Chidanishi sayansi Bor Nils: yonena, kutsegula

Niels Bohr - Chidanishi wasayansi chithunzi anthu, m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa a sayansi maonekedwe. Iye anali woyambitsa ndi mkulu wa Institute Copenhagen kwa Physics ongolankhula, mlengi wa sukulu sayansi dziko, komanso membala yachilendo ya Academy of Sciences wa USSR. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mbiri ya moyo wa Niels Bohr ndi zina zomwe chachikulu.

mtengo

Chidanishi sayansi Bor Nils maziko a chiphunzitso cha maatomu, ozikidwa pa chitsanzo mapulaneti wa maatomu, wogoneka kwadzidzidzi ndi panokha anapereka postulates awo. Komanso, Bohr anakumbukira ntchito zofunika pa chiphunzitso nyukiliya zochita nyukiliya ndi zitsulo. Iye anali mmodzi wa ndiAmene wa kwadzidzidzi zimango. Komanso zochitika m'munda wa sayansi, Bohr analemba angapo ntchito nzeru ndi sayansi achilengedwe. Scientist mwachangu nkhondo ndi zida zoopsa. Mu 1922 iye anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize.

ubwana

Tsogolo wasayansi Niels Bohr anabadwa mu Copenhagen pa October 7, 1885. Bambo ake anali pulofesa Mkhristu ya Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ku yunivesite, ndi mayi wake Ellen kubanja olemera Ayuda. Niels anali mng'ono Harald. Makolo ayesa kupanga ana ubwana osangalala ndi sated. The kulimbikitsa wa banja, makamaka mayi, anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa makhalidwe awo auzimu.

mapangidwe

maphunziro chachikulu chinali mu Bor Gammelholmskoy sukulu. Mu sukulu, ankakonda mpira, ndipo kenako - kutsetsereka ndi boti. Mu zaka makumi awiri ndi zitatu, Bohr anakhala maphunziro a University of Copenhagen, kumene iye ankaona ngati sayansi modabwitsa amphatso ndi kafukufuku. Mapolojekiti wake nkhani yolembedwa pa tanthauzo la mavuto pamwamba pa madzi ndi ndege za Phokoso madzi, Niels anali kupereka ndi n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi pa Royal Chidanishi Academy of Sciences. Ophunzira, ndi aspiring sayansi Bor Nils ntchito pa yunivesite. Pali anagwira angapo kafukufuku zofunika. Mmodzi wa iwo anali odzipereka kwa chakale elekitironi chiphunzitso zitsulo anapanga maziko zolemba pamaphunziro ake digirii Bora.

maganizo lateral

Tsiku lina pulezidenti wa Royal Academy, Ernest Rutherford, anapempha thandizo kwa mnzake ku University of Copenhagen. Last ankafuna kuika wophunzira ake mlingo wotsikitsitsa, pamene iye anamverera lidziwe kuwunika "wolemekezeka". Onse atagwirizana ophunzira anavomera kudalira maganizo a gulu lachitatu, palibe arbitrator amene anakhala Rutherford. Malinga ndi mafunso mayeso, kuti mphunziyu adali kufotokoza momwe ntchito barometer mukhoza kudziwa kutalika kwa nyumbayi.

wophunzirayo anayankha kuti ayenera zomangira za barometer ndi chingwe yaitali kukwera naye denga la nyumba, kuchepetsa pansi ndi m'litali a chingwe makedzana pansi. Pa dzanja limodzi, yankho lake linali zolondola mwamtheradi ndi lathunthu, koma pa zina - analibe kuchita ndi sayansi. Ndiye Rutherford adafotokoza kuti wophunzirayo kamodzinso yesani kuyankha. Iye anamupatsa iye mphindi zisanu, ndi anachenjeza kuti ayankhe ayenera Mwachitsanzo kumvetsa malamulo thupi. mphindi zisanu kenako, anamva kuchokera wophunzira kuti amasankha bwino njira zingapo, Rutherford anamufunsa kuyankha pasadakhale. Panthawi imeneyi amawerenga anapereka barometer padenga, mponyeni pansi kuyeza kugwa ndi ntchito chilinganizo wapadera kuzindikira msinkhu. yankho kukhuta mphunzitsi, koma kuti Rutherford sanathe kudzikana ndekha zosangalatsa kumvetsera kwa ena Baibulo wophunzira.

njira zotsatirazi zinali zochokera kuyeza okwera ndi barometer kutalika kwa nyumba mthunzi mthunzi, kenako njira mchimake. Ndi njira ngati Rutherford, ndipo mosangalala, anapempha mwana wa sukulu kuyatsa njira otsala. Ndiye wophunzira adamuonetsa njira yophweka. zofunika monga kuyika barometer pa khoma la nyumba ndipo zachidule, kenako awerenge chiwerengero cha zizindikiro, ndi kuchulukitsa iwo ndi kutalika kwa barometer wa. Ophunzira kuti zimenezi ndi zoonekeratu yankho motsimikiza Sitiyenera kuiŵala.

Pofuna m'nkhani maso asayansi prankster wophunzira ndipo anapereka njira kwambiri zovuta kuzimvetsa. Zingwe za barometer kuti zingwe - anandiuza - muyenera kuligwedeza ilo kuchoka m'munsi mwa nyumba ndipo pa denga ake, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yokoka mazira. Kuyambira kusiyana deta analandira n'zotheka kudziwa kutalika, ngati n'koyenera. Komanso, anatenga pendulum pa chingwe chochokera kudenga, n'zotheka kudziwa kutalika kwa nthawi precession.

Pomaliza, ophunzira anafunsidwa kupeza manenjala wa nyumbayi ndi kubwerera kwa barometer kwambiri kuti tipeze msinkhu wake. Rutherford anafunsa ngati wophunzirayo sankadziwa yankho ochiritsira vutoli. Iye sanabise kuti iye ankadziwa, koma ananena kuti watopa ndi aphunzitsi chimamangidwa maganizo awo M'zigawo ku sukulu ndi ku koleji, ndi kukana njira sanali muyezo. Monga inu mwina anaganiza, wophunzira uyu anali Niels Bohr.

Kusamukira ku England

Pokhala kuti anagwira ntchito pa yunivesite kwa zaka zitatu, Bohr anasamukira ku England. M'chaka choyamba anagwira Cambridge Joseph Thomson, kenako anasamukira ku Ernest Rutherford ku Manchester. zasayansi Rutherford pa nthawiyo anali ankamuona ngati lapadera kwambiri. Posachedwapa, panali nkhaniyi wafunsira atulukira chitsanzo mapulaneti wa maatomu. More ndendende, chitsanzo kukhalamo komabe mu Chiyambi chake.

The zatsopano pa ndime ya particles Alpha kupyolera zojambulazo analola Rutherford kuzindikira kuti ku likulu la atomu ndi yaing'ono mlandu phata, amene chimachititsa pafupifupi misa lonse la atomu ndi ma elekitironi ali mozungulira m'mapapo. Popeza atomu ndi electrically ndale, kuchuluka kwa milandu ya ma elekitironi ayenera kukhala wolingana ndi mlandu ngale gawo. Pamapeto pake mlandu nyukiliya angapo a mtengo elekitironi inali yaikulu mu phunziro ili, koma mpaka anakhalabe bwinobwino. Koma iwo anazindikira isotopes - zinthu zomwe chimodzimodzi katundu mankhwala koma atomiki misa osiyana.

The atomiki chiwerengero zinthu. lamulo kusamutsidwa

Ndikugwira ntchito choyezera ya Rutherford, Bohr anazindikira kuti katundu mankhwala zimadalira chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi mu atomu, yomwe mlandu wake, ndipo si ambirimbiri chifukwa chake kuli isotopes. Uwu unali kupambana zofunika choyamba Bohr a zasayansi izi. Popeza Alpha tinthu umachititsa helium phata ndi kuyang'anira +2 ndi Alpha kuwola (tinthu ali panamveka kuchokera pakati) "Mwana" amafotokozera mu tebulo zodziwitsa adzakhala adzaikidwa kumanzere kwa maselo awiri kusiyana ndi "kholo", ndi kuvunda beta (ma elekitironi panamveka a mtima) - lamanja ndi khungu limodzi. Choncho unakhazikitsidwa "lamulo la kusamutsidwa nyukiliya." Komanso sayansi Chidanishi anapanga angapo atulukira zofunika koposa, zimene nkhawa lachitsanzo kwambiri maatomu.

Rutherford-Bohr lachitsanzo

chitsanzo umenewu umatchedwanso mapulaneti chifukwa ma elekitironi zokhudza pachimake mu njira yomweyo mapulaneti dzuwa. pempheroli anali ndi mavuto. chakuti atomu zinali disastrously wosakhazikika, ndi kutaya mphamvu miliyoni zana a lachiwirilo. Koma zoona zake n'zakuti, izi sizinachitike. vuto A ankaoneka insoluble ndipo amafuna njira ukasintha latsopano. Apa ndipo anasonyeza Chidanishi sayansi Bor Nils.

Boron anena kuti, zosemphana ndi malamulo a electrodynamics ndi zimango, m'mipita mu ma atomu ikuyenda pa zomwe ma elekitironi musati limatulutsa. Kanjira ndi wolimba ngati nthawi ya elekitironi ili ndi wofanana ndi theka la Planck zonse. Cheza zikachitika, koma pa nthawi ya kusintha kwa elekitironi kuchokera kanjira wina ndi mzake. mphamvu zonse zomwe adzamasulidwa pamene adatengedwa ndi kwadzidzidzi cheza. fotoni koteroko mphamvu wofanana ndi mankhwala a pafupipafupi rotational ndi zonse Planck, kapena kusiyanitsa koyamba ndi womaliza elekitironi mphamvu. Choncho, Bohr Rutherford ophatikizana nthawi opaleshoni ndi lingaliro la quanta, umene akufuna ndi Max Planck mu 1900. Chotero mgwirizano zosiyana ndi zinthu zonse za chiphunzitso cha miyambo, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo, usapeputse kwathunthu. Elekitironi ankaona ngati mfundo chuma, chimene chimatichititsa malinga ndi malamulo chakale cha zimango, koma "analoleza" ndi okhawo m'mipita kuti kunyamula "zinthu quantization". M'njira zimenezi, elekitironi mphamvu ndi inversely njila kwa mabwalo a manambala a m'mipita.

Pomaliza "malamulo a mafurikwense"

Yachokera pa "ulamuliro wa mafurikwense", Bor anapeza kuti cheza pafupipafupi ndi njila kwa mabwalo osiyanitsidwa ya kusiyana pakati integers. Poyamba, chitsanzo wakhazikitsidwa spectroscopists, koma sanapeze malongosoledwe ongolankhula. Chiphunzitso Niels Bohr analola kufotokoza sipekitiramu osati wa hydrogen (maatomu a losavuta), koma helium, kuphatikizapo ionized. Scientist sodvizheniya zikusonyeza zotsatira za pakati ndipo kulosera mmene chodzaza zipolopolo pakompyuta, amene anawulula zakuthupi wa periodicity mbali ya chitetezo cha nthawi. Chifukwa cha kuphunzira izi mu 1922, Bohr anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize.

Bohr Institute

Akamaliza, Rutherford kale anazindikira sayansi Bor Nils anabwerera ku dziko lakwawo, kumene iye anaitanidwa mu 1916 ndi pulofesa pa yunivesite ya Copenhagen. Patatha zaka ziwiri anakhala membala wa Chidanishi Royal Society (mu 1939 sikolala anamutengera).

Mu 1920, Bohr anayambitsa Institute of ongolankhula Physics ndipo anakhala mtsogoleri wawo. Akuluakulu a Copenhagen, mu kuzindikira nyota za sayansi, nampatsa Iye kuti akhazikitse mbiri "Nyumba ya Brewer." Institute anakumana zonse zimene timayembekezera, ntchito yotamandika mu chitukuko cha kwadzidzidzi sayansi. Tikumbukenso kuti apeze uyu anali ndi makhalidwe a anthu Bor. Iye anazungulira yekha ndi ndodo luso ndi ophunzira malire pakati pa iwo nthawi zambiri wosaoneka. anayambitsa Bohr anali padziko lonse, izo anafuna kuguluka kulikonse. Pakati wotchuka mbadwa Bohr sukulu: F. Bloch, V. Weisskopf, H. Casimir, Aage Bohr, L. Landau, J. Wheeler ndi ena ambiri ..

Ndi Bor mobwerezabwereza anapita German wasayansi Heisenberg Vernet. Pa nthawi imene analenga "njakata mfundo" Bohr kutsutsana Erwin Schrödinger, amene anali wothandiza woyera-yoweyula amazionera. Mu zakale "Nyumba ya Brewer, 'anaumbidwa maziko a sayansi qualitatively watsopano wa mzaka zana makumi awiri, mmodzi wa kanjedza chifungulo cha amene anali Niels Bohr.

atomu chitsanzo bungwe Chidanishi wasayansi ndi wakeyo Rutherford, anali kosagwirizana. Iwo integrates ndi postulates ya chiphunzitso chakale ndipo amanena momveka bwino motsutsana. Pofuna kuthana ndi zotsutsana awa, kunali koyenera kuti ukasintha abwereze mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso. Pa nkhani imeneyi, yofunika kwambiri nyimbo ndi chopereka mwachindunji Bora, yonena ake mu asayansi, ndi chikoka munthu. Ntchito ya Niels Bohr anasonyeza kuti apeze chithunzi thupi la microworld si abwino njira wakhala bwinobwino ntchito kwa "dziko zinthu zazikulu," ndipo anali mmodzi mwa apainiya Njira. Wasayansi wakhala anayambitsa mfundo monga "njira kusalankhula kukhudzana muyeso" ndi "mfundo zina".

Copenhagen chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi

Dzina la Mwina Chidanishi wasayansi kugwirizana (Aka Copenhagen) kutanthauzira chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi, ndi kuphunzira ake ambiri "paradoxes". Yofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi kukambirana pakati Bohr ndi Albertom Eynshteynom, amene sanali anali Bohr kwadzidzidzi sayansi mu kutanthauzira probabilistic. "Makalata mfundo", kukonza ndi wasayansi Chidanishi, anathandiza kwambiri kumvetsetsa malamulo a microworld ndi zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi chakale (sanali kwadzidzidzi) sayansi.

nkhani nyukiliya

Anayamba kuchita sayansi ya nyukiliya akali Rutherford, Bohr odzipereka kwambiri chidwi kwa nzika nyukiliya. Iye akufuna mu 1936 chiphunzitso cha phata pawiri, posakhalitsa wafunsira chitsanzo dontho, limene anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu phunziro la fission nyukiliya. Makamaka, Bor uli kuneneratu mowiriza fission wa ureniamu.

Pamene Nazi anatenga dziko Denmark, wasayansi mobisa anabweretsa kwa England ndipo kenako America, kumene, pamodzi ndi mwana wake Aage ntchito pa Manhetennskim ntchito pa Los Alamos. Mu zaka lonse itatha, Bor nthawi zambiri pankhani ya ulamuliro nyukiliya manja ndi ntchito mtendere wa atomiki. Iye anatenga gawo mu kulengedwa kwa Center European kwa Research nyukiliya, ndipo ngakhale ankachitira maganizo ake ku UN. Zochokera chakuti Bohr anakana kukambirana ndi sayansi Soviet ndi mbali zina za "ntchito nyukiliya" ankaona okhawo oopsa zida atomiki.

m'madera ena a chidziwitso

Komanso, Niels Bohr, amene yonena akubwera kumapeto, komanso anali ndi chidwi nkhani pafupi ndi sayansi, zamoyo makamaka. Komanso, anali ndi chidwi mu nzeru za sayansi.

Apadera Chidanishi wasayansi wamwalira kudwala mtima October 18, 1962 mu Copenhagen.

Pomaliza

Niels Bohr, kutsegula kwa omwe, ndithudi, kusintha sayansi, anali ndi asayansi aakulu ndi makhalidwe ulamuliro. Kulankhula naye, ngakhale ikuthamanga yokonza zokhalitsa kuganiza interlocutors. Zolankhula ndi kulemba Bohr zinali zosachita kufunsa kuti mosamala amasankha mawu ake, kuti molondola kwambiri zikusonyeza maganizo anu. Russian wasayansi Vitaly Ginzburg otchedwa Bora amazipanga tcheru ndi wanzeru.