Cooper, James Fenimore: mwachidule mbiri, mabuku

Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor - amadziwika wolemba American, wolemba mabuku 33. kalembedwe wake amaphatikiza mfundo za romanticism ndi choonadi. Kwa nthawi yaitali ntchito Cooper, ndi mwini wa American ulendo mabuku. Kumene, pamaso analemba mwa ntchito. Koma Fenimore anali mlembi woyamba, alitcha European omvera. Kunena akhala mbali ya bwalo zofuna za ambirimbiri ana. Nkhaniyi ndi yonena mwachidule wolemba, ndipo limafotokoza mankhwala zake zazikulu.

ubwana

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper anabadwa mu 1789 mu Burlington (New Jersey). awisi anali mwinimunda lalikulu. Childhood wa wolemba tsogolo unachitikira m'mudzi wa Cooperstown lili m'chigawo cha New York, mwa nyanja. Iye dzina lake polemekeza bambo James. Inde, chiyambi cha anasiya amaonekera pa mapangidwe maganizo andale, ngwazi ya m'nkhaniyi. Fenimore yochezera njira ya moyo "kumidzi njonda" anakhalabe kutsatira za lalikulu zigawo. A kusintha dziko demokalase zogwirizana okha ndi demagoguery paliponse ndipo bourgeois acquisitiveness.

Studies ndi maulendo

Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor, poyamba anali ophunzira pa sukulu ina, kenako anapezeka Yale College. Nditamaliza maphunziro mnyamata analibe cholinga kupitiriza maphunziro ake. Seventini chaka chimodzi James anakhala panyanja pa wamalonda, ndipo kenako mu apanyanja. Wolemba tsogolo anawoloka nyanja ya Atlantic, anayenda kwambiri. Fenimore komanso ankaphunzira Great Lakes, umene posachedwapa zikuchitikazo zotsatira ntchito zake. Masiku amenewo, iye anapeza kwambiri mfundo za ntchito yake mabuku zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachitika m'moyo.

ntchito Early

Mu 1810, pambuyo maliro a bambo ake, Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor anakwatira ndipo anakakhala ndi banja lake m'tauni yaing'ono Skarsdeyle. Patapita zaka khumi, iye analemba buku lake loyamba wotchedwa "asachite". Kenako, Yakobo anati, adalenga ntchito "pa ndalama ndi." Fenimore mkazi ankakonda wa English buku. Choncho, ngwazi ya m'nkhaniyi mwanthabwala-poluserozno anayamba kulemba buku loterolo.

"Kazitape"

Nkhondo ya wodzilamulira - ndicho mutu wake, amene ali ndi chidwi kwambiri pa nthawi ya Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Kazitape" lomwe linalembedwa ndi iye mu 1821, anali kwathunthu zoyenera nkhani imeneyi. Kukonda dziko lako buku, wolemba wabweretsa ulemerero waukulu. Tikhoza kunena kuti ntchito imeneyi Cooper kuiwala mabuku a m'dzikolo, ndipo anasonyeza malangizo ake chitukuko mtsogolo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Fenimore ndinaganiza kudzipereka kwa ntchito zolembalemba. Patapita zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo adalemba mabuku angapo, kuphatikizapo ntchito atatu omwe tsogolo Pentalog pa Chikopa kuwonjezera. Koma tikambirana padera.

Europe

Mu 1826, Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, amene mabuku akhala wotchuka kwambiri, anapita ku Ulaya. Iye anakhala nthawi yaitali Italy ndi France. Komanso wolemba ndipo kumayiko ena. zokumana latsopano anakakamizika iye kubwerera ku mbiri ya Old ndi New World. Ku Ulaya, ndi ngwazi ya m'nkhaniyi walemba awiri kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi buku ( "Nyanja mfiti", "Red Corsair") ndi trilogy wa Ages Middle ( "The Wakupha", "Geydenmauer", "Bravo").

Bwererani ku America

patatha zaka zisanu Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor kunyumba. Pa kulibe, America zasintha kwambiri. Nthawi amunamuna kusintha ndi m'mbuyomu, ndipo mfundo za Chikalata cha wodzilamulira kuiwalika. Mu United States anayamba nthawi za mafakitale, zomwe anawononga zotsala za atsogoleriwa ubale wa anthu ndi moyo. "The wamkulu wa makhalidwe abwino kadamsana" - kotero ikutchedwa matenda Cooper, atagonjetsa mu anthu a ku America. Patsogolo apamwamba chidwi ndi anthu kukhala ndalama.

Kudandaula mbadwa

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, amene mabuku ankadziwika kupitirira malire a America, anaganiza zoyesa "kulankhula nzeru zina" za anzawo nzika. Iye akadali anakhulupirira ubwino dongosolo ndale komanso a dziko lawo, kuganizira zotsatira zoipa chabe, kupotoza kunja maziko poyamba wathanzi ndi wololera. Ndipo Fenimore anamasulidwa "Letters kwa fuko." Mu iwo, anaitana kukamenyana adzakhala "molakwika".

Koma kupambana si mapeto. M'malo mwake, James kugunda kwambiri miseche chinsinsi poyera chidani. Bourgeois America wasiya kuitanidwa kwake sizikugwiridwa. Mbapambizira Fenimore kudzikuza, quarrelsomeness, kusowa wakutemwa komanso kusowa talente zolembalemba. Kenako, wolemba anapuma ku Cooperstown. Pali anapitiriza kulenga ntchito journalistic komanso mabuku.

Nthawi yomalizira ya zilandiridwenso

Panthawi imeneyi nthawi Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, ntchito wathunthu amene tsopano pafupifupi laibulale, ndatsiriza mabuku awiri otsiriza Pentalog pa Chikopa kuwonjezera ( "Deerslayer", "Pathfinder"). Mu 1835 iye anatulutsa satirical buku "Monokines" za zoipa za maliseche dongosolo umoyo ndale ya USA ndi England. Mu bukhu, iwo zichokera pansi mayina Nizkoprygiya ndi Vysokoprygiya. Komanso chidwi kwa trilogy wake za nthaka inang'ambika ( "yoyeza", "chala Mdyerekezi", "Redskins"), lofalitsidwa mu makumi anai a. Mawu maganizo ndi luso otsiriza ntchito Cooper ndi kwambiri m'goli. Kuwonjezera podzudzula anthu bourgeois, iwo ali zigawo za enaake ndiwofatsa, kupereka owerenga maganizo onyenga "wa apamwamba inatera." Koma, ngakhale, wolemba wakhala Pamilunguyo yovutayi malo odana bourgeois.

Pentalog Leatherstocking kuwonjezera

Nkhani mabuku ndiko Kupambana apamwamba zilandiridwenso Cooper. Amaphatikiza mabuku asanu: "apainiya", "tchire," "The Last wa Mohicans," "Deerslayer" ndi "Pathfinder". iwo onse amagwirizana mwa njira ya protagonist dzina lake Nataniel Bampo. Iye ndi mlenje amene ali nicknames ambiri: Long Carbine, Chikopa kuwonjezera, Hawkeye, Pathfinder, liziwawa St. Yohane. The Pentalog anapereka Bumpo moyo lonse - kuyambira pa unyamata wake mpaka imfa yake. Koma Nathaniel moyo magawo sizigwirizana ndi dongosolo la kulemba mabuku. James Fenimore Cooper Ntchito amene mafani ntchito zake zonse, anayamba kufotokoza Bumpo moyo ndi ukalamba. Yadzaoneni kupitiriza nkhani ya Natty akula, ndiye panali ukalamba. Izo zinali kokha pambuyo khumi chaka hiatus Cooper kamodzinso anayamba nkhani Chikopa masitonkeni ndipo anafotokoza unyamata wake. Pansipa tikungotchula mankhwala Pentalog mu dongosolo la kukula ngwazi.

"Deerslayer"

Pali Natty Bumppo sadzachitanso makumi awiri. Adani anyamata Indians fuko Huron. Akuwamenya iwo, Natty asonyeza njira yake Chingachgook. Ndi Mohicans Bumpo anzawo ndiponso ubale moyo. The vuto ntchito zovuta chifukwa chakuti ndi ogwirizana woyera Natty kukondera nkhanza anthu achilendo. Zoyambitsa kuphana ndi ziwawa. The ulendo modabwitsa - ukapolo, kuthawa, nkhondo, ambushes - inachitikira ndi maziko a chikhalidwe wokongola kwambiri - kugombe amenewa a shimmering nyanja ndi galasi-ngati zake pamwamba.

"The Last wa Mohicans"

Mwina buku otchuka kwambiri ndi James Fenimore. Apa ndi otsutsana Bumpo wonyenga ndi wankhanza mtsogoleri wa Magua. Iye kubedwa Alice ndipo Cora - aakazi a msilikali Munro. Bumpo anatsogolera kumuwombera kakang'ono ndipo anapita kumasula akapolo. Natty nawonso limodzi ndi Chingachgook ndi mwana wake Uncas. Last mu chikondi ndi mmodzi wa atsikana wobedwayo (Cora), ngakhale kuti alibe Cooper akufotokozera mzerewu. Chingachgook mwana anaphedwa m'nkhondo, pofuna kupulumutsa wake wokondedwa. Buku umatha ndi maonekedwe a maliro a Cora ndi Uncas (wotsiriza wa Mohicans). Pambuyo Chingachgook ndi Natty zimatumizidwa ulendo watsopano.

"Pathfinder"

Chiwembu cha buku lino ndi Anglo-French nkhondo ya zaka 1750-1760. Ake mamembala akuyesetsa chinyengo kapena ziphuphu kukopa amwenye kuti awo mbali. Chingachgook ndi Natty kumenyana pa Nyanja Ontario, kuthandiza abale awo. Komabe, Cooper pakamwa Bumpo limaletseratu nkhondo anapezerapo ndi atsamundawo. Iye anatsindika meaninglessness imfa nkhondoyi ngati Amwenye ndi azungu. Ndithu ntchito anapatsidwa mizere lyric. Chikopa kuwonjezera chikondi ndi Mabel Dunham. Iye amayamikira kuwolowa manja ndiponso kulimba mtima kwa Scout, koma zikupitilirabe kuti Jasper, amene ali pafupi ndi khalidwe lake ndi zaka. Kukhumudwa Natty masamba kumadzulo.

"Apainiya"

Awa ndi mabvuto buku, lomwe linalembedwa ndi Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Apainiya" kufotokoza moyo Chikopa masitonkeni mu m'badwo wa makumi asanu ndi awiri. Koma, ngakhale, kugundana sanataye maso, ndipo dzanja lake zinali zovuta. Chingachgook onse pafupi, monga mwa mtsogoleri wamphamvu ndi wanzeru, iye inasanduka woledzera yotheratu nkhalamba. anthu onse awiri ali m'mudzi wa atsamunda, kumene malamulo a "kutukuka" anthu. Nkhondo yaikulu ya buku lake lili atasemphana Yakukometserani malamulo chikhalidwe ndi malamulo a chilengedwe. Kumapeto kwa buku la Chingachgook kufa. Bumpo kuchokera Pamudzi ndi kubisala mu nkhalango.

"Tchire"

Otsiriza Pentalog, lomwe linalembedwa ndi Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Tchire" limafotokoza nkhani ya moyo Nathaniel mu ukalamba. Bumpo ndi anzanga atsopano. Koma tsopano zimawathandiza m'thupi kuwombera, ndi moyo zinachitikira, luso kulankhula ndi nkhanza Indian mtsogoleri ndi pogona kwa tsoka. Natty ndi anzanga ankatsutsa adalikuthengo banja la atsamunda ndi Amwenye Sioux. Koma nkhani wofuna itha bwino - ukwati awiri. Chomaliza mankhwala anafotokozedwa ndi zochitika pansi pamtima ndi wapadera wa mphindi yotsiriza ya moyo ndi imfa Bumpo.

Pomaliza

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, amene yonena waperekedwa pamwamba, anachoka lalikulu zolembalemba cholowa. Iye analemba mabuku 33, ndipo mabuku angapo kulemba kuyenda, utolankhani, kufufuza mbiri ndi timabuku. Cooper zatenganso mbali yaikulu mu chitukuko cha buku American, anabwera ndi ena subgenres ake: zosatheka, satirical zopeka, chikhalidwe ndi zoweta, nyanja, mbiri. Pakuti ntchito wolemba anali yodziwika ndi chinyezimiro epic a dziko. Zimenezi n'zimene zinathandiza kugwirizana kwa chiwerengero cha mabuku ake mu mkombero: dilogy trilogy, Pentalog.

Mu ntchito yake Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper yokutidwa nkhani zikuluzikulu zitatu: moyo wa malire ndi nyanja ndi nkhondo ufulu wodzilamulira. Kusankha uwu ukuulula maziko chikondi cha njira yake. anthu a ku America, akumenya dyera, amadana ufulu wa zinthu nyanja ndi asilikali ungwazi. Kusiyana ndi chakuti chikondi kwambiri ndicho maziko a malingaliro luso kapangidwe china chilichonse Cooper.