Chaka maziko a Rostov Wamkulu, kutchula koyamba m'mbiri ya zaka 862

Rostov Wamkulu - pa Russian mzinda wamkulu. Ofukula m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Nero apeza umboni wa midzi akale nthawi Neolithic. N'chifukwa chake chaka chenicheni maziko a Rostov Wamkulu sangakhale adzakhazikika. zikwi zingapo zapitazo anthu oyambirira anakhala kumeneko. Mwachibadwa, anali achikunja onse, akachisi awo ambiri kulankhula za izo. Chaka kutchula koyamba za mzinda wa Rostov adzateteza osati kutali. "Nthano ya makedzana Zaka" akusonyeza 862-TH, ndipo mu 991 anadza kwa anthu a Rostov Orthodox.

pakati Mkhristu mu kumpoto cha Russia

Kuyambira pano m'mizinda yapafupi ndi midzi kufalitsa mwamsanga Christianity, ngakhale kuti chikunja anakaniza zaluso, nthawi yayitali. Ngakhale zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu mu Rostov malo olambira latsopano chipembedzo anafa. Kotero, iye anaphedwa ndi anthu achikunja Bishop Leonty mu 1071. Kuwonjezera achipembedzo, Rostov Wamkulu, amene anthu kwa zaka zambiri kumbuyo Russia kuchokera mkati kuwukira mdani kum'mawa, ndi kumpoto, iye anali pakati chuma ndi ndale za ukulu wa Kiev. Apa panali Rostov olamulira - ana a akalonga Kievan.

A Chaka Great Rostov maziko sakudziwika kwa ife, koma achiyesa imachitika kwa woyamba kutchulidwa "nthano ya makedzana Zaka". Ndipo pa tsiku la mzinda umene 2012, phwando la chikumbutso 1150th la ngale ya "Golden mphete". Anakumbukira akalonga otchuka omwe anawonjezera ulemerero wa mzindawo. Ana a St. Vladimir - Baptist wa Yairo, muyezo womwewo pano. Izi laulemerero Yaroslav Mudry, kenako anapha Svyatopolk watsoka, ndi Prince Boris, amene, pamodzi ndi mbale wake Gleb, Murom kalonga, anakhala Oyera choyamba. mzinda wa Rostov Wamkulu wa anthu ambiri otchuka anaona pa moyo wake - ndi ankhondo kwambiri ndi zigawenga kwambiri.

Ndi Yaroslava Mudrogo kwa Andreya Bogolyubskogo

Mwana Yaroslav Vsevolod, Prince wa Kiev, Rostov anapereka dzikolo kwa mwana wake - Vladimir Monomakh. Ndiye malamulo pano Yuri Dolgoruky, ku mzinda wa Rostov Veliky wadutsa mu munda wa wotchuka chifukwa moyo wake wolungama Prince Andreyu Bogolyubskomu. Onse zikanakhala zabwino, koma osati moyo pano kalonga. Ngakhale kuti chaka cha maziko lalikulu la Rostov anali kale kwambiri, Andrew anasamukira likulu ku Rostov kwa Vladimir. Anthu a mumzinda akhumudwa koopsa: bwanji kupanga ofanana Kiev Rostov, osati Vladimir? Makamaka kale pa Yuri Dolgoruky anayamba kuitana mu Rostov Wamkulu. Ndipo ndi anthu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana European ndi zabwino - kulembamo onse ali odzaza ndi achipongwe.

olemekezeka kukwiya ndi zolinga zoipa. Intertwining padziko Andreya Bogolyubskogo zoipa ndi wamagazi chiwembu. Zikuoneka kuti kunali kosatheka kutero. Posachedwapa, mzinda watsopano wa Rostov ndi Novgorod kuchepa mnzawo kwambiri. Lero, mudzi wakale otsika mu mawu a anthu ndi malo, ndi kukhala watsopano - kuti Nizhny Novgorod ndi Rostov pa-Don. Mwina Ambuye chilango. Komabe, pa nthawi nkhani ya Rostov Wamkulu anali zabwino ndi mutu wake, anavala kuposa choyenerera. Inali pa nthawi imeneyo mumzinda waukulu Russian, yomwe ili m'dera maekala mazana awiri.

m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu

A Chaka Great Rostov m'munsi anali utsalira kuti mwa mawu a anthu ndi dera, iye wakula kwambiri kuti anali yokha Kiev ndi Novgorod. Pambuyo pa kupha mwankhanza Andreya Bogolyubskogo mu alendo 1174 anasankha anali wolamulira wawo kalonga Novgorod, koma Mstislav sanali kutenga mzinda waukulu pansi phiko lake.

Malamulo ena nthawi mbale Andrew Michael, n'kuyamba kulamulira Rostov, Vsevolod ndi Nest Big nakhala pa mpando wachifumu Kalonga mpaka 1212. Ndiyeno panali yaitali ndi wamagazi nkhondo pakati pa ana ake, ngakhale nkhondo yaing'ono chinachitika zimene Constantine anagonjetsedwa ndipo anasiya kulamulira Stolnyy Vladimir ndi Rostov anatenga Yuri anagonjetsa.

Ziphona ziwiri

Atamwalira Constantine ufumu Rostov anakhala mwana wake cornflowers. Onse a iwo - ndi Yuri, cornflowers - omenyana anali zabwino ndiponso kukonda kwambiri ndi anthu ake onse. Onse a iwo anafa tsiku limodzi March 1238 mu nkhondo ndi temnik Batu Burundai. Yuri mutu ndi cornflowers ndipo anatengedwa mkaidi, koma posakhalitsa. Iye anakana kutumikira Chitata ndipo anaphedwa.

olamulira amenewa anawonjezera kuti mndandanda wa Oyera mu Russian Land anasangalala. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti pa utsogoleri wawo m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, dziko kwenikweni maluwa: anamangidwira mchitidwe umenewu wa Rostov Wamkulu, chilango anali ikumangidwa. White mwala Cathedral wa Akukwera, amene adakali ndi wonyada wa mzinda, inatha ndendende kalonga cornflowers.

Alembi ndi Ankhondo

More wa Constantine, amene anali analemekeza dzina la anzeru chifukwa cha chikondi cha luso, ndi nzeru ya kuwerenga kwambiri, yomanga akachisi, inayamba mu Russia maphunziro onse. Mu 1204, zochokera Grigorievsky shutter - sukulu achipembedzo, woyamba mu Russia. Bishop Cyril ankalimbikitsa knigopisi: naye zizindikiro khumi zikopa unapangidwa, umene tinali mwayi mokwanila kuona. Chronicle wa zaka 862 anali ayi yekha, kutanthauza mzinda wa Rostov.

Koma Tartars anapitiriza kuukira awo. Nthawi zambiri Rostov asilikali anawonongeka mu nkhondo pafupifupi mwathunthu. City sukanakhoza mu Zikatero, kukana ankhondowo, koma chifukwa si kawirikawiri anatentha ndipo atengedwa. Komabe, ngakhale mu nthawi kowopsya wa Chitata Mongol goli mzinda yomanga anapitiriza mbiri adadzazidwa. Komabe, anthu a Rostov konse kwathunthu kumvera aliyense. Mobwerezabwereza anachitika anthu kutsutsana ndi ulamuliro wa Chitata. Tsiku lina mu 1320, Ivan Kalita, Kalonga wa Moscow, kuponderezedwa mwankhanza mmodzi wa iwo. Boyars anali lenilenili. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndiponso makolo a St. Sergio tinakakamizika kusamukira ku tawuni kwawo ku mudzi wa Radonezh.

ndewu Civil ndi nkhondo

zaka ziwiri mu mzere - lakhumi ndi cisanu - anapitiriza kugawikana kwa Rostov ukulu, pachifukwa ichi, tanthauzo zandale mumzinda waukulu anagwa kunadetsa. Mu 1328-m, ngakhale mumzindawo unagawidwa pawiri, pakati Prince Constantine adzukulu. Candlemas wa yomweyo Kumvetsela ku Moscow, ndi Boris ndi anagulidwa mwa Moscow kudzera zopitirira zana ndi Ivan III. Nkhondo ya Kulikovo analimbikitsa anthu onse Russian. Ine sindikufuna kukhala pa akungoonerera ndi likulu la Rostov Wamkulu.

Rostov kumuwombera anaima pansi pa mbendera ya wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy. Nkhondoyi nawo ndipo anafa alimba mtima awiri Rostov Mfumukazi - Darya Rostovskaya ndi Antonina Puzhbolskaya. Iwo m'manda mu Rostov za bwalo Prince, kumene mphwake wa Sergiya Radonezhskogo kenako Bishop Theodore, anakhazikitsa agulupa ya Khirisimasi. Kufotokozera za Rostov Wamkulu wa zaka limanena kuti zabwino malo Hrs utatsalirabe mzinda pakati pa zamalonda - kuchokera apa msewu anapita ku White Nyanja, ndipo m'zaka za zana chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, England yatsegula malonda ofesi ku Rostov.

Ndale kuti Orthodoxy

Koma ku moyo ndale cha Rostov kunadetsa osadziwa. Komabe shirilos anakula kukopa kwake mu moyo Mpingo wa dziko. M'nthawi ya cinai, mabishopu anayamba kuitana mabishopu, ndi mu 1589 archdiocese ndi unakhazikitsidwa pano. Nthawi ya Mavuto wabweretsa chachikulu mavuto mzinda. anakulirakulirabe kumanganso ndi mpanda wolimba zadothi mipikisanoyo likulu la Rostov Veliky ntchitoyo kutali kumapeto, ndipo mzindawo unali mosadziteteza.

Mu Rostov nkhondo ndi Zitsulo iwo abwere, ndipo wakhala mwayi wosiyana kwambiri ndi kupambana pafupifupi wofanana ndi ziro. The zokometsera kwa mzinda, anavulazidwa ndi anthu wamba, opulumuka anabisala mu Mfundo Cathedral. Adani atabwera kukakamiza Metropolitan Filaret (Romanov, bambo a mfumu tsogolo la Mikhail Fedorovich). Koma mdani anali atathawira kuphedwa, yosalekerera aliyense. Iwo adaononga kachisi yokha, ndipo mzinda wonsewo, mzinda analanda ku wonyenga Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry - Tushino wakuba. Komabe, occupier Filaret ankakondedwa ndi iye anadandaula za mutu wa mabishopu.

pamene Romanovs

Pamene Zitsulo Lithuanians chitakonzedwa kunyumba, Rostov pang'onopang'ono anayamba achire, ndipo chinthu choyamba anapitiriza kumanga malinga. Earthworks, amene anali atazungulira mzinda kumbali zonse, ndi nyenyezi ndi kunyezimira naini. Ambiri a nyumba tikukonza anali anagwetsa, ngakhale mipingo. Komabe, wozunzidwayo kunapezeka pachabe - pa Rostov analibe kudziteteza kwa adani. A mpanda wolimba wa chikoka chachikulu pa pofuna kukwaniritsa mzinda, kumene kunachitika zaka ziwiri mu mzere - chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

Kutchula koyamba za mzinda wa Rostov Velikiy ubwenzi kwa zaka chikwi, ndi nthawi kuti wasiya ufulu wa pakati wake wakale utsogoleri. Komabe, mu Rostov backwoods Sanapatuke. Iwo wasinthira Russia lakale matauni dipatimenti, ntchito III wa Yona, Metropolitan la Rostov, kuchokera 1652 mpaka 1690, kusintha kwa mabishopu, Nikon ndi magawano ya Tchalitchi cha Orthodox. Yona mdalitso wa Nikon, choncho adagwa manyazi ndi mfumu Alexei Mikhailovich. Pa nthawi imeneyo iye anakwezedwa ndi Rostov Kremlin, nsanja zonse za Metropolitan Court, anakongoletsa akachisi ambiri. Koma koposa zonse n'ngodziwika chifukwa cha wotchuka Rostov Yona Kuitana: Lil belu zikumveka kuti anthu anadabwa Orthodox.

woyera Demetrius

Wina wotchuka mpingo chithunzi cha Rostov Wamkulu Dimitriy Rostovsky, canonized, anali Metropolitan wa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha, koma anakwanitsa kulowa mbiri ya boma pa nkhani zofunika kwambiri. Kufufuza kuya yatsala m'mabuku ake auzimu kuti zasungidwa ambiri. Waukulu ntchito chipembedzo wake "Miyoyo ya Oyera" - moyo wa Orthodox oyera Russian. Mu 1757, St. Demetrius canonized. zotsalira angakhale kulambira Woyera ansembe yotchedwa Yakovlevsky Rostov Wamkulu.

udindo wa mzinda zasintha pakali pano. Pamene ufulu anali anasiya monga likulu, Rostov linagamula oweruza, amene adatumizidwa kuno ku Moscow. Mu 1692 mzindawu anatumizidwa m'chigawo Yaroslavl, ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu anapereka m'chigawo Pereslavl. Mu 1777-mamita Rostov Wamkulu anapatsidwa udindo wa chigawo mzinda wa Yaroslavl kazembe, ndipo zaka khumi kenako anadula ndi madipatimenti mzinda, chifukwa anagwidwa Yaroslavl. Ndipo lero amakhala wokondeka yosavuta Rostov dera likulu la dera Yaroslavl.

zowoneka

Tsopano ndi mzinda wina wa anthu a anthu oposa zikwi makumi anai. Momwe iye ali onse ofanana - mzinda-owonetsera zakale ndi ngale ya Golden mphete m'matawuni Russian. Mu malo oyamba alendo mukufuna kufufuza? Inde, Rostov Kremlin, Metropolitan pabwalo - kukopa waukulu mumzinda uno. onse okhala m'dziko aona filimu za Ivan, amene amasintha ntchito. Choncho, palibe munthu amene sanaone Rostov Kremlin ku kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa kuwombera chinachitika. Pamene mzinda unataya m'madipatimenti mzinda, boma la Russia anayamba kutha, ndipo anthu a Rostov Wamkulu m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, wobwezeretsedwa nyumba onse akhala anakongoletsa ndipo anabwezeretsedwa. Mu 1883, mpingo inatsegulidwa Museum wa Antiquities mu boma la Russia.

Wamkulu nyumba ndi amodzi mwa malo okongola kwambiri - ndi Mfundo Cathedral mu Cathedral Square. Izo mwangwiro anasunga lero zaka 991. Kumene, linadzamangidwanso kangapo, ndipo Andrew Bogolyubsky, ndi Constantine Wanzeru, ndi mkulu wa Basil. Nyumba pano anamangidwira mu 1508. Izi ndi kachisi waukulu mumzinda, manda a akalonga a Rostov ndi mabishopu ake onse. Apa ife anagona ndi cornflowers kalonga ndi akumatauni Yona.

Kremlin

Nsanja ndi makoma a boma la Russia, nawonso, anaponyedwa zambiri mtsogolo, kutchula koyamba mu mbiri ya. Zinali za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, pamene mzinda ankachita nawo Metropolitan Yona. Wotchuka Rostov belfry anali kumanga. Belu waukulu zimalemera matani makumi awiri! mawu osiyana oyenera mchitidwe umenewu wa Rostov Wamkulu. Choyamba, ndi Mpulumutsi Yakovlevsky Dimitriev obisika ndipo, ndithudi, osati chosafunikira wotchuka agulupa ya Abrahamu. Woyamba anali opatulidwira ku 1386 kuti Mpingo wa CHAKUBADWA wa St. Anne. Mu Nthawi ya Mavuto obisika lawonongeka kutsukidwa, ndi kubwezeretsedwa iye, Metropolitan Yona.

Kale mu TH 1780 unali utazunguliridwa ndi makoma mwala ndi kachisi Dimitrievsky inamangidwa pa zoperekazo Sheremetiev. alendo Izi obisika kuwona kale pa khomo Rostov ku Moscow. Chachiwiri - Epiphany Avraamiev monastyr- wamkulu kukopeka, amene ali ndi maganizo amanyadira osati kukula, komanso lonse la North-East Russia. Idamangidwa pa zana la chisanu ndi chinayi ndi M'busa Abraham, amene anagonjetsa Veles achikunja ntchito ndodo opangidwa kuchokera Russian mpingo wa Ioanna Bogoslova. ndodo iyi adatenga Ivan Grozny ntchitoyi ndi Kazan ndipo anapambana. Polemekeza chochitika m'gawo la obisika unamangidwapo Cathedral wa Epiphany mu 1555.

Rostov Wamkulu Odula a Zida

Patsogolo m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, chizindikiro cha Rostov anali mbalame Tingaone pa Great Chisindikizo Ivana Groznogo za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi. Mfumu anali m'mayiko twente-foro kusindikiza ndi mizinda ya ku Russia, lomwe zinakambidwa ndi Rostov. Iwo anali mphungu, mutu anatembenukira kwa kumanja.

Chizindikiro ndi chizindikiro cha Rostov chiyambi cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri anali mbawala mu chervlonnom kumunda. Nswala ( "Jelenia") nsalu pa pokrovtse mwayekha Mikhail Fedorovich, anali golide manyenje kapena kolala ndi ziboda golide ndi nyanga. Kufikira tsopano, chithunzi ichi ndi chizindikiro cha mzinda wa Rostov Wamkulu.