Chernososhnye wamba - anthu panokha ufulu

Mbiri ya dziko lathu pofuna, ina, ndiyo njira ya chitukuko komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndale ndi zinthu za kulimbana pakati pa magulu ena amene anali mu udindo waukulu, ndi zina - mu zosiyana kwathunthu. Chotero Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ndi amphawi ankachitira chernososhnye possessory ndi Russia, ndiyeno Russian Ufumu.

Russian mokoma ndondomeko mbiri

Pofuna kuona wamba funso, m'pofunika kumvetsa mmene anali ndondomeko feudalism ndi likulu m'dziko lathu. Mosiyana ndi ku Ulaya, zochitika zofunika mu Russia chinachitika ndi ena amazengereza. Panali zifukwa zingapo cholinga, zofunika kwambiri, anali nkhondo ya Chitata. Ngati mukuziyenereza njira zofanana feudalization Russia ndi Europe doordynskogo nthawi, tinganene za mmene kwambiri kufanana awo. Koma njira zina kwathunthu kusagwirizana: ngati West serfdom anali kufa pa atumwi khumi ndi chitatu-chinayi, kuti mu Russia izo wayamba chimalimbitsa. Izi makamaka noticeable kutha kwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chinayi. Zinali pambuyo kumasulidwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kudalira chiguluchi ambuye itakula chilakolako zomangira wamba kuti minda yawo. Kwa zaka izi, ndondomeko imeneyi kokha kukhala chofala kwambiri.

Chiyambi zosiyanasiyana

Lochitira ali anatuluka mu boma lakale, pamene pali anagulidwa, ryadovichi. Iwo anali anthu ngakhale panokha free, koma anali chuma yozungulira. Wolemera ndi wolemekezeka Russia wakale anafuna kuwasandutsa amadalira kotheratu, koma kunapezeka kuti ndi osiyana la bwino. Komabe, ngati pali gulu lapadera la pafupifupi disenfranchised anthu akapolo. Koma kuitana mnjira ukapolo pamene sikutheka - ichi ndi chiyambi cha moyo wake, amene anali kale anaphimbidwa nkhondo Mongol yekha. Komabe, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro ang'onoang'ono a kalasi wamba sanali kwathunthu anasiya, monga mochedwa izo. Mu XII-XIV kwa osawuka ndi uko komwe Tsiku St. George, amene anawalola kusintha mwini kamodzi pachaka, kumulipira malipiro (achikulire). Boma Grand Duke, ndi mfumu sanakhale kucheza ndi ndondomeko imeneyi. Pa dzanja limodzi, iwo kuteteza zofuna za dziko la ambuye ang'onoang'ono, ndi pa zina - kukuza wambiri dziko lawo. Wamba amene amakhala kumeneko ndi kukhazikika kumeneko, ndipo anali chernososhnye wamba.

Legalization wa m'mphawi kudalira

Izi kusintha ambuye anayang'ana ndi kusakondwa lalikulu, ngati mobwerezabwereza ananena mphamvu. mphamvu Supreme ankaona chithandizo zikuluzikulu wosanjikiza lalikulu, sing'anga ndi yaing'ono otchuka, kotero anakakamizika kuwerengera ndi kusakhutira anthu. Chernososhnye alimi amakonda ndi ntchito m'munsi ndipo akhala chikugwirizana misonkho okha ndi ntchito pang'ono mokomera boma, choncho ndi bwino chilakolako cha padera alimi kusintha mthupi mwawo. Mwalamulo yakuti kusamutsa wamba Sudebnik unakhazikitsidwa mu 1497. Zochitika wotsatira, makamaka kuwonjezera Boyar otchuka ndi chitsutso, zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa latsopano Sudebnik 1550 Nkhani za kuwonjezeka kwa okalamba. Ngakhale ambiri Tsiku St. George anali kusungidwa, koma malipiro kulanda chawonjezeka kwambiri, amene anali Mabanja ambiri a alimi ndi yambiri. Motero, akuluakulu a boma ankaganiza kuti pangapezeke kukondera njira, kupereka zigawo ang'onoang'ono, koma osati kwathunthu kunyalanyaza zofuna za Amaya.

"Tengani, Agogo aakazi, ndi Tsiku St. George!"

Anthu akumidzi a North European ndi Siberia - lili ku mapeto a chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi ndi kumayambiriro chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri wamba m'ma chernososhnye. The tanthauzo la mawu amenewa akhoza mwachidule motere: osawuka amene amadalira boma, koma panokha free, tikukhala mu ulamuliro wa wolamulirayo. dzina lawo zina - ndi boma wamba. nthawi iyi dziko linali likulu la dziko lonse. Iwo analimbikitsa Politika Ivana IV. Livonia nkhondo, namtsata ndiye oprichnina zinachititsa kuti tilankhule mzinda wa chapakati ndi kum'mwera m'madera a mbali Loona za dziko. Choncho, mu 1581 panali lamulo "Pa zaka Otetezedwa", chomwe chinkatanthauza loletsa zosakhalitsa pa kulanda wamba kwa eni ena. Ngakhale akuluakulu mwapereka kwa muyeso kanthawi Komabe, ndiye tinganene wamba zinali kenanso.

Nthawi ya serfdom

mfundo Komanso yekha kukuwonjezera, mu 1597 inaika lamulo "Pa zaka nthawi malire" M'gululi kazitape wamba wothawa kubwerera iwo eni muzaka zisanu ndi nthawi ino yokha anakula pa nthawi. Mu 1649 anaganiza Conciliar The Code, watsopano malamulo a boma, amene bwino yoletsedwa kusintha mwini nthawi kazitape wamba wothawa anakhala kalekale. deti limeneli ankaona kuti yomwe akutchulidwa komaliza kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa anthu wamba wa ambuye ang'onoang'ono mu Russia anakhazikitsa serfdom, koma osati onse wamba anakhala eni payekha. Chiwerengero cha mayunitsi kumidzi, zimene zinathandiza pa nthawi imene Code mu dziko, m'manja mwa banja lachifumu, sanali serfs, pamene otsala mfulu - ndicho amene chernososhnye wamba. Koma liwu lokha zichokela dzina la msonkho - wakuda khasu.