa ku Italy wamanga wa atumwi XVIII. Pa gawo la Gostiny Dvor sanali masitolo osachepera mazana awiri, koma mwatsoka iye sanakhale ndi moyo. Kuti anapulumuka chirengedwe china wa mfiti za - White House ndi ataima pa gombe la Angara. Linamangidwa ndi ndalama zoperekedwa ndi wamalonda Sibiryakov. Patapita kanthawi, nyumbayi anakhala okhala Kazembe-General. Tsopano pali mmodzi wa depositories yaikulu ya dziko - Scientific Library ya Irkutsk State University. Amakhala ndi mabuku chisanadze chosintha nyengo. Zikuphatikizapo Decembrists ndi laibulale munthu, komanso ambiri periodicals kuti anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XIX.

Development wa Timatheriyali ndi zikamera wa makampani

Irkutsk maziko (chithunzi cha mmene iye anayang'ana mu masiku amenewo, ali alembedwera review), ndipo kenako zikutanthauza udindo wa mzinda anakopeka otaya kwambiri anthu ochokera ku mtsinje wa Angara. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti chitukuko mofulumira m'mayiko amenewa ndi zikamera lokhudza makampani. akalipentala Local kumanga pano raft - yaing'ono matabwa lathyathyathya-bottomed chotengera ndi sitimayo ndi mlongoti, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri za mitsinje ikuluikulu Russian ndi ntchito makamaka kwa mayendedwe a cargoes zosiyanasiyana, masekeli kuchokera tonnes 7 200.

Amalonda ndi apaulendo chabe, izo zimachitika mu Irkutsk, ngati wina ananena kuti mzinda wotchuka opanga wake nduna, anapangidwa mipando wokongola. Dziwani kuti mankhwala awo ali mu ankafuna ngakhale Petersburg. Nkhani kupanga awo anali mtundu wapadera mitengo kukula kokha mu nayonso Siberia. Komanso, mzinda anali amisiri wabwino, amene ntchito adakonzeka ndi zoikamo wolemera siliva. Back mu Irkutsk anachita zidzasintha ngolo wolemera, komanso ochiritsira kuwala droshky, makamaka ndinazolowera misewu ya ku Siberia.

Town unakula mofulumira. Kumangira nyumba yatsopano mwala anafunika njerwa, ndipo posakhalitsa yaing'ono mbewu njerwa inamangidwa pano. Chikhazikitsireni maziko a Irkutsk, tsiku limene liri nkhani kutsutsana pakati pa asayansi, inachitika pa mphambano ya njira malonda kwambiri, n'zosadabwitsa kuti pali zambiri anali kuperekedwa osati Mongolia ndi China, komanso ku Central Asia ndipo ngakhale Europe. Patapita nthawi, mzindawo unakhala pakati lalikulu la dziko ndi tovaroraspredelitelny wokongola chidwi kupeza ndalama, kwakukulukulu kudzaza chuma cha boma.

Choncho, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti maziko a mzinda wa Irkutsk anali kukula mofulumira malonda, ntchito zamanja ndi mafakitale, zomwe kunathandiza zabwino osati pa chuma cha kum'mawa Siberia, koma boma onse Russian. Komanso, pali zambiri misonkhano yosiyanasiyana zamtendere kukambirana asapita yofunika amgwirizano.

maonekedwe a

M'munsi mwa Irkutsk (ife mwachidule analankhula za pamwamba) zinali moona kwambiri ndi boma la Russia. Monga chuma yosintha mzinda. mipingo iwiri adamangidwa - ndi Mpulumutsi Woyera Cross, sipangakhalenso anamusilira ngakhale lero. Iwo ali imodzi mwa nyumba yakale mwala kum'mawa Siberia. Komanso pali zinamangidwa chachikulu kupambana Chipilala.

Mwatsoka, ambiri mwa nyumba zomangidwa mu chaka cha maziko a mzinda wa Irkutsk, nawonongeka ndi yoopsa moto zosiyanasiyana zonse otani zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. The oyamba anatentha linga anamanga ndi matabwa mpingo Spassky. Linadzamangidwanso, koma mwala. Iwo mukuwuona moto kwambiri zowononga zimene kunabuka 1679, pamene moto anawononga oposa 3 zikwi. Matabwa ndi pafupifupi 100 nyumba za miyala. Ndiye izo anatentha pafupifupi buku lonse mumzindawu. 10 zokha pambuyo pa tsokalo pano misewu anali timawerenga kuti udzakhazikitsidwanso. Komanso, anthu a Irkutsk ndipo amadwala zivomezi, mzinda ili mu zone seismically yogwira.

Maulendo sayansi

Tinganene kuti pafupifupi chaka choyamba cha Irkutsk ofufuza maziko ndi chidwi kwambiri mu malo awa. Makamaka zambiri Maulendo sayansi anadzazidwa m'zaka za m'ma XVIII, kuyambira ndi ufumu wa Peter Ine ndi ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi Catherine II. Chinthu kuphunzira si ndi nyanja ya Baikal ndi wolemera Siberia dera, koma East wonse. Cholinga chachikulu cha Maulendo awa anali kuti pakhale wa boma Russian ku Pacific Ocean.

Boma ndalama zolipirira ankapita ku Mongolia, Yakutia, China, ndi kukonzekera iwo anali mu Irkutsk. Ndi kuchokera pano, ndi kulamulira ndi chitukuko cha kugombe Amur. Apa, ofesi wotchuka wa Chirasha American Company, imene XIX atumwi chinkhoswe osati malonda, komanso chitukuko cha m'mayiko ena, ku Alaska, kutsiriza ndi zilumba Japanese. Njira ya kazembe wa dziko loyamba, anapita ku Beijing, komanso inkadutsa Irkutsk. Apa tinali ndi malonda waukulu wopita zikubweretsa China ndi Mongolia. Pafupifupi onse malonda yogulitsa m'dziko East Siberia anali m'manja mwa amalonda m'deralo.

Iwo Irkutsk kukonzekera woyamba maulendo awiri kutsogozedwa ndi Vitus Bering. Iye anawonjezera kuti kutchuka kwa mzinda ndi chakuti iwo unapangidwa bungwe m'munsi ntchito yobweretsa kukwera zida ndi chakudya. Komanso, yomanga zombo mbali m'madzi a ulendo wa anapatsidwa m'misili, shipbuilders.

Place pakuyenerera

M'zaka za m'ma XIX kum'mawa Siberia anakhala malo kutumikira chiganizo nzika wosadalirika ndale za ufumu wa Russia. Choncho, mu nthawi izi Irkutsk awiri anthu zakwawoko , panali wina anali ku ukapolo. Mu mzinda panthawi zosiyanasiyana moyo Decembrists, zigawenga Polish ndipo anthu. Aliyense wa iwo mu njira ina mukopedwe tsoka m'derali. Zimenezi ndi zoona makamaka kwa Decembrists, amene anatsegula pano monga sukulu anyamata ndi atsikana, potero outperforming mbali Loona za dziko.

Irkutsk mwayi ndi chakuti akuluakulu anatha kukhala mabanja awiri - Trubetskoy ndi Volkonsky. nyumba zawo anakhala kwenikweni mtima ndipo likulu la chikhalidwe chawo cha mzinda. Kuti tikafike kumeneko, onse adafunafuna Irkutsk wachinyamata, ngati pali zambiri bungwe zisudzo ndi nyimbo, amene anapezeka onse St. Petersburg ndi kuyendera French ndi Chitaliyana oimba ndi oimba.

Development wa Science ndi Makampani

Kuyambira cha m'ma XIX mzindawo unakhala likulu la makampani golide migodi. Kulikonse mu Irkutsk anayamba amapita likulu la opanga chachikulu, amalonda ndi ngakhale makampani akunja. Iwo zimayesetsa chitukuko cha m'dera golide migodi. Chifukwa, iwo kwambiri kuchuluka likulu lawo ndi kukhala olemera anthu osati Siberia, koma lonse la Russia. udindo wawo chitukuko mzindawo sitingalephere kukambapo. Iwo ankachita yomanga onse malo awo ndi nyumba pagulu - amasiye, zipatala ndi masukulu osiyanasiyana ophunzitsa. ndalama zambiri anali limapanga, ndi chitukuko cha sayansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu mzinda pali makina osindikizira komanso manyuzipepala choyamba.

Mu 1851 zinatipatsa woyamba kum'mawa Siberia bungwe lasayansi ku Irkutsk - Siberia nthambi ya Russian Society Geographical, amene pambuyo pake anadzatchedwa ndi East-Siberia. Mkati mwa makoma ake afufuza Baikal asayansi ambiri odziwika a Lena Mtsinje ndi nyanja, monga AL Chekanovsky, VI ndi I. D. Dybovsky Cherskiy. Apa ndi wotchuka wa malo, miyala ndi nthaka ndi wofufuza a m'mayiko Siberia V. A. Obruchev.

Mu chaka cha 1898, mu ulamuliro wa Mfumu Alexander III wa, m'tauni yonseyo kunapangitsa Trans-Siberia sitima. The sitima ija inafika ku Irkutsk pa August 16 ndi chochitika ndi chimwemwe chachikulu moni anthu, kotero mmene angakwanitsire Moscow tsopano angapezeke masiku 9 chabe. Kuika njanji chinathandiza kwambiri tima kukula kwa makampani m'dera lino.

Chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri

Pa nthawiyi, Irkutsk anakhala okongola kwambiri kwa mizinda yonse ya ku Siberia. Panali kale oposa mazana atatu a nyumba mwala, ndipo misewu ndi woyera, lonse komanso anayatsa. Zinali nthawi imeneyi anayamba ukasintha kusandulika mzinda - zinamangidwa nyumba zazikulu, cobble misewu mwala ndi pavements asphalted kwa nthawi yoyamba. Komanso, ntchito anayamba mphamvu ndi madzi.

Mu 1918 kum'mawa Siberia anatsegula bungwe loyamba maphunziro apamwamba - Irkutsk State University. Ndipo pa mapeto a May mu malo awa anabwera kwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni. City mwachidule anakhala okhala ndi Supreme wolamulira wa Russia - asilikali Kolchak, ndi kwa December 28, apa chiyambi kumenyana mosalekeza. January 5, 1920 Irkutsk anali kulamulidwa ndi Bolsheviks. Nagubuduza ulamuliro wa Kolchak ndi asilikali anaphedwa. thupi lake anaponyedwa mtsinje Ushakovka. chochitika akufanana ntanda, anakhala pa malo a zochitika. Komabe, pamene ambiri a anawomberedwa, pa chizindikiro cha obisika, ndi chipilala ndi anamangidwira mu November 2004.

Nkhondo ndi unawonongedwa zaka

Pamene nkhondo ndi Nazi Germany, Irkutsk, ngakhale mtunda yaikulu pa mzere kutsogolo, anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri kulimbitsa chitetezo cha dziko. Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo, kumenyera Mama kutumiza oposa 200 zikwi. Irkutsk. Amene anakhalabe mu mzinda, ntchito amafuna popanga ndege komanso zipolopolo, komanso kupereka kutsogolo chakudya.

Nkhondo itatha, Irkutsk kutukuka kwambiri, pang'onopang'ono natenga maonekedwe a mzinda mafakitale. Mu 1958 ife anamaliza kumanga woyamba kum'mawa Siberia, lalikulu opangira magetsi mphamvu siteshoni. Pambuyo osefukira a mlingo posungira wa Angara Mtsinje ananyamuka ndi zaka 30, ndipo Nyanja Baikal - 1 mita.

modernity

Irkutsk mzinda wa ophunzira. Pali oposa 40 mayunivesite, zimene zimaphunzitsa mazana a madotolo ndi zikwi ofuna mu zoposa 250 ukatswiri. Apa panadza ntchito osati kuchokera Irkutsk, komanso ochokera m'madera pafupi. M'deralo sayansi zovuta ndi imodzi mwa nyumba zikuluzikulu kwambiri la Russia.

Modern Irkutsk - ndiko kuchimake chuma kum'mawa Siberia. Pali oposa 70 mabizinezi mafakitale. Chabwino anayamba kumanga makina, ulimi wa mankhwala konkire, zomangamanga, etc. Ndi wolemera kwambiri mu zachilengedwe, mafakitale ndi mphamvu, komanso mwayi kugula m'tawuni oyang'anira tauni katundu ndi yaitali pangano la dziko - .. zinthu zonsezi analenga malo abwino kwambiri kukopa ndalama.

M'mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi sayansi miyambo anapanga m'zaka zingapo Irkutsk, omasukirana wake wapanga mzinda malo ofunika kwambiri ndi wokongola mu Russia, komanso pakati, zimene zinabweretsa pamodzi m'gawo lalikulu Angara dera.