David Hilbert: moyo wa masamu kwambiri

David Hilbert - ndi masamu wotchuka ndi mphunzitsi wa kalasi Kumwambamwamba, osadziwa mwatopa, khama cholinga chake, mantha ndi wowolowa manja, mmodzi wa opambana mu nthawi yake. mphamvu za kulenga, chosiyana m'maganizo wamaganizo, kuzindikira chodabwitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangidwa Davide anatulukira m'minda ambiri a sayansi yeniyeni.

Gilbert David: yochepa yonena

Davide anabadwa mu Vela, wapafupi Königsberg (Prussia). Anabadwa pa January 23, 1862, iye anali woyamba ku mabanja - Otto ndi Mariya. Gilbert sanali prodigy mwana; alternately kuwayika cholinga kufufuza bwinobwino gawo lililonse la masamu, iye anathana ndi vuto kuti chidwi iye. Ndi kumalizidwa kwa kugunda kulenga anaphunzira munda wa kanthu, Davide anasiya ophunzira ake. Atasiyidwa mwa njila mtheradi, kuwaphunzitsa njira yoyenera ndi lofalitsidwa ndi zabwino otsatira phunziro. Gilbert zipitirize mu njira ina: kulengeza latsopano chaka sukulu, maphunziro apadera pa sanapite nawo masamu ndipo anagonjetsedwa ndi ophunzira msilikali. Kuti mmaphunziro amenewa ankaona wopambana kwambiri, ngakhale kuti kwenikweni maphunziro pa n'kovuta yaikulu.

Gilbert ndi ophunzira ake

David Hilbert, amene yonena ndi chidwi kwa m'badwo pano, anali woganizira ndi aulemu kwa ana ankaona kuti angathe. Ngati tili ndi chimatha, wasayansi mwaulemu anawalangiza kuyesa ndekha mu mtundu wina wa ntchito. Ophunzira ena Hilbert malangizowo mphunzitsi n'kukhala akatswiri, asayansi ndiponso olemba. Katswiriyu sanamvetse idlers ndipo amaona kuti anthu otsika. Monga munthu wolemekezeka wa sayansi, Davide anali peculiarities yake. Mu nyengo yofunda, anadza kwa wophunzitsa pa shati ndi manja lalifupi ndi kolala lotseguka, amene si zimayenera pulofesa kapena ananyamula maluŵa akumva zambiri. Iye sakanakhoza kubwera pa njinga, ngati mtundu wina wa mphatso, kutenga mankhwala a feteleza. Komabe, ngakhale kukondwa wake, Davide Hilbert anali wokongola lolimba munthu ndi mwano angamuimbe mlandu amene sizikugwirizana miyezo yake (ovuta asanaganize, pamene izo zingakhoze kukhala kosavuta, kapena kufotokoza mwachilungamo zoonekeratu kuti mlingo wa sukulu).

The maphunziro loyamba Hilbert

mphamvu yake ncholinga sayansi David Hilbert, kanthawi yonena kuti limafotokoza nkhani imeneyi, akadali adazindikira Koenigsberg, pamene ntchito ya masamu ndi kuwerenga pang'ono. Choncho, ndinaganizira wabata Göttingen - malo mndandanda wa masamu German, Hilbert mu 1895 linasamukira ndi ntchito bwinobwino mpaka 1933 - kuchokera mphamvu ya Adolf Hitler.

nkhani wake Gilbert kuwerenga pang'onopang'ono, wopanda frills, ndi mobwerezabwereza kuti mukumvetsa izo zonse. Komanso, Davide nthawi zonse anati zinthu m'mbuyomu. nkhani Hilbert wa nthawi zonse anasonkhanitsa anthu ambiri: holo akanakhoza nabitsya anthu mazana angapo amene anaikidwa ngakhale pa windowsills.

David anayamba kuphunzira ajebura, kukhala enieni - ndi kusintha mu chiphunzitso cha manambala. Report pa phunziro maziko a buku lake.

Hilbert banja

Mwayi ubwenzi, Davide anali unlucky m'banja. Ndi mkazi wake Käthe iwo ali pamodzi bwino, koma mwana wawo yekha ndinabadwa chitserekwete. Choncho, Gilbert anapeza kubwereketsa akulumikizana ndi ophunzira ambiri - oimira mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku America. Masamu zambiri bungwe kukwera ndipo anakonza limodzi tiyi chipani, imene mfundo pa nkhani masamu bwino kukambirana wamba nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Prim aphunzitsi German sakuzindikira kalembedwe ano anthu; ndi ulamuliro Davida Gilberta anaupatsa linalake, amene unafala m'dziko lonse la ophunzirawo dziko masamu.

Posachedwa algebraic zinthu masamu anasamukira ku Masamu, + wa Kedesi, danga wopandamalire. Mfundo malire a ndondomeko ya, kusiyana pakati pawo ndi mbali pakati pa zamoyo zina omwe afunsidwa Hilbert danga - Euclidean kufanana.

Za kubwezeretsa kuti mu sayansi yeniyeni

M'zaka 1898-1899 David Hilbert lofalitsidwa bukhu la maziko a masamu, nthawi yomweyo anakhala bestseller. M'bukuli iye anapereka lathunthu zochitika za axioms wa Masamu Euclidean, bungwe iwo m'magulu, kuyesera kufotokoza malire ya aliyense wa iwo.

kupambana Izi zapangitsa Hilbert zoti mungagwiritse ntchito dongosolo bwino axioms zofunikira ndi matanthauzo aliyense munda masamu. Mwachitsanzo makiyi a masamu ndi ndinaganizira za ambiri chiphunzitso kukukhala, ndipo mmenemo - pa wotchuka Cantor a popitilira kungoganizira. David Hilbert anatha kutsimikizira zosatsimikizirika amanena. Komabe, mu 1931 mnyamata Austria Kurt Gödel anali atatsimikizira kuti postulates ngati popitilira kungoganizira, amene anali ngati mmodzi wa kuvomerezedwa Hilbert axioms chiphunzitso akonzedwa, muli dongosolo lililonse la axioms. Mawu amenewa akusonyeza kuti chitukuko cha sayansi alibe kuima ndi sadzasiya, koma nthawi iliyonse adzayenera kuyambitsa axioms latsopano ndi matanthauzo - chinachake chimene kwathunthu ndinazolowera ubongo wa munthu. Gilbert ankadziwa imeneyi ndi yoona, kotero anakondwera moona zodabwitsa anapeza Godel.

"Masamu Mavuto" Hilbert

Pa zaka 38 zakubadwa pa Congress a masamu mu Paris, zimene zinabweretsa pamodzi kirimu wa sayansi ya nthawi, Gilbert analankhula "masamu Mavuto", kumene monga momwe nkhani anapereka 23 zofunika. Zolinga kiyi wa masamu pa nthawi imeneyo, Hilbert mwaganizapo mwachangu osauka munda wa sayansi (mnyumba chiphunzitso, algebraic Masamu, kusanthula zinchito, mfundo masamu, chiphunzitso chiwerengero), omwe anatsindika ntchito zofunika kwambiri kuti zaka za m'ma 20 kapena kutsimikiza kapena anatsimikiza yake undecidability.

Ntchito yaikulu kwambiri masamu

Tsiku lina ophunzira wamng'ono anafunsidwa Gilbert funso zimene ntchitoyo, mu maganizo ake, n'kofunika kwambiri masamu ndipo analandira yankho la katswiri okalamba: "Mgwireni ntchentche mbali kumbuyo kwa Moon" Mwa Hubert anati, vuto limeneli si chochititsa chidwi, koma zimene ziyembekezo akanakhoza kutsegula pa chisankho chake! Kodi kulili zinafuna atulukira zofunika ndi zoyambitsidwa za njira zamphamvu!

mawu alowe Hilbert linatsimikizidwa popereka moyo: M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti kutulukira makompyuta anali kwa mawerengedwe nthawi ya bomba la haidrojeni. Atulukira monga a ankafika kwa munthu woyamba pa mwezi, odziŵa za nyengo dziko lonse, kukulozani Sputnik anakhala mtundu wa chochokera njira. Mwatsoka, Gilbert mwayi woti akhale mboni ya zinthu zimenezi kwambiri.

M'masiku ake am'tsogolo, Professor opanda anaonera kugwa sukulu ya masamu mu Göttingen, kukuchitika pansi Nazi. Anafa David Hilbert, katswiri wa masamu, mwachita chopereka chachikulu sayansi, February 14, 1943 ku zotsatira za mkono wosweka. Chifukwa cha imfa thupi kulephera kuyenda masamu.