Society ndi zomangamanga

Chikhalidwe ndi mapangidwe ake ndi chimodzi mwa mavuto aakulu pakati pa anthu. Zothandizira zina zowonjezera zimatanthauzanso ngati chinthu cha sayansi. Chikhalidwe chirichonse si monolith, osati chinachake chofanana. Ilo liri ndi zida zosiyana kwambiri ndi magulu (dziko, chikhalidwe, ndi zina zotero), zomwe zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi zachuma, ndale, chikhalidwe ndi uzimu. Ndipo iwo amatha kudziwonetsera okha mwazokhazikitso za kuyanjana uku. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake ntchito ya anthu monga thupi limodzi, umphumphu wake. Chofunika cha nkhaniyi chimafotokozedwa m'magwiridwe a G. Spencer, M. Weber, K. Marx ndi ena odziwika bwino a zachipatala.

Kotero, lingaliro la chikhalidwe ndi machitidwe ake limaphatikizapo mgwirizano wa maubwenzi ndi maubwenzi omwe alipo pakati pa anthu ndi magulu a anthu. Ndipo zimagwirizana nthawi zonse zokhudzana ndi zikhalidwe za moyo wawo (zachuma, zauzimu, zandale komanso zamasamba).

Chikhalidwe ndi makonzedwe ake akukhazikika pamaziko a kugawidwa kwa ntchito ndi kugawa kwa katundu kukhala zopangidwe ndi njira zake.

Choncho, kuyambika kwa magulu a akatswiri, makalasi, magulu okhala ndi anthu akumidzi ndi akumidzi, kuchokera kwa anthu ogwira ntchito mwakhama ndi malingaliro amachokera kugawa.

Kusagwirizana komwe kulipo pakati pa anthu kumalimbikitsa kupatulidwa kwa umwini kukhala njira ndi zinthu zopangira. Zonsezi zikuimira zofunikira zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti apange chitukuko cha anthu. Udindo wawo unafotokozedwa nthawi yoyenera ndi E. Durkheim, P. Sorokin ndi asayansi ena.

Chikhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe ake ali ndi zinthu zingapo. Zazikulu ndi izi:

1) Maphunziro. Mu dongosolo la kugawidwa kwa ntchito, kugawa kwa njira ndi zinthu zopangira, iwo amakhala ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana.

2) Anthu okhala mumzinda ndi mudzi.

3) Anthu omwe amagwira ntchito mwakuthupi komanso m'maganizo.

4) Magulu a anthu (anthu akale ndi achinyamata, akazi ndi amuna).

5).

6) Magulu ogwirizana ndi mtundu, fuko, dziko.

Pafupifupi zonsezi zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndipo zimagawidwa m'magulu ndi zigawo, zomwe zimangokhala ndi zofuna zawo zokhazokha, zomwe zimachitika poyanjana ndi nkhani zina.

Chikhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe ake amawoneka ovuta kwambiri moti sichimangoganizira chabe za akatswiri a zachikhalidwe, koma olamulira komanso olemba ndale amodzi. Chowonadi n'chakuti posadziwa momwe anthu amakhalira, magulu a anthu, zigawo zake, zofuna zawo komanso njira zomwe angathe kuchita, sangathe kusamalira mtundu wonse kapena malo ake (auzimu, chuma, chikhalidwe kapena ndale).

Vuto la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndilokhudzana kwambiri ndi maboma ndi zomangamanga. Zimayimira mgwirizano pakati pa magulu osiyana siyana ndi magulu ndi mabungwe omwe amapangidwa ndi anthu kuti azindikire bwino zofuna za uzimu, zandale, zachuma ndi zachikhalidwe. Ntchito ya boma ndi kuthandiza kuti pakhale chitukuko ndi kusintha kwa mabungwe a anthu pazochuma zomwe zikhalidwe zonse zili nazo.

Aliyense amene ali mmenemo ayenera kukhala ndi mwayi wochita zinthu, kudziwonetsera yekha, kubweretsa anthu phindu, ndi kukhutiritsa zosowa zawo. Malamulo ndi mabungwe oyendetsera malamulo amayenera kuteteza nzika zonse pogwiritsa ntchito ufulu wake. Koma munthu aliyense sayenera kuiwala kukwaniritsa ntchito yake kuti atseke anthu komanso anthu onse. Pomwepo zingatheke kuthetsa mavuto awiri: chilengedwe, komanso kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa kayendetsedwe ka malamulo ndi kusintha kwa anthu.