Phosphorous hydroxide - chilinganizo Katundu

Pali magulu atatu a mankhwala zovuta zochita kupanga: oxides, hydroxides (monga zidulo ndi zapansi) ndi mchere zace. zitsulo ambiri ndipo sanali zitsulo akhoza kupanga oxides, hydroxides, ndi gawo la zatsalira acid. Choncho, phosphorous ali nawo mu zotsalira acidic PO _4. Pali mitundu ingapo ya okusayidi phosphorous. Chotero, izo ziyenera hydroxides osiyanasiyana omwe anapangidwa kuchokera oxides izi. Owonjezera phosphorous hydroxide - ndi asidi phosphoric. M'nkhaniyi tiona pa thupi katundu ndi mankhwala amafotokozera ndi mankhwala ake, komanso kukuuzani kuchuluka kwake mu chirengedwe, ndi zina mfundo zosangalatsa.

thupi katundu wa phosphorous

Iwo akhoza kukhalapo zosiyanasiyana yofanana. Phosphorus - mankhwala kuti imakhala ndi umodzi mchitidwe mankhwala. maatomu ake si kuphatikiza kupanga mamolekyulu. Phosphorus chilinganizo - R. Komabe, malingana kophimba galasi dongosolo, zinthu zikhoza kukhalapo mu mawonekedwe a zinthu zitatu.

Ambiri ndi phosphorous woyera - lili ndi dongosolo waxy ndi mkulu kawopsedwe. Limatsogolera mfundo za mankhwala ndi makumi anayi madigiri Celsius ndi kuwira - madigiri mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu. Ndi mikangano mwamsanga azinyadira nkhaniyo, kotero kudula izo, monga kuwayika mu malo m'madzi. Ngati kwa nthawi yaitali kutentha pa kutentha madigiri mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu Centigrade, izo n'kukhala phosphorous wofiira. Zinthu zimenezi zikufotokozedwa mu mawonekedwe a ufa wooneka wofiira mtundu. phosphorous Red, monga kuyenera woyera, si chakupha.

Mawonekedwe khola kwambiri kuti kuli chinthu ichi angatchedwe wakuda phosphorous imene pa zina kunja ofanana ndi zitsulo: ali ndi gloss achilendo, ali kuuma mkulu magetsi ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe.

Kumbali ya umagwirira

Phosphorus - amafotokozera, amene ali gulu wachisanu ndi nthawi yachitatu tebulo nthawi. Kuchokera pamenepa tinganene kuti valence wa ndi asanu. Komanso, dongosolo nthawi Tingaone kuti mchitidwe phosphorous ali ndi kulemera atomiki wofanana makumi atatu kwa galamu imodzi Mole. Izi zikutanthauza kuti 1 Mole wa munthu adzakhala kulemera magalamu 31. Poganizira katundu mankhwala phosphorous, tikambirana za zochita zake kuti mankhwala osavuta komanso zovuta.

Mogwirizana ndi zinthu zophweka

Chinthu choyamba kuona - pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa phosphorous. Ndi anachita wake ndi mpweya. Onse kudzadalira anapangira zigawo izi - Motero, zinthu ziwiri zosiyana akhoza kupangidwa.

A chimake choyamba - la timadontho-timadontho anayi a phosphorous ndi timadontho-timadontho atatu a mpweya opangidwa timadontho-timadontho awiri a phosphorous trioxide. Lembani mogwirizana ofanana mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: 4F + 3O ₂ = 2P ₂ O _3.

Chachiwiri njira - ndi mapangidwe timadontho-timadontho anayi kapena asanu a phosphorous ndi mpweya timadontho-timadontho timadontho-timadontho awiri a phosphorous pentoxide. Kufotokoza linachepa pogwiritsa ntchito aone kuti pali zotsatirazi: 4P + 5O ₂ = 2P ₂ O _5.

Pamene zochita ziwiri mankhwala ndi umuna kwambiri kuwala. Komanso, phosphorous akhoza kupereka ndi zinthu zina yosavuta monga zitsulo, halogens (fluorine, ayodini, bromine, chlorine), sulfure. Yogwira mankhwala mchitidwe akhoza kuonetsa onse katundu kuchepetsa ndi oxidising. Chitsanzo cha mogwirizana ndi halogens ukhalebe chlorination. Kumachitika mu magawo awiri. The choyamba - mapangidwe timadontho-timadontho awiri a phosphorous trihlorata timadontho-timadontho awiri ankaona nonmetal ndi timadontho-timadontho atatu a chlorine. Zimenezi tingasonyezere ndi aone kuti pali izi: 2P + 3Cl ₂ = 2PCl _3.

Chinthu chachiwiri cha ndondomeko tichipeza mu Kuwonjezera maatomu chlorine kwa phosphorous trihloratu kale. Choncho, kuwonjezera Mole mmodzi wa kumapeto kwa yofanana chlorine opangidwa pa Mfuko la pentahlorata phosphorous. Ndipo izi tilemba ife aone kuti pali anachita motere: PCl ₃ + CL ₂ = PCl _5.

Malamulo a mogwirizana phosphorous ndi zitsulo Taganizirani chitsanzo chotsatirachi. Ngati timatenga timadontho-timadontho atatu a potaziyamu pa Mole wa phosphorous pa Mole kupeza phosphide potaziyamu. Lembani mtundu uwu wa ndondomeko akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zimene zotsatirazi aone kuti pali: P = 3K + K ₃ R.

Mogwirizana ndi zinthu zovuta

Pakuti mankhwala zovuta mankhwala, chimene chingathe yatikhudza phosphorous monga zidulo ndi mchere. Ife tsopano akufotokoza mbali ya dongosolo la mgwirizano wa amafotokozera ndi magulu deta mankhwala.

asidi Phosphorous ndi

Mwa onse ena makamaka lodziwika yatikhudza phosphorous ndi asidi nitric. Kuchititsa anachita chotero azitenga zigawo izi: phosphorous mu kuchuluka kwa timadontho-timadontho atatu a timadontho-timadontho asanu asidi nitric ndi madzi - timadontho-timadontho awiri. Chifukwa cha mogwirizana mankhwala timapeza zinthu zotsatirazi: Asidiyu phosphoric ndi okusayidi Nayitirojeni. Izi aone kuti pali anachita zinalembedwa motere: 3P + 5HNO ₃ + 3H ₂ O = 3H ₃ PO ₄ + 5NO.

Phosphorus kuphatikizapo

Mtundu uwu wa mogwirizana mankhwala tinganene kuti chitsanzo cha zimene pansi pa kuganizira ndi nonmetal cuprum sulphate. Kuchita mnjira m'pofunika kutenga timadontho-timadontho awiri a phosphorous, timadontho-timadontho asanu sulphate mkuwa, eyiti timadontho-timadontho a madzi. Mogwirizana kwa zinthu zimenezi timapeza zotsatirazi mankhwala: Asidiyu sulphate mu kuchuluka kwa timadontho-timadontho zamkuwa zisanu wangwiro - yemweyo, komanso asidi phosphoric - timadontho-timadontho awiri. Lembani ndondomeko zimenezi zingakhale mu mawonekedwe a aone kuti pali izi: 2P + 5CuSO ₄ + 8H ₂ O = 5H _{2 4} + 5Cu + 2H ₃ PO _4.

Kukonzekera kwa nonmetal

Makampani, mankhwala amenewa amapangidwa kuchokera mankhwala monga kashiamu wa phosphate. Kuti izi ikuchitika zotsatirazi mankhwala anachita: mchere ananena wothira mchenga (silika) ndi mpweya mu chiŵerengero molar 1: 3: 5, kugula kashiamu silicate, phosphorous ndi mpweya chadny mu chiŵerengero molar 3: 2: 5.

Phosphorus mankhwala ndi katundu

The mankhwala ambiri a phosphorous ndi ankaona hydroxide nonmetal. Iwo akhoza kukhala a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, malingana okusayidi chimene anapanga. Pezani phosphorous hydroxide ndi kudzera mankhwala anachita pakati okusayidi ake ndi madzi. Kudzera anachita zimenezi kumachititsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu. Motero hydroxide akhoza anakonza trioxide (3), ndipo pentoxide - phosphorous hydroxide (5). zinthuzi ndi katundu acidic ndipo amatha Nayenso anatani ndi zitsulo, salt, zapansi ndi ena.

Owonjezera phosphorous hydroxide - ali ndi asidi phosphoric. Ndi mpweya ndi tribasic. chilinganizo ake - H ₃ PO _4.

Waukulu katundu mankhwala

Hydroxide phosphorous, amene chilinganizo zapatsidwa pamwambazi, amatha yatikhudza ndi mankhwala onse yosavuta zovuta. Taganizirani njira izi mwatsatanetsatane.

phosphoric asidi anachita ndi zitsulo

Monga makalasi zina za mankhwala, phosphorous hydroxide angathe yatikhudza ndi zitsulo. Pa ndondomeko iyi pali M'MALO anachita imene zitsulo maatomu maatomu wa hydrogen aithamangitse, potero kupanga mchere ndi wa hydrogen, anamasulidwa mu mlengalenga ngati mpweya ndi chinthu chosangalatsa fungo. Kuti anachita izi akhoza kuchitika, zitsulo ayenera pabwino kumanzere kwa haidrojeni mu electrochemical mndandanda ntchito. Ndiko kuti, zinthu monga mkuwa, siliva ndi ena onga iwo, sangathe yatikhudza acid phosphoric, chifukwa chifukwa reactivity ake otsika, iwo sadzatha aithamangitse maatomu a hayidirojeni kwa mankhwala awo.

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani zotayidwa. Pamene kuwonjezera timadontho-timadontho awiri amafotokozera kuti timadontho-timadontho awiri a phosphorous hydroxide timapeza zotayidwa phosphate ndi wa hydrogen mu kuchuluka kwa 2 kapena 3 timadontho-timadontho motero. The aone kuti pali zimene zinalembedwa motere: 2Al + 2H ₃ PO ₄ = 2AlPO ₄ + 3H _2.

Mogwirizana ndi zapansi

phosphorous hydroxide, komanso zidulo ena ambiri akhoza kulowa mankhwala anachita ndi zapansi. njira amatchedwa metathesis. Mwa iwo, latsopano chifukwa hydroxide, ndi asidi watsopano. mtundu uwu anachita akhoza kuchitika pokhapokha ngati mmodzi wa mankhwala analandira ndi insoluble m'madzi, i.e. precipitates, ukuphwera mu mpweya kapena madzi kapena ofooka kwambiri electrolyte.

Phosphoric acid ndi mchere zace

Pankhaniyi komanso kumachitika kuwombola anachita. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, n'zotheka kupeza asidi latsopano ndi mchere. Kugwira mtundu wa anachita, nayenso, ayenera kutsatira malamulo, omwe anafotokoza pamwamba chabe.

Ntchito phosphorous ndi mankhwala ake makampani

Pawiri woyamba elementi mankhwala ntchito kuti osakaniza omwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbali padziko matchboxes. Komanso, ndi chisakanizo cha phosphorous ankachitira okha mutu likufanana. Nonmetal ankaona pentoxide chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga choumitsira mpweya. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu makampani mankhwala kuti alandire phosphorous hydroxide, chilinganizo ndi amene katundu akambirana m'mwambamu. Komanso, ntchito kupanga galasi.

phosphorous hydroxide komanso wapeza ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri. Choyamba, izo ntchito popanga feteleza. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti phosphorous ndi chabe zofunika kwa zomera. Choncho, pali feteleza zosiyanasiyana anapangidwa pamaziko a mankhwala si zitsulo amaonedwa. Pakuti zinthu izi cholinga monga kashiamu wa phosphate. Salt ntchito monga feteleza mu mawonekedwe a nyundo. Komanso, Mwaichi, anthu wamba ndi superphosphate patatu. Monga feteleza akhoza kutumikira ammophos ndi nitroammophos. Kuwonjezera pa pamwamba, salt kapena phosphorous hydroxide ntchito ngati reagent kwa kupeza kukhalapo mu njira ya mankhwala siliva. Choncho, anawonjezera mankhwala, womwenso ndi asidi zotsalira PO _4, yankho. Ngati yotsirizira lili mchere kapena hydroxide siliva precipitate kugwa wolemera chikasu. Izi mankwala Argentum ndi chilinganizo mankhwala: AgNO _3.

Kapangidwe ka phosphorous atomu

Amadziwika kuti maatomu onse lopangidwa ndi phata ndi ma elekitironi likuzungulira izo. Phata lili mapulotoni neutrons. Ma elekitironi ndi mlandu zoipa, mapulotoni - zabwino ndi neutrons - ziro. The siriyo chiwerengero cha phosphorous mu tebulo zodziwitsa - khumi. Ndizachidziwikire pamenepa kuti mapulotoni khumi ali phata ake. Ngati atomu ndi ndale, osati ion, ndi ma elekitironi mochuluka ndi mapulotoni. Zinali choncho ndi phosphor fifitini.

Ngati elekitironi imodzi adzasiya kanjira kake, atomu amakhala ion ndithu mlandu, kuti ali cation. Ngati elekitironi atakolekedwa mawonekedwe ion zoipa mlandu - anion.

Dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala Tingaone kuti phosphorous wa nthawi yachitatu. Pamenepa n'zoonekeratu kuti pali atatu a kanjira imene ma elekitironi ndi wogawana anagawira padziko pakati. Woyamba awiri ili lachiwiri - ma elekitironi eyiti, ndi wachitatu - zisanu.

Kuchuluka m'chilengedwe

Kachigawo Unyinji wa phosphorous mu kutumphuka ndi 0,08%. Iye sali ofanana kwambiri m'chilengedwe, chinthu mankhwala. Komabe, pali gulu la mchere, monga phosphorous. Izi apatite ndi phosphorite. Ambiri mwa gulu loyamba - fluorapatite. chilinganizo ake mankhwala chiri motere: 3Ca ₃ (PO4) ₂ • CaF _2. Iye ali bwino, wobiriwira ndi miyala ya nofeki mithunzi. Pakati kashiamu wa phosphate mankwala anagawira kwambiri, ndi chilinganizo mankhwala: Ca ₃ (PO4) _2. Komanso, phosphorous mankhwala opezeka zikuchokera zimakhala zosiyanasiyana zamoyo.

Udindo wa phosphorous ndi mankhwala ake mu chikhalidwe ndi thupi

Izi amafotokozera mankhwala n'kofunika kwambiri kuti uziyenda bwino pafupifupi onse ziwalo ndi kachitidwe. Mu malo oyamba sikutheka popanda vuto lililonse ntchito a impso. mchitidwe Izi zimafunika kagayidwe wa chamoyo. Komanso kumathandiza kuti kusinthika othamanga wa zimakhala. Popanda, mavitamini sitingapeze adamulowetsa kupereka phindu kwa thupi - ichi ndi chifukwa pafupifupi zowonjezera onse vitamini ngati chigawo zina zambiri anawonjezera phosphorous. Komanso, ali mmodzi wa zinthu mankhwala kuti kuonetsetsa uziyenda yachibadwa za mtima. Iye, kuwonjezera pa zonse za pamwamba, nawo mu ndondomeko ya kugawikana selo, popanda izi amafotokozera kufufuza sangakhale ndi moyo padziko lapansi.

Lamulo bwino madzi mchere - mmodzi kwambiri mbali, yomwe ikuchitika mu thupi la kugwirizana pansi mwachikondi izi nonmetal nkhani. Komanso, chinthu chimodzi chachikulu mafupa ndi minofu minofu. Ambiri mwa iwo ali mano. Komanso, ndi Dziwani kuti phosphorous kumatanthauza kuonetsetsa uziyenda yachibadwa ya ubongo. Zizindikiro za kusowa kwa kufufuza chinthu m'thupi ankaona zotsatirazi: kutopa, dzuwa otsika, chisokonezo wamanjenje dongosolo (gwero lachisokonezo, chipwirikiti, etc.), nayenso pafupipafupi chimfine, kutopa kwa minofu mtima, kupweteka mafupa ndi minofu, osauka kwambiri kudya. Kupewa chodabwitsa amenewa, monga akusowa phosphorous mu thupi, m'pofunika kudziwa zimene katundu muli. Chachikulu pakati pa katundu ankaona wolemera mankhwala amafotokozera, yosangalatsa nsomba. Makamaka mkulu phosphorous ndende zimawonedwa m'njira monga Nsombazi, nsomba ya makerele, kavalo nsomba ya makerele, nsomba, sadini, capelin, pollock, smelt. Komanso m'nkhani ino, kotsalira mchere opezeka nyama nkhanu, shirimpu, komanso mkaka monga kanyumba tchizi, kirimu tchizi, tchizi.

anapezazo

Phosphorus Komabe si sizachilendo mu dziko mchitidwe mankhwala, koma ali ofunikira kwambiri mfundo mafakitale ndi zamoyo view. Iye ndi kugwirizana, makamaka phosphorous hydroxide, ntchito kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala. Nkhaniyi anafotokoza katundu hydroxide phosphorous (asidi phosphoric), ndipo makamaka ankachita ake ndi zitsulo, zapansi ndi mchere.