The masamu kwambiri Eyler Leonard: athandizapo anthu masamu zina zosangalatsa, yonena mwachidule

Leonhard Euler - Swiss masamu ndi sayansi, m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa a masamu koyera. Iye osati anapanga wachibadidwe ndi zoyambirira zopereka Masamu, kakyulasi, ndipo okonza ndi chiphunzitso cha manambala, komanso anayamba njira zothetsera mavuto a zakuthambo taona ndi ntchito masamu okonza ndi ntchito pagulu.

Euler (masamu): yochepa yonena

Leonhard Euler anabadwa April 15, 1707 Zinali woyamba Paulo Euler ndi Margaret Brooker. The bambo amachokera mtundu wodzichepetsa amisiri, ndi makolo a Margaret Brooker anali asayansi ambiri odziwika bwino. Paulo Euler anatumikira pa nthawi wolowa mmalo mwa Mpingo wa St. Jakob. Monga wazamulungu, bambo Leonard anali ndi chidwi masamu ndipo mu zaka zoyambirira iwiri akuphunzira pa yunivesite anapezeka maphunziro a wotchuka Yakoba Bernulli. Patapita pafupifupi chaka ndi theka pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa mwana wawo, makolo ake anasamukira ku Riehen, Basel mumzinda kumene Paulo Euler anakhala mbusa wa parishi ya m'deralo. Apo iye ndipo anatumikira mokhulupirika mpaka imfa yake.

Banja ankakhala zinthu wopanikiza, makamaka pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa mwana wake wachiwiri, Anna-Maria, mu 1708. Banjalo adzakhala ana awiri zambiri - Maria Magdalena ndi Johann Heinrich.

The maphunziro oyamba mu masamu, Leonard analandira kunyumba kwa bambo ake. Padziko zaka eyiti anatumizidwa ku sukulu Latin ku Basel, kumene ankakhala m'nyumba ya agogo ake aakazi akuchikazi. Zoperewerazo khalidwe osauka a sukulu pa nthawi imeneyo, bambo anga wolembedwa namkungwi payekha, wazamulungu wina dzina lake Johannes Burckhardt, ndi mokhudza wokonda masamu.

Mu October 1720 pa msinkhu wa zaka 13, Leonard analowa University of Basel pa mkhalidwe wa Philosophy (a wamba zosayembekezereka pa nthawi), kumene anakaphunzira ku makalasi koyambirira mu pulayimale masamu Ioganna Bernulli, ndi mng'ono wa womwalirayo pa nthawi ya Yakobo.

Young Euler zimenezi mwachangu ananyamula maphunziro ake, umene posachedwapa chidwi Mphunzitsiyo, amene anamulimbikitsa kuphunzira mabuku zovuta zambiri za mwini wake, ndi wokonzeka kuthandiza maphunziro awo Loweruka. Mu 1723, Leonard anamaliza maphunziro ake ndi digiri mbuye ndipo anakamba nkhani ku Latin, imene Descartes poyerekeza dongosolo ndi nzeru zachilengedwe Newton.

Potsatira zofuna za makolo ake, iye analembetsa pa Theological luso kuthera, ambiri a masamu a nthawi. Patapita nthawi, mwina pa kuumirira kwa Ioganna Bernulli bambo anatenga mwachibwanabwana mwana wake cholinga sayansi, Sintchito zamulungu.

Mu zaka 19, masamu Euler amadzinenera kuti kupikisana ndi asayansi pamwamba pa nthawi, kuchita nawo mpikisano za njira ya Paris Academy of Sciences pa Kusinthaku mulingo woyenera kwambiri masts sitimayo. Panthawiyo iye anali konse mu moyo wanga anawona zombo, mphoto woyamba siali anapambana, koma anapambana yapamwamba lachiwiri. Mu chaka pamene panali Kusoweka pa Dipatimenti ya Physics pa yunivesite ya Basel, Leonard, mothandizidwa ndi wakeyo Ioganna Bernulli anaganiza nkhondo malo, koma anatayika chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo ndi kupanda mndandanda chidwi mabuku. Kwenikweni iye anali mwayi chifukwa iye anali wokhoza muyambe wa St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, anakhazikitsa zaka zingapo zapitazo ndi Tsar Peter Ine, kumene Euler anapeza munda kwambiri zingamuthandize, zomwe zinamuthandiza kukhala chathunthu. Udindo waukulu nyimbo ndi Bernoulli ndi ana ake awiri, Daniel Nicklaus II ndi ine, amene kugwira ntchito kumeneko.

St. Petersburg (1727-1741): nyamuka meteoric

Euler anakhala yozizira ya 1726 mu Basel, kuphunzira thunthu ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa pokonzekera kuphedwa ntchito zawo kumuyembekezera pa sukulu ya. Atafika ku St. Petersburg ndi ntchito wothandizira, kunapezeka kuti anadzipereka kwa sayansi masamu. Kuphatikiza apo, Euler ankafunika kuchita nawo chisankho mayeso mu Cadet Corps, ndi kulangiza boma pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana za sayansi ndi luso.

Leonard mosavuta ndinazolowera zikhalidwe latsopano wankhanza wa moyo kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Mosiyana ndi anthu ena ambiri achilendo a sukulu, nthawi yomweyo anayamba kuphunzira Chirasha ndi katswiri mwamsanga ndipo m'njira olembedwa ndi m'kamwa. Kwa kanthawi anakhala ndi Daniel Bernoulli ndi kucheza ndi Mkhristu Goldbach, Mlembi wa Academy Permanent, lero unkadziŵika vuto komabe anathana, malinga ndi zimene ngakhale chiwerengero kuchokera 4, akhoza umaimiridwa ndi Uwerenge primes awiri. The makalata yaikulu pakati pa iwo ndi gwero lofunika pa mbiri ya sayansi m'zaka za m'ma XVIII.

Leonhard Euler, kulephera masamu zomwe yomweyo anam'bweretsera lonse kutchuka ndi anakweza udindo wake, unachitikira Academy wa zaka zawo asonyeza.

Mu January 1734, anakwatira Katarine Gzel, mwana wamkazi wa wojambula Swiss, amene anaphunzitsa ndi Euler, kenako anasamukira ku kwawo. Ukwati anabwera kuyatsa ana 13, amene Komabe, asanu okha atakula. Woyamba, Johann Albrecht, nayenso anakhala masamu, ndipo kenako anathandiza atate wake pa ntchito yake.

Euler wathunso masautso. M'chaka cha 1735, iye anadwala kwambili kutsala pang'ono kufa. Kuti thandizo lalikulu la anthu onse, anachira, koma patapita zaka zitatu kumbuyo kudwala. Pa nthawi imeneyi, matenda zinamulepheretsa diso lake lamanja, amene ali kuoneka bwino pa zithunzi asayansi kuyambira nthawi imeneyo.

zandale mu Russia, kumene kunachitika pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumukazi Anna Ivanovna, Euler kuti achoke St. Petersburg. Makamaka popeza anali kuitana kwa Prussian Mfumu Friedrich II kubwera kwa Berlin ndi kuthandiza kulenga Academy of Sciences kumeneko.

Mu June 1741, Leonard ndi mkazi wake Katarina, 6 wazaka Johann Albrecht ndi Carl zaka kutsogozedwa kuchokera St. Petersburg ku Berlin.

Jobs mu Berlin (1741-1766)

The nkhondo ku Silesia Frederick II ali kulephereka mapulani kukhazikitsidwa kwa sukulu ya. Ndipo okha 1746 izo potsiriza anapanga. Iye anakhala pulezidenti Pierre-Lui Moro de A Maupertuis ndi Euler anasankhidwa mkulu wa Masamu Dipatimenti. Koma zisanachitike, iye sanakhale opanda pake. Leonard analemba za 20 nkhani za sayansi, 5 Mfundo yaikulu ndipo anapanga makalata oposa 200.

Ngakhale kuti Euler ntchito zambiri - amachititsa Observatory ndi botanical minda, kuthetsa ogwira ndi mavuto osowa ndalama nawo malonda a almanacs, amapanga ndiwo ndalama ya Academy, osanenapo zosiyanasiyana sayansi ndi zomangamanga ntchito, ntchito zake masamu si bwanji.

Komanso, si kwambiri amatengeka ndi milandu ya ulamuliro wa anapeza mfundo kanthu osachepera, yomwe inayamba ku 1750s oyambirira, ankati ndi Maupertuis kuti anatsutsa wasayansi Swiss ndi kumene osankhidwa academician Johann Samuel Koenig, kulankhula za kutchula wake wa Leibniz analembera masamu Yakobo Hermann. Koenig anali pafupi Maupertuis mlandu plagiarism. Pamene iye anafunsidwa kutulutsa kalatayo, sakanakhoza kuchita izo, ndipo Euler anauzidwa kuti afufuze choncho. Opanda chifundo kwa nzeru za Leibniz, iye anagwirizana ndi wapampando ndi kuneneza König chinyengo. Kuwira mfundo ndipo kunatha pamene Voltaire, amene anatenga mbali ya Koenig analemba zonyoza Zotengera, lampooned Maupertuis ndi Euler anapulumuka. pulezidenti anakwiya iye anasiya Berlin posachedwapa, Euler ndipo anali kulimbana, de facto walunjika Academy.

wasayansi banja

Leonard anakhala kotero olemera kuti iye anagula munda ku Charlottenburg, Berlin ndi mabusa kumadzulo, opondapo kuonetsetsa omasuka kukhala mayi ake amasiye, amene anabweretsa ku Berlin mu 1750, theka mlongo ndi ana ake onse.

Mu 1754, mwana wake woyamba Johann Albrecht pa umboni wa Maupertuis pa zaka 20 ndipo kusankhidwa Berlin Academy. Mu 1762, ntchito yake pa perturbations wa m'mipita wa comets kukokera ya mapulaneti anali kupereka mphoto ya St. Petersburg Academy, Iye acemera Alexis-Klod Klero. Euler mwana wake wachiwiri, Carl, anaphunzira mankhwala Halle, ndi wachitatu, Christoph, anakhala mkulu. Mwana wake wamkazi Charlotte anakwatira achifumu Dutch ndi mkulu wake Helena mu 1777 - ndi Russian kapitawo.

mfumu zokhota

Ubwenzi wasayansi Frederick II zinali zovuta. Chifukwa china makonzedwe pa kusiyana kwambiri zofooka munthu ndi nzeru zaumunthu Frederick - wonyada, wodzidalira, kaso ndi zoseketsa conversationalist, ndi sympathizer wa French Choonadi; masamu Euler - wodzichepetsa, wanzeru, wanthaka ndi wopembedza Chiprotestanti. , Chifukwa china mwina kunali kofunika kwambiri Kuipidwa kwa Leonard kuti sanali anapereka mtengo wa pulezidenti wa Berlin Academy. chakukhosi uyu ali yekha wamkulu nditachoka khama Euler kukhalabe m'banja wolimba, pamene Frederick anayesa chidwi mpando wa Pulezidenti Jean d'Alembert Leron ndi Maupertuis ndi. Yotsirizira zoona, anadza kwa Berlin, koma kuuza Mfumu za kusowa chidwi wake ndi Share Leonard. Friedrich sakutchulidwa osati malangizo a D'Alembert, koma mosapita m'mbali yekha kukhala mtsogoleri wa sukulu ya. Izi, pamodzi ndi zolephera zina zambiri za Mfumu, pamapeto, zinachititsa chakuti yonena za masamu Euler anapanga kukhota lakuthwa kumbuyo.

Mu 1766, ngakhale zopinga pa gawo la mfumu, iye anasiya Berlin. Leonard wakhala anavomera Catherine II kubwerera ku St. Petersburg, kumene mwalamulo akulandiridwa.

Kachiwiri, St. Petersburg (1766-1783)

Akulemekezedwa ndi kuchilemekeza pa sukulu pa bwalo la Catherine masamu kwambiri Euler ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri positi ndipo anali wotchuka kwambiri umene anali anakana kwa nthawi yaitali mu Berlin. Ndipotu, iye ankasewera udindo wa mtsogoleri wauzimu, ngati si mutu wa sukulu ya. Mwatsoka Komabe, thanzi iye si zonse anapita bwino. mathithi a diso lakumanzere, amene anayamba kumuvutitsa mu Berlin anali kukhala aakulu kwambiri, ndipo mu 1771 Euler anaganiza opaleshoni. Chotsatira chake chinali mapangidwe abscess, chimene pafupifupi inawonongedwa masomphenya.

Chaka chomwecho, pa moto waukulu ku St. Petersburg, nyumba yake matabwa anathyola, ndipo pafupifupi wakhungu Euler sanathe awotchedwe amoyo yekha chifukwa cha kupulumutsidwa amunamuna a Peter Grimm, mmisiri ku Basel. Pochepetsa mavuto, Mfumukazi ali allocated ndalama za ntchito yomanga nyumba yatsopano.

nkhonya wina wolemera anamvetsetsa Euler mu 1773 pamene mkazi wake anamwalira. Patatha zaka 3, osati kudalira ana awo, anakwatira nthawi yachiwiri ya mlongo theka, Salome Abigail Gsell, (1723-1794).

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zonsezi oopsa, katswiri wa masamu Leonhard Euler zoyenera sayansi. Inde, pafupifupi theka la ntchito yake lofalitsidwa kapena anabadwa mu St. Petersburg. Ena mwa iwo ndi awiri a "bestseller" - ". Ajebura" "Letters ku German Mfumukazi" ndipo Mwachibadwa, iye sakanakhoza kuchita popanda mlembi wabwino ndi thandizo luso kuti wapereka, mwa zina, Nicklaus kukangana, ndi compatriot ya Basel ndi mwamuna tsogolo la mdzukulu wa Euler. Yogwira mbali mu ndondomeko motenga mwana wake Johann Albrecht. inawo Ankachitanso monga magawo stenographer Academy chimene wasayansi, monga chiwalo wodzala ndi wamkulu, anali kutsogolera.

imfa

The masamu kwambiri Leonhard Euler anamwalira ndi sitiroko 18 September 1783 posewera ndi mdzukulu wake. Pa tsiku la imfa yake iwiri ikuluikulu PAMASILETI anapezeka mitunduyi kuti pofotokoza zibaluni ndege, changwiro June 5, 1783 ku Paris, abale Montgolfier. Ganizo anayamba kupanga ndipo anakonza buku ndi Johann mwana. Zinali otsiriza kukhala wasayansi, lofalitsidwa mu 1784 Memoires buku. Leonhard Euler zopereka ake masamu kunali kwakukulu moti otaya nkhani akudikira nthaŵi yawo m'magazini maphunziro, zafalitsa zaka 50 pambuyo pa imfa ya sayansi ndi.

ntchito Scientific mu Basel

Mkati yochepa Basel Euler chopereka kwa masamu zinali zophweka kuti zokhotakhota isochronous ndi mgwirizano, komanso ntchito pa mpikisano mphoto ya Paris Academy. Koma vuto lalikulu pa nthawi imeneyi anali Dissertatio Physica de A sono, akadandaule pothandizira nomination wake ku mpando wa sayansi pa yunivesite ya Basel, chikhalidwe ndi kufalitsa phokoso, makamaka, liwiro phokoso ndi m'badwo zoimbira.

Woyamba St. Petersburg nthawi

Ngakhale mavuto thanzi anakumana ndi Euler, zapita patsogolo masamu, wasayansi sangathe koma chifukwa modzidzimutsa. Panthawi imeneyi, kuwonjezera pa ntchito zikuluzikulu zimango, chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, komanso zomangamanga panyanja, ndipo adalemba 70 Nkhani nkhani zosiyanasiyana kuchokera kusanthula masamu ndi chiphunzitso chiwerengero mavuto apadera sayansi, zimango za kuthambo.

Awiri mabuku a "Zimango" chinali chiyambi cha dongosolo kwathandizira mubwereze mabuku a mbali zonse za zimango, kuphatikizapo zimango za olimba, kugawa zotanuka matupi, komanso zakumwa ndi zimango zakuthambo.

Monga Tingaone kalata-mabuku Euler, akadali mu Basel, anaganizira kwambiri za nyimbo ndi zikuchokera nyimbo ndipo akukonzekera kulemba bukhu. mapulani awa kukhwima mu St. Petersburg ndi wafunsira ntchito Tentamen, lofalitsidwa mu 1739. mankhwala imayamba ndi kukambirana za chikhalidwe cha phokoso Phokoso la particles mpweya, kuphatikizapo kugawa ake, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi Makutu maganizo a mbadwo phokoso ndi chingwe ndi mphepo zida.

Phata la ntchitoyo chiphunzitso cha zosangalatsa chifukwa cha nyimbo Euler analenga poonetsa malankhulidwe imeneyi, makodi kapena mbali ya makhalidwe n'zosangalatsa kumva, ndi mmene amapanga "ubwino" dongosolo nyimbo: m'munsi mlingo kwambiri, zosangalatsa. ntchito zachitika pa nkhani ya mabuku ankakonda diatonic chromatic khalidwe komanso kupereka wathunthu masamu chiphunzitso cha makhalidwe (zakale komanso masiku ano). Euler sanali yekhayo amene acita kuti nyimbo mu sayansi yeniyeni: Descartes, Mersenne, ndipo anachita chimodzimodzi kwa iye, monga D'Alembert, ndi ena ambiri pambuyo pake.

The awiri a buku Scientia Navalis - gawo lachiwiri la chitukuko okonzera zomveka. Buku anatchula mfundo ndi akufotokozera hydrostatic mgwirizano chiphunzitso cha Phokoso ndi matupi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena kuti amizidwa m'madzi. Ntchito lili zoyambira zimango za zolimba, chomwe pambuyo crystallizes m'buku Theoria Motus corporum solidorum seu rigidorum, wachitatu lalikulu lonena za zimango. Buku lachiwiri la chiphunzitso ikugwira ntchito kwa ngalawa, shipbuilding panyanja.

Amazipanga, Leonhard Euler, kulephera masamu imene nthawi ino yakhala chidwi nayo nthawi ndi mphamvu kulemba masamba 300 ntchito pa masamu pulayimale ntchito m'masukulu St. Petersburg mkulu. Kodi mwayi ana amene amaphunzitsidwa wophunzira kwambiri!

Berlin ntchito

Kuwonjezera nkhani 280 ambiri amene anali ofunika kwambiri mu nthawi iyi masamu Leonard Euler analenga mndandanda wa Mfundo chosaiwalika sayansi.

Vuto la brachistochrone - kupeza njira zomwe zimaloza chimachititsanso misa ndi yokoka yochokera ina ndege ofukula ndi mzake mu nthawi yaifupi - chitsanzo oyambirira vuto analengedwa ndi Johann Bernoulli kufufuza ntchito (kapena pamapindikira), zomwe optimizes mawu mawunikidwe malingana kugwira ntchito. Mu 1744-m, kenako mu 1766-mamita Euler limanena zambiri vuto ili ndi kupanga lonse latsopano nthambi ya masamu - "kakyulasi kusiyanasiyana".

Awiri ang'onoang'ono lonena pa trajectories Mapulaneti ndi comets ndi Optics, anaonekera za 1744 ndi 1746 zaka. Yotsirizira ndi chidwi mbiri, chifukwa anayamba kukambirana pa particles Newtonian ndi chiphunzitso funde la kuwala Euler.

Mu deference abwana ake, Mfumu Frederick II, Leonard anatembenuka ntchito yofunika pa ballistics England Benjamin phwiti, ngakhale mokondera kudzudzulidwa wake "Zimango" mu 1736 Ananenanso Komabe, ndemanga zochuluka, ofotokozera ndi kuwongolera, chifukwa cha buku "zida zankhondo" (1745) ndi buku ndi maulendo 5 kuposa choyambirira.

The awiri a buku "Mau oyamba kusanthula n'zochepa" (1748), katswiri wa masamu Euler pamalo kusanthula ngati chilango ufulu mwachidule zimene anatulukira ambiri m'munda ija wopandamalire, mankhwala wopandamalire ndi tuzigawo twa anapitiriza. Akufotokozera bwino masomphenya ntchito ya makhalidwe enieni ndi zovuta anatsindika udindo lofunika mu kusanthula za mauthenga angapo, kwakukulu kwambiri ndi ntchito logarithmic. Buku chachiwiri laperekedwa kwa Masamu mawunikidwe: chiphunzitso cha zokhotakhota algebraic ndi pamalo.

"Masiyanidwe kakyulasi" komanso idzafotokoza awiri yoyamba amalimbana kwambiri mawerengedwe kusiyana ndi differentials, ndipo chachiwiri - chiphunzitso cha mphamvu mndandanda chimangirizo chilinganizo ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha zitsanzo. Apa, poyamba munali loyamba kusindikizidwa Foriya zino.

Atatu buku "yofunika kakyulasi" masamu Euler kuganizira quadrature (m. E. wosatha iteration) ntchito pulayimale ndi luso kuwabweretsa liniya masiyanidwe maikwezhoni, nkhani ya chiphunzitso cha liniya masiyanidwe maikwezhoni dongosolo chachiwiri.

Kwa zaka zambiri mu Berlin, ndipo kenako Leonard anaphunzira Optics geometrical. Nkhani Ake, mabuku pa phunziro, kuphatikizapo yaikulu atatu buku "Dioptrics" anakwana mabuku asanu a Opera Omnia. Mfundo yaikulu ya ntchitoyi anali kusintha zipangizo kuwala monga telesikopu ndi microscopes, kuthetsa chromatic ndi ozungulira aberration kudutsa mu kachitidwe zovuta kwa magalasi ndi kudzaza madzi.

Euler (masamu): Chidwi Mfundo za wachiwiri St. Petersburg nthawi

Nthawi asonyeza, imene wasayansi zafalitsa mapepala oposa 400 pa nkhani tanenera kale, komanso masamu, Mwina chiphunzitso ndi ziwerengero sanjira, ndipo ngakhale ndalama penshioni amasiye komanso ulimi. Zikhoza kugawidwa Mfundo zitatu pa ajebura, chiphunzitso cha Moon ndi sayansi panyanja, komanso pa chiphunzitso cha manambala, nzeru zachilengedwe ndi dioptrics.

Apa pakubwera wina wa "bestseller" wake - "ajebura." Dzina masamu Euler kukongoletsa Ntchito 500 tsamba, chimene chidalembedwa ndi cholinga cha chilango ndi kuphunzitsa ndi woyambitsa mtheradi. Iye anali kundiuza buku kwa kuphunzira wamng'ono, amene anabweretsa naye Berlin, ndipo pamene ntchito yonse inatha, anamvetsetsa lonse ndipo anatha mosavuta kwambiri kuthetsa mavuto algebraic anafunsa kuti iye.

"Chiphunzitso lachiwiri la zombo" anali lakonzedwa kuti anthu amene sadziwa masamu, ndicho - amalinyero. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ntchito wakhala bwino chifukwa cha zapadera luso didactic la wolemba. Mtumiki wa Navy ndi French Finance Anne-Robert Turgot akufuna kuti Mfumu Louis XVI kumafunsa ophunzira za m'madzi komanso zida zankhondo sukulu kuphunzira lonena Euler a. N'kutheka kuti mmodzi wa ophunzirawo kunapezeka kuti Napoleon Bonaparte. Mfumu ngakhale analipira 1,000 rubles masamu mwayi republishing ntchito, ndi Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri, safuna kupereka kwa mfumu, ali kawiri kuchuluka, ndi masamu kwambiri Leonhard Euler Komanso analandira 2000 rubles!