Chuma Administrative - ichi ndi chiyani ndi momwe ntchito malonda ndi ndale?

TV nthawi zambiri kulankhula za kugwiritsa ntchito yoyang'anira yokopa anthu kuti avotere. Nthaŵi zonse ayesedwa pamene chinachake kwathunthu zoipa ndi zosaloledwa. Koma kodi gwero la ntchitoyi, ndi zizindikiro zake, mbiri njira zimene? Tiuzeni za zodabwitsazi, makhalidwe ake, zinachitikira ndi mafomu.

Lingaliro la "zinthu utsogoleri"

Musanayambe tanthauzo, m'pofunika kumvetsa etymology ake. Woyang'anira - munthu amene amalowerera, mwa njira zina ndi lofanana ndi mawu akuti "woyang'anira". Osati chabe mwa kasamalidwe pali chinthu monga woyang'anira gwero utsogoleri. Ndipo mawuwa palibe manenedwe negative. Zimatanthauza kuthekera ndi njira kukwaniritsa zolinga kasamalidwe ndi zolinga. Koma lero, koposa mfundo gwero la ntchitoyi m'maganizo pamene akulankhula za ndale ndi chisankho, ndipo pali mawu akuti zimatengera pa wokhala negative. munene chake chokhudza nkhanza zosiyanasiyana za mphamvu pa nthawi ya chisankho. Koma mawonekedwe kwambiri ambiri chuma utsogoleri - ndithu kagwiridwe ka mphamvu kuchita chinachake, kuti akwaniritse zolinga zina, ntchito levers bwana. Thiabendazole angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa zofuna zawo kapena pagulu, iwo akhoza nkhanza, kenako pali zotsatira zabwino ndiponso malamulo. Ndi mkati tanthauzo la asamadye chuma boma komanso pali wokhala zoipa, umene uli wotchuka lero. The peculiarity womvetsa masiku a akatswiri izi chodabwitsa amakhulupirira kuti ntchito atumiki m'boma amene ntchito udindo zilipo kukwaniritsa zolinga zadyera mphamvu wodziika.

Mbiri ya zochitika

Tikumbukenso kuti chuma utsogoleri - uwu si Russian Kutulukira, ngakhale akuti anaonekera mu dziko lathu. Mu 1995 wotchedwa Dmitry Olshansky, amene anatsogolera Center kwa Analysis Strategic ndi Zoneneratu, m'mawu ake, woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amenewa amatanthauza zina phindu lina ntchito ndi magulu nthawi imene chisankho. Mawu akuti anali pomwepo anatola ndi atolankhani ndi lero kale bwino khola mawu. chuma Administrative anaonekera ndi kasamalidwe dongosolo malamulo, Ngopambana nthawi zonse anali kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu chopezeka kwa iwo kukwaniritsa zolinga zina, makamaka munthu. Choncho, onse m'mayiko demokalase akhala mbiri yake, magawo mapangidwe a dongosolo visankho ndipo akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zida kasamaliridwe kakatundu. Komanso, ntchito chuma ka boma kale ntchito phindu. Iwo amakhulupilira kuti dziko lathu zodabwitsazi wakula organically ku Soviet lamulo malamulo dongosolo la kasamalidwe. Kwa zaka 70 pa anthu a dziko ntchito chakuti boma anawauza amene kusankha, ndipo akupitiriza kugwira ntchito, ngakhale zikamera mpata woti chisankho demokalase. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti nkhanza ponseponse mwayi umenewu mu chisankho kugwirizana ndi Ulamuliro kapena zosangalatsa zofanana mphamvu. M'mayiko otukuka kale anakamba njira kulamulira kusankha, kotero pali zodabwitsazi ndi osowa kwambiri. Ndipo m'mayiko demokalase ndi adakali wamng'ono ndi wosakhazikika, njira izi panobe.

Zizindikiro za chuma utsogoleri

Ofufuza zisanathe anaganiza mbali ndi makhalidwe a zodabwitsazi. Izi nthawi zina zimabweretsa chisokonezo terminological. M'lingaliro wodziika, kuzindikira gwero la ntchitoyi akhoza kukhala pa malo awa:

- nzika Wake chikugwirizana ndi boma pa mlingo uliwonse, iwo amagwiritsa ntchito njira ndi zida za boma ulamuliro wa nthambi zonse zitatu za boma kukwaniritsa zolinga zina.

- nzika gwero poyamba kuthandiza malingaliro ndi udindo wa boma, ntchito yawo anaonetsetsa ndi otsika kasinthasintha wa ogwira mu dongosolo ndi yaitali zimenezi. atumiki Civil Ngopambana kwa nthawi yaitali ntchito mu malo omwewo amalima zosiyanasiyana kugwirizana, amene ntchito kukwaniritsa zolinga. Iwo amamva kulangidwa zina ndi chidaliro chakuti mwa makina, iwo konse, zitha kukhala mu zochitika osauka kusintha ntchito.

- chikhalidwe cha kuli chuma utsogoleri ndi masanjidwe m'gulu kapangidwe ka bungwe komwe olemekezeka ali popezera mpata pa atumiki, iye ali ndi ufulu kuwasankhira zochita. M'magulu otere, Ngopambana nthawi zambiri alibe udindo, iwo akuchita 'chifuniro "cha apolisi.

- asapita Zokonza pakati pa ophunzira mu dongosolo. Malamulo sangathe ayankhidwa ndi kufunsana, iwo angakhoze kokha kuchita. Choncho, pamaso pa chuma utsogoleri pa mutu amalenga tanthauzo zina za kulekerera, ndi nthawi pali mapindikidwe akatswiri ndipo bwana zikuoneka kuti kuyitanitsa Kumvetsela kuchita chilichonse.

Izi zikungofanana ndi mndandanda fanizo la makhalidwe kuphunzira mfundo. Zochita akufotokozera zambiri mosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu.

Mitundu ya chuma utsogoleri

Popeza ntchito, mabwana kukumana osati ndale komanso malonda, pali mavuto kulenga limodzi mabuku gulu la zodabwitsazi. Choncho, sitepe yoyamba ndi kupereka mitundu iwiri waukulu malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kukhazikitsa bizinesi kapena ndale. Komanso, gwero la ntchitoyi akhoza wachinsinsi ndi Kuphunzira lawolawo. Pankhaniyi, kuonetsetsa m'deralo, dera ndi boma kapena dziko mlingo. Izi mitundu ya zinthu utsogoleri wa chibadidwe muzochitika zonse: onse ndale ndi malonda. N'zothekanso kupanga gulu la dera la kukwaniritsidwa kwa gwero la mwachitsanzo. E. Pa nthambi umene umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ntchito chuma utsogoleri yokopa anthu kuti avotere zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awa: kuyamba, zofewa, molimba, ndi ntchito kwathunthu.

Sitata Baibulo Titha kunena kuti ali pamaso pa phungu boma oponya voti ali zikomo ndi phindu kwa mphoto ulamuliro wake. maonekedwe zofewa kumaonekera tingati yozungulira pa adzaponye chisanko ndi atumiki ndi cholinga kuwathamangitsa kwa kanthu ankafuna. Choncho, njira yovuta - ndi kuthamanga kapena lonjezo la madalitso zoyenela. Total maganizo khalidwe la machitidwe opondereza mu nkhani iyi, kapoloyu si anapatsidwa kusankha options. Yachiwiriyo otsiriza zokhudzana ndi kuphwanya malamulo abwino ndi malamulo a demokalase.

Kafukufuku A. Chuklin allocates mphamvu, mabungwe, mudziwe bajeti ndi mitundu chuma utsogoleri. Komanso zambili mtundu wa nkhanza, malingana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana pagulu. Pankhaniyi tilankhula za zolimbana, mabungwe, pazankhani, ndalama, malamulo ndi asilikali mwina. Onse typologies awa si kuphatikiza ndi mwina alipo wina ndi mzake.

Nzika za chuma utsogoleri

Wofufuza wotchedwa Dmitry Paramonov ndi mndandanda wa nkhani angathe gwero la ntchitoyi. Malinga ndi iye, nascent masankho kasamalidwe dongosolo Russia, ndipo tsopano mu zimachitika kwambiri wa asilikali, omwe ali ndi luso yake zimakhudza anthu oponya voti ndi bungwe la Electoral Commission. Monga gwero la chuma utsogoleri ndi kafukufuku, ndi ophunzira a sukulu zipani zosiyanasiyana, atsogoleri a zida m'nthawi ya Soviet Union, amene anali wokhoza kusunga luso kulankhulana ndi kasamalidwe, Mabwana ena m'madipatimenti wa maboma a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana, ndodo sociological ndi kufufuza malo, akatswiri akatswiri kulima ndi otsatsa ndi luso mpheto za maganizo a anthu ndi chikumbumtima. Zimene D. Paramonov ali ndi ufulu kulibe, koma onse mofanana ndi poponya zovuta. Nkhani yaikulu ya gwero la ntchitoyi ndi anthu, agwilitse maudindo osiyanasiyana m'boma.

Zinthu zimene analenga nthaka kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zaboma

mwambo Russian kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zolinga munthu ali mizu wakale. Ena kupeza chiyambi chake mu oprichnina Ivana Groznogo ena amanena kuti chifukwa cha zonse - serfdom. Lang'anani, ndi thandizo oyang'anira mu ndondomeko kusankha ntchito kudalira zinthu kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi maganizo zikuphatikizapo:

- The chivundi cha mphamvu. Akuluakulu aboma anazolowera zonse monetize malo awo. Choncho, iwo alibe zopinga abwino, ngati n'koyenera amaumiriza adzaponye chisanko kapena ntchito.

- osankhika chiwembu. Pali pafupi ubale pakati pa akuluakulu a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo iwo ali "mwa ubwenzi" ali okonzeka kuthandiza ena kuti tikwaniritse zolinga zina.

- Kuopa. Chimalimbikitsa chofunika kwambiri khalidwe la akuluakulu - kuopa "chopweteka" ndi mabwana, kotero makonsolo akuyesa kulosera nsonga ndipo akufunitsitsa kukwaniritsa chifuniro cha pasadakhale awo.

mfundo zothandiza Administrative

Lero, kugwiritsa ntchito oyang'anira mu chisankho - zooneka kwambiri mtundu wa choposa akuluakulu awo ulamuliro. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti limeneli zambiri zikuchitika kuyan'anila amenewa. Mwachidule ali zambiri resonant ndi anaikira mu nthawi Komanso, kutsutsa ndi ena TV zonse Atchule mfundo zimenezi. Mitundu zimakhudza zotsatira za chisankho anapereka mndandanda ochepa:

- Impact pa ndondomeko ya mapangidwe a mabungwe chisankho. Kapangidwe awo anayambitsa anthu mwachionekere aboma odana, zimene zingakuthandizeni kuti zochita oyenera Inde wochita kusankhidwa ndi ochuluka a mavoti.

- The yaikulu chisanko. komishoni kusankhidwa ndi mphamvu kuchita mwai ndi chiwerengero cha adzaponye chisanko Mwachitsanzo, galimoto mpaka mu asilikali zigawo kapena akaidi. Ntchito chuma utsogoleri chisankho Nthawi zambiri ndi kukopera mapepala ndi kusankha zofunikira kuti chinyengo ndi voti opanda. Bungwe la chisankho oyambirira ndondomeko - komanso mwayi wawukulu mwachinyengo visola.

- Impact ntchito kampeni. M'kupita kwa akuluakulu a mtundu angapereke mwayi wapadera ndi phungu bwino sroit zopinga - zokayikitsa. Kungakhale Mwachitsanzo, kufalitsidwa akanagwiritsa malo malonda kapena ngakhale Kuyimitsidwa ofuna zosafunika.

- Impact pa ndalama za yokopa anthu kuti avotere.

- Kuvutitsa adzaponye chisanko. Zimakhala osiyanasiyana, kuyambira ziphuphu kuti kumuopseza.

Nchito ya gwero la ntchitoyi mu chisankho

Pali miyambo kwa kuunikira ntchito chuma utsogoleri pa yokopa anthu kuti avotere yekha zoipa. Ndipo kuli kufotokozera: akuluakulu anakhudzidwa ndi zotsatira za chisankho ndi kupanga phindu chifuniro cha anthu. The oponya voti, mobwerezabwereza anakumana ndi chakuti maganizo ake samasintha chilichonse, ndifa kwa kafukufuku, ndi apolitical. Ndipotu, izi ndi cholinga cha boma pano. Ngati palibe munthu adza kwa chisankho, izo alibe chilichonse yabodza. Koma chisankho simungakhoze kutenga malo opanda oponya masanko, kotero pali mokakamizidwa dongosolo kupezeka. N'zosadabwitsa kuti State Duma mobwerezabwereza ankanena za oyamba kufika kuvomerezedwa pa chisankho kwa anthu onse chifukwa choopa ziletso. Koma ubatizo wa mayiko Western limasonyeza kuti gwero la ntchitoyi akhoza kukhala dalitso kwa chisankho. Mutha kuona kuti m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya kuti atsogoleri a boma ndi maudindo kuyan'ana chilungamo cha chisankho. Ndipo dongosolo, n'zosadabwitsa ntchito bwino.

Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo loyang'anira mu ntchito

Malo kungakhale kumandipatsa ndalama zina. Kwambiri zambiri loyang'anira gwero - njira zawachitikira kuposa zinthu zina zandale. Akuluakulu ndi mwayi kupeza bizinesi kugawana gawo la phindu, ngakhale kuti amusiye iye. Zimenezi zingakhale chivundi mwachindunji: kwa amalonda aliyense kusamvana amakakamizidwa kupereka ziphuphu. Izi ndi monetization udindo boma. Komanso, ogwira ndi mwayi ofikira alendo ena zochita pa magulu a boma kuti apeze malipiro chifukwa chotenga. Akuluakulu a boma ambiri kuthandiza abale ndi abwenzi kuthana nawo mpikisano, kuphatikizapo gwero ntchito yanu. Mwachitsanzo, kutumiza bizinesi kuti mayesero osiyanasiyana, zikhale zovuta kukhazikitsa, ndi zina zotero. N.

Koma palinso zinthu loyang'anira ntchito, omwe kanthu kochita ndi ziphuphu. Aliyense malonda ayenera anakwanitsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito mfundo za mgwirizano wa lamulo, T. E. A bwana pamwamba ali ndi ufulu kuyitanitsa pansi kuchita masitepe dokotala kuti kukwaniritsa njira ya kampani. Ngati Pankhaniyi ntchito njira malamulo zimene zikuyenela wa chikoka pa wolembedwa ntchito, palibe amanyansidwa kapena zovutitsa kwa atumiki ake zimenezi si mutu. Imeneyi, loyang'anira gwero - ntchito kapena bungwe kasamalidwe njira. Ndi udindo wa bwana kusamalira atumiki kuvomereza kuti zochita ndi mavuto awo.

Mchitidwe ntchito chuma utsogoleri yokopa anthu kuti avotere

Today Russia akhoza kuphunzira za mmene kugwiritsa ntchito luso akuluakulu kusankha. Non-phindu bungwe "Transparency International" nthawi zonse zikugwira kuonerera kusankhidwa ndi poyera njira zosiyanasiyana oletsedwa. Pakati pawo angatchedwe luso ndi monga:

- kukakamiza nawo chisankho cha antchito a mabungwe bajeti. Madokotala, aphunzitsi, ogwira ntchito ndi makomiti ndi madipatimenti a maboma kuchita kubwera kwa kafukufuku ndi kuvota pa phungu mwasankha.

- Kunyamula kunja kampeni chisanadze chisankho mu mabungwe a subordinated, monga mayunivesite, zipatala, mayunitsi asilikali, misonkhano pensioners.

- Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu panali kulimbikitsa anthu oponya voti. Mwachitsanzo, kungakhale ufulu ulendo mabasi ndi magalimoto kumalo kukavota, ulaliki wa mphatso akuluakulu a pambuyo kusankha, buku la zipangizo kampeni likuvutika utsogoleli.

Pali njira ena otchuka pa zotsatira za chisankho. Koma funso mmene tingagonjetsere chisankho popanda chuma ntchitoyi, kodi alibe yosavuta ndi zoonekeratu yankho. Pali zingapo umafuna magulu ankhondo osiyana mu dziko pa Achotsa bwanji gwero nkhanza utsogoleri umene yekha amalima ku chisankho chisankho. The chikhalidwe zofunika kwambiri izi ndi kukula kwa udindo wa boma oponya voti. Pamene anthu adzakhala makamaka kupita kafukufuku ndi kuteteza ufulu maganizo awo, ndiye aboma adzakhala ntchito mosamala kwambiri za zinthu zake.